Abstract
The investigations were conducted in 2008–2010 in two-, three-, and four-year-old mountain arnica plantations established on podzolic soil with the particle size of loamy sand. The aim of the experiment was to assessing the effect of the plantation establishment method and the developmental stage of flower heads on the yield of Arnicae anthodium raw material and its chemical composition. The methods of plantation establishment employed included planting of shoot cuttings obtained by dividing the mother plants and seedlings transplanting produced in multiplates. The raw material was harvested in four phases of flowering of the flower heads, i.e. the phase of the yellow bud, at the beginning of flowering, at full bloom and at the end of flowering. The studies showed that two-year-old mountain arnica plants were characterised by a lower yield potential than that of plants from the three- and four-year-old plantations. In terms of the yield, establishment of plantations from seedlings rather than shoot cuttings seems more beneficial. The time of flower heads harvesting had a significant effect on bioactive substances content. The content of sesquiterpene lactones systematically increased from the yellow bud stage to the end of flowering. The greatest quantities of quercetin was contained in flower heads harvested at the beginning of flowering, while the highest content of essential oil was observed in arnica flower heads harvested at full bloom.
References
Aiello N., Bontempo R., Vender C., Ferretti V., Innocenti G., Dall’Acqua S., 2012a. Morpho-quantitative and qualitative traits of Arnica montana L. wild accessions of Trentino, Italy. Industrial Crops and Products, 40, 199–203.
Aiello N., Scartezzini F., Vender C., 2012b. Cultivation trial of Arnica montana wild accessions – Results of the second year. Acta Hort. 955, 253–257.
Andruszczak S., 2004. Wpływ sposobu zakładania plantacji i terminu zbioru liści na plonowanie lubczyku ogrodowego (Levisticum officinale L.) Annales UMCS, sec. E, Agricultura 59, 3, 1049–1059.
Andruszczak S., Wiśniewski J., 2006. Wpływ sposobu zakładania plantacji na wielkość i jakość plonu korzeni prawoślazu lekarskiego (Althaea officinalis L.). Acta Agrophysica 8 (2), 291–298.
Bezzi A., Ghidini G., 1989. Prime esperienze di coltivazione di Arnica montana L. sulle Alpi meridionali e sull’Appennino settentrionale. Annali ISAFA, Trento XI, 305–320.
Bomme U., Mittermeier M., Regenhardt I., 1995a. Ergbnisse zur Entwicklung eines Verfahrens fuer den feldmaeßigen Anbau von Arnica montana L. (1 Mitteilung). Drogen Report 8 (12), 5–10
Bomme U., Mittermeier M., Regenhardt I., 1995b. Ergbnisse zur Entwicklung eines Verfahrens fuer den feldmaeßigen Anbau von Arnica montana L. (2 Mitteilung). Drogen Report 8 (13), 3–11.
Bomme U., Nast D., 1998. Nährstoffentzung und ordnungsgemäße Düngung im Feldanbau von Heil- und Gewürzpflanzen. Zeizschrift für Arznei-Gewürzpfla. 3 (2), 82–90.
Bomme U., 1999. Anbau und Züchtung von Arnica montana L. Zeizschrift für Arznei-Gewürzpfla. 4(4), 202–203.
Brinkhaus B., Wilkens J.M., Lüdtke R., Hunger J., Witt C.M., Willich S.N., 2006. Homeopathic arnica therapy in patients receiving knee surgery, results of three randomised double-blind trials. Compl. Ther. Med.14, 237–246.
Burfield T., 2010. Arnica, Updated list of threatened aromatic plants used in the aroma & cosmetic industries (v 1.21 Mar. 2010), http,//www.cropwatch.org/.
Dall’Acqua S., Innocenti G., Ferretti V., Aiello N., Scartezzini F., Vender C. 2012. Quali-quantitavive analysis of Arnica montana wild accessions compared in field, results of the second year. Acta Hort. 955, 325–327.
Delabays N., Mange N., 1991. La culture d’Arnica montana L., aspects agronomiques et phytosanitaires. Revue Suisse Vitic. Arboric. Hort. 23 (5), 313–319.
Douglas J.A., Smallfield B.M., Burgess E.J., Perry N.B., Anderson R.E., Douglas M.H., Glennie V.A., 2004. Sesquiterpene lactones in Arnica montana, a rapid analytical method and the effects of flower maturity and simulated mechanical harvesting on quality and yield. Planta Med. 70, 166–170.
