Abstract
Information on the spatial variability in plant disease is essential for location-based disease management. In the current study, the spatial distribution of tomato early blight disease was ascertained in District Gilgit, GilgitBaltistan, Pakistan. The comprehensive field survey was carried in two growing seasons (2014–2015), whereas in each growing season, 62 tomato fields were surveyed. Based on the distribution of disease, the respective thematic maps (incidence and severity) were prepared using Arc Map 10.1 with spatial analyst function of Arc GIS software by means of the inverse distance weight (IDW) interpolation method. Results indicate that early blight of tomato is spatially distributed in both growing seasons. However, in the first growing season, the disease incidence ranged from 10.22% to 44.16% and during later season 14.03–49.16%, whereas 5.37–16.40% and 6.52–26.94% severity was recorded. Furthermore, this information indicates that higher disease infestation occurred in 2015 in relation to 2014. This information linked to metrological data (temperature, precipitation and relative humidity), seemingly favored the early blight development during the growing period. Seven botanical extracts were tested against pathogen Alternaria solani at different concentrations (4, 6 and 8%). Results revealed that all tested plant extracts showed antifungal activities. However, at 8% concentration of plant extract, Datura starmonium, Berberis orthobotry, Podophyllum emodi and Uretica dioica exhibited >60%, while Peganum harmala, Artemisia maritima and Capparis spinosa <60% antifungal properties. The information generated due to this study could help the tomato growers regarding disease management and selection of resistant cultivars, improving profitability and food security in the Gilgit region.
References
- Abdel-Sayed, M.H.F. (2006). Pathological, physiological and molecular variations among isolates of Alternaria solani the causal of tomato early blight disease. Ph.D. Thesis, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Egypt, pp. 181.
- Afaq, A., Ihsan Ul, K., Maid, Z. (2014). Prevalence of early blight of tomato and differences among isolates of Alternaria solani in Peshawar division. Asian J. Agric. Biol., 2(4), 263–267.
- Agriculture statistics of Gilgit-Baltistan (2009). Area, production of fruit, vegetables and cereals. Department of Agriculture, Gilgit-Baltistan, Government of Pakistan, pp. 46.
- Agrios, G.N. (2005). Plant pathology, 5th ed. Academic Press Linacre House, Oxford, 343–346.
- AGRISTAT (2013). Pakistan Bureau of Statistics. Government of Pakistan, Islamabad, Unpublished data.
- Year Book of Department of Agricultural Economic Statistical (2006). Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation, Egypt. pp. 83.
- Arunachalam, K.A., Arunachalam, R.S.T, Pandey, H.N. (1997). Dynamics of microbial population during the aggradations phase of selectively logged sub-tropical humid forest in north-eastern India. Trop. Ecol., 38, 333–341.
- Baber, K., Khattak, RA., Hakeem, A. (2000). Physicochemical properties and fertility status of Gilgit soil. J. Agric. Res., 42, 306–312.
- Cerkauskas, R. (2005). Early blight. AVRDC, the world vegetable center. Available: www.avrdc.org
- Derbalah, A.S., El-Mahrouk, M.S, El-Sayed. A.B. (2011). Efficacy and safety of some plant extracts against tomato early blight disease caused by Alternaria solani. Plant Pathol. J., 10(3), 115–121.
- Duru, C.M., Onyedineke, N.E. (2010). In vitro study on the antimicrobial activity and phytochemical analysis of ethonalic extracts of the mesocarp of Voacanga africana. Am. J. Plant Physiol., 5,163–169.
- Ganie, S.A., Ghani, M.Y, Qazi, N. Nayeema, J. Qaisar, A. (2013). Status and symptomatology of early blight (Alternaria solani) of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) in Kashmir valley. Afr. J. Agric. Res., 8, 5104–5115.
- Goussous, S.J., Abu-El-Samen, F.M., Tahhan, R.A. (2010). Antifungal activity of several medicinal plants extracts against the early blight pathogen (Alternaria solani). Arch. Phytopathol. Plant Prot., 43, 1746–1758.