European Pharmacopoeia V, 2005. Arnica Flower 1, 1391.
Falniowski A., Bazos I., Hodálová I., Lansdown R., Petrova A., 2012. „Arnica montana”, in IUCN 2012, IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Version 2012.2, 2012.
Farmakopea Polska VI, 2002. Polskie Towarzystwo Farmaceutyczne, Warszawa.
Farmakopea Polska VIII, 2008. Urząd Rejestracji Produktów Leczniczych, Wyrobów Medycznych i Produktów Biobójczych, Warszawa.
Forycka A., Buchwald W., 2008. Badania zasobów naturalnych roślin leczniczych objętych w Polsce ochroną prawną. Herba Pol., 54, 3, 81–112.
Forycka A., Szczyglewska D., Buchwald W., 2004. Ocena wybranych populacji arniki górskiej (Arnica montana L.) występujących na terenie Polski. Zesz. Probl. Postęp. Nauk Rol. 497, 223–230.
Galambosi B., Galambosi Z.S., Svoboda K.P., Deans S.G., 1998. Flower yield and antioxidant properties of Arnica montana L. grown in Finland. Drogenreport 11, 19.
Galambosi B., 2004. Introduction of Arnica montana L. in Finland. Zeizschrift für Arznei-Gewürzpfl. 9 (4), 174–179.
Ganzera M., Egger C., Zidorn C., Stuppner H., 2008. Quantitative analysis of flavonoids and phenolic acids in Arnica montana L. by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography. Anal. Chim. Acta 614, 196–200.
Gawlik-Dziki U., Świeca M., Sugier D., Cichocka J., 2009. Seeds of Arnica montana and Arnica chamissonis as a potential source of natural antioxidants. Herba Pol. 55, 1, 60–71.
Gawlik-Dziki U., Świeca M., Sugier D., Cichocka J., 2011. Comparison of in vitro lipoxygenase, xanthine oxidase inhibitory and antioxidant activity of Arnica montana and Arnica chamissonis tinctures. Acta Sci. Pol., ser. Hortorum Cultus 10 (3), 15–27.
Jambor J., 2006. Rośliny lecznicze – od aloesu do żeń-szenia. Wyd. Farmapress. Warszawa, 18–21.
Judžentienė A., Būdienė J., 2009. Analysis of the chemical composition of flower essential oils from Arnica montana of Lithuanian origin. Chemija 20, 3 P, 190–194.
Jurkiewicz A., Ryszka P., Anielska T., Waligórski P., Białońska D., Góralska K., Tsimilli-Michael M., Turnau K., 2010. Optimization of culture conditions of Arnica montana L., effects of mycorrhizal fungi and competing plants. Mycorrhiza 20, 293–306.
Kahmen S., Poschlod P., 2000. Population size, plant performance, and genetic variation in the rare plant Arnica montana L. in the Rhön, Germany. Basic Appl. Ecol. 1, 43–51.
Kołodziej B., Winiarska S., 2012. The effect of selected cultivation methods onyield and quality of artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) raw material. Acta Sci. Pol., ser. Hortorum Cultus 11(1), 171–182.
Kołodziej B., 2009. Wpływ sposobu zakładania plantacji i nawożenia dolistnego na plon i jakość tymianku pospolitego. Annales UMCS, sec. E, Agricultura 64, 2, 1–7.
Kordana S., Mordalski R., 2001. Badania uprawowe nad nowymi gatunkami roślin zielarskich. Annales UMCS, sec. EEE, Horticultura 9, 91–97.
Korneck D., Schnittler M., Vollmer I., 1996. Red list of Pteridophyta and Spermatophyta in Germany W: Red list of endangered plants in Germany, G. Ludwig and M. Schnittler (red.), 28, 21–187, Schriftenreihe für Vegetationskunde, Bundesamt für Naturschutz, Bonn.
Kozłowski J., Buchwald W., Szczyglewska D., Forycka A., 1999. Próby uprawy roślin leczniczych objętych ochroną. Wiad. Ziel. 4, 13.
Lange D., 1998. Europe's medicinal and aromatic plants, their use, trade and conservation, TRAFFIC International, Cambridge.