- He, K., Yang, S., Huang, Z., Qing, L., Sun, X., Li, Z. (2012). Identification and biological characteristics of potato early blight. China Veg., 72–77.
- Hussain, A., Awan, M.S., Ali, S., Khan, A., Morari, F., Ali, S. (2016). Spatial variability of soil micronutrients (Cu, Fe, Zn & Mn) and population dynamic of mycoflora in potato fields of CKNP region Gilgit-Baltistan Pakistan. Pak. J. Agric. Sci., 53(3), 541–550.
- Krishna, P.R., Mahapatra, S.S., Swain, N.C. (2009). Effect of temperature, relative humidity and different bio-agents on spore germination of Alternaria solani causing potato blight in Orissa. J. Plant Prot. Environ., 6, 99–102.
- Latha, P., Anand, T., Ragupathi, N., Prakasam, V., Samiyap-pan, R. (2009). Antimicrobial activity of plant extracts and induction of systemic resistance in tomato plants by mixtures of PGPR strains and Zimmu leaf extract against Alternaria solani. Biol. Cont., 50, 85–93.
- Manmohan, M.S., Govindaiah (2012). In vitro screening of aqueous plant extracts against Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc. Causing root rot in mulberry. Green Farming. Int. J. Appl. Agric. Hortic. Sci., 3(2), 223–225.
- Momel, T.M., Pemezny, K.L. (2006). Florida Plant Disease Management Guide: Tomato. Florida Cooperation Extensive Service, Institute of Food and Agriculture Sciences, Gaineville 32611. Available: http://edis.infas.ufl.edu
- Naik, M.K., Sinha, P. (1997). Epidemiology of early blight of tomato. Aerobiology, 299–303.
- Neeraj, V.S. (2010). Alternaria diseases of vegetable crops and new approaches for its control. Asian J. Biol. Sci., 1(3), 681–692.
- Nelson, M.R., Felix-Gastelum, R., Orum, T.V., Stwoell, L.J., Myers, D.E. (1994). Geographical information systems and geostatistics in the design and validation of regional plant virus management programs. Phytopathology, 84, 898–905.
- Nelson, M.R., Orum, T.V., Jaime-Garcia, R., Nadeem, A. (1999). Applications of geographic information systems and geostatistics in plant disease epidemiology and management. Plant Dis., 83, 308–319.
- Orum, T.V., Bigelow, D.M., Nelson, M.R., Howell, D.R., Cotty, P.J. (1997). Spatial and temporal patterns of Aspergillus flavus strain composition and propagule density in Yuma County, Arizona, soils. Plant Dis., 81, 911–916.
- Ravikumar, M.C., Rajkumar, H.G. (2013). Antifungal activity of plants extracts against Alternaria solani, the causal agent of early blight of tomato. Arch. Phytopathol. Plant Prot., 46(16), 1897–1903. DOI: 10.1080/03235408.2013.780350
- Sallam, M.A., Kamal, A.M. (2012). Evaluation of various plant extracts against the early blight disease of tomato plants under greenhouse and field conditions. J. Plant Prot. Sci., 48(2), 74–79.
- Simmsons, E.G. (2007). Alternaria: an identification manual. CBS Biodiversity Series, pp. 379.
- Singh, R.S. (1987). Diseases of vegetable crops. Oxford and IBH Publishing, New Delhi–Bombay–Calcutta, p. 419.
- Taskeen, U.N., Wani, A.H., Mir, R.A. (2010). Anti mycotic activity of plant extracts on the spore germination of some pathogenic fungi. Mycopathology, 8(2), 65–69.
- Taskeen, U.N., Wani, A.H., Mohd, Y.B., Pala, S.A., Mir, R.A. (2011). In vitro inhibitory effect of fungicides and botanicals on mycelia growth and spore germination of Fusarium oxysporum. J. Biopesticides, 4(1), 53–56.
- Tewari, R., Vishunavat, K. (2012). Management of early blight (Alternaria solani) in tomato by integration of fungicides and cultural practices. Int. J. Plant Prot., 5, 201–206.