Luijten S.H., Dierick A., Gerard J., Oostermeijer B., Raijmann L.E.L., Den Nijs H.C.M., 2000. Population size, genetic variation, and reproductive success in a rapidly declining, self-incompatible perennial (Arnica montana) in the Netherlands. Conserv. Biol. 14, 1776–1787.
Luijten S.H., Kéry M., Oostermeijer J.G.B., Den Nijs H.C.M., 2002. Demographic consequences of inbreeding and outbreeding in Arnica montana, a field experiment. J. Ecol. 90, 593–603.
Merfort I., 2010 Arnika – Aktueller Stand hinsichtlich Wirksamkeit, Pharmakokinetik und Nebenwirkungen. Zeitschrift Phytother 31 (4), 188–192.
Michler B., 2007. Conservation of eastern European medicinal plants Arnica montana in Romania. Case study Gârda de Sus. Management Plan.
Pljevljakušić D., Rančić D., Ristić M., Vujisić L., Radanović D., Dajić-Stevanović Z., 2012. Rhizome and root yield of the cultivated Arnica montana L., chemical composition and histochemical localization of essential oil. Ind. Crop. Prod. 39, 177–189.
Radanović D., Marković T., Antić-Mladenović S., Pljevlakušić D., Ristić M., Krivokuća-Dokić D., 2007. Yield and quality of Arnica (Arnica montana and Arnica chamissonis var. foliosa) cultivated in Serbia. W: M. Habán, P. Otepka (red.). Book of scientific papers and abstracts, 1st International scientific conference on medicinal, aromatic and spice plants (5–6 December 2007, Nitra, Slovakia), 157–161.
Ristic M., Krivokuca-Djokic D., Radanovic D., Nastovski T., 2007. Essential oil of Arnica montana and Arnica chamissonis. Hem. Indust. 61, 272–277.
Ryszka P., Błaszkowski J., Jurkiewicz A., Turnau K., 2010. Arbuscular mycorrhiza of Arnica montana under field conditions – conventional and molecular studies. Mycorrhiza 20, 551–557.
Seemann A., Wallner T., Poschold P., Heilmann J., 2010. Variation of sesquiterpene lactone content in different Arnica montana populations: Influence of Ecological Parameters. Planta Med. 76, 837–842.
Sugier D., 2003. Wpływ sposobu zakładania plantacji i dokarmiania dolistnego mniszka lekarskiego (Taraxacum officinale Web.) na plon korzeni i zawartość inuliny. Acta Agrophysica 85, 331–337.
Sugier D., 2007. The flowering course of the Arnica montana L. and the A. chamissonis Less. in conditions of field cultivation with successive head collecting. Acta Agrobotanica 60, 2, 133–139.
Sugier D., Gawlik-Dziki U., 2009. Wpływ nawożenia dolistnego na plonowanie i jakość surowca Arnica montana L. i Arnica chamissonis var. foliosa, Annales UMCS, Sec. E, Agricultura 64 (3), 129–139.
Sugier D., Kołodziej B., Bielińska E., 2013. The effect of leonardite application on Arnica montana L. yielding and chosen chemical properties and enzymatic activity of the soil. J. of Geochem. Explor. 129 (2013), 76–81.
Van den Berg L.J.L., Vergeer P., Roelofs J.G.M., 2003. Heathland restoration in The Netherlands, Effects of turf cutting depth on germination of Arnica montana. Appl. Veg. Sci. 6, 117–124.
Weremczuk-Jeżyna I., Kalemba D., Wysokińska H., 2011. Constituents of the essential oil from hairy roots and plant roots of Arnica montana L. J. Essent. Oil Res. 23, 91–97.
Wołkowycki D., 2012. Arnika górska Arnica montana L., W: J. Perzanowska. Monitoring gatunków roślin, Przewodnik metodyczny, Część III, GIOŚ, Warszawa.
Willuhn G., 1996. Arnika flowers; pharmacology, toxicology and analytics of the sesquiterpene lacton as their main active substances. Abstracts of papers of the American Chemical Society 212, 104 – AGFD Part 1.
Zarzycki K., Szeląg Z., 2006. Czerwona lista roślin naczyniowych w Polsce. W: Z. Mirek, K. Zarzycki, W. Wojewoda, Z. Szeląg (red.). Czerwona lista roślin i grzybów Polski. Instytut Botaniki PAN, Kraków.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