- Thobhunluepop, P. (2009). Implementation of biofungicides and seed treatment in organic rice cv.KDML 105 farming. Pak. J. Biol. Sci., 12, 1119–1126.
- Vieira, B.S. (2004). Alternaria euphorbiicola como micoherbicida para leiteiro (Euphorbia heterophylla): produção massal e integração com herbicidas químicos. Tese de Doutorado. Viçosa MG. Universidade Federal de Viçosa.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
-
Sylwia Okoń,
Edyta Paczos-Grzęda,
Magdalena Łoboda,
Danuta Sugier,
IDENTIFICATION OF GENETIC DIVERSITY AMONG Arnica montana L. GENOTYPES USING RAPD MARKERS
,
Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Hortorum Cultus: Vol. 13 No. 4 (2014)
-
Marzena Parzymies,
Marek Dąbski,
Magdalena Pogorzelec,
Danuta Kozak,
Wojciech Durlak,
Margot Dudkiewicz,
ROOTING OF A TRUMPET CREEPER (Campsis radicans (L.) Seem.) MICROSHOOTS IN PRESENCE OF AUXINS
,
Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Hortorum Cultus: Vol. 13 No. 5 (2014)
-
Ali Mohammadi Torkashvand,
Behzad Kaviani,
THE GROWTH OF CAMELLIA IN PEANUT SHELLES COMPOST MEDIA IN DIFFERENT CONCENTRATIONS OF POTASSIUM
,
Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Hortorum Cultus: Vol. 13 No. 5 (2014)
-
Kazim Gündüz,
Fırat Ege Karaat,
Fulya Uzunoğlu,
Kazım Mavi,
INFLUENCES OF PRE-SOWING TREATMENTS ON THE GERMINATION AND EMERGENCE OF DIFFERENT MULBERRY SPECIES SEEDS
,
Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Hortorum Cultus: Vol. 18 No. 2 (2019)
-
Aleksander Stachowiak,
Sławomir Świerczyński,
Marcin Kolasiński,
GROWTH AND YIELDING OF SWEET CHERRY TREES GRAFTED ON NEW BIOTYPES OF Prunus mahaleb (L.)
,
Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Hortorum Cultus: Vol. 13 No. 5 (2014)
-
Waldemar Treder,
Anna Tryngiel-Gać,
Krzysztof Klamkowski,
STUDIES ON THE EFFECT OF GROWING MEDIUM AND MONOPOTASSIUM PHOSPHATE ON ROOTING AND QUALITY OF STRAWBERRY POTTED PLANTLETS
,
Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Hortorum Cultus: Vol. 13 No. 5 (2014)
-
Agnieszka Szopa,
Marta Klimek-Szczykutowicz,
Karolina Jafernik,
Katarzyna Koc,
Halina Ekiert,
POT MARIGOLD (Calendula officinalis L.) – A POSITION IN CLASSICAL PHYTOTHERAPY AND NEWLY DOCUMENTED ACTIVITIES
,
Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Hortorum Cultus: Vol. 19 No. 3 (2020)
-
Andrzej Woźniak,
Seed yield and weed infestation of pea (Pisum sativum L.), and soil properties in the systems of conventional and conservation agriculture
,
Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Hortorum Cultus: Vol. 21 No. 5 (2022)
-
Marzena Błażewicz-Woźniak,
Justyna Budzińska,
Sylwia Mucha,
Dariusz Wach,
Monika Baltyn,
Karolina Pitura,
IMPACT OF GROWING CONDITIONS AND FOLIAR NUTRITION ON GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF SPANISH BLUEBELL (Hy-acinthoides hispanica (Mill.) Rothm.)
,
Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Hortorum Cultus: Vol. 17 No. 3 (2018)
-
Mosbah Mahdhi,
Taieb Tounekti,
Habib Khemira,
Occurrence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and nodules in the roots of twelve legume species in South-Western Saudi Arabia
,
Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Hortorum Cultus: Vol. 17 No. 4 (2018)
<< < 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 > >>
You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.