The influence of silica upon quantitative, qualitative, and biochemical traits of tomato under water stress

Zeinab Barzegar

Department of Horticultural Science, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1765-8437

Mahmood Ghasemnezhad

Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7615-2639

Jamalali Olfati

Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5485-8884

Mohammad Reza Khaledian

1) Department of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht 41635-3756, Iran; 2) Department of Water Engineering and Environment, Caspian Sea Basin Research Center, Iran
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9817-679X

Ahmad Khalighi

Department of Horticultural Science, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6969-5387


Abstract

Water stress is by far the most serious limiting factor to tomato (Solanum lycopersicom) production, particularly in Iran where located in arid and semi-arid regions. Silicon (Si) is considered an effective element to mitigate the adverse effects of water stress by promoting plant growth and production. Therefore, the present study was designed to evaluate the effects of the foliar application of Si (0, 100, and 200 mg L–1) and three water regimes – no stress (100), mild stress (80%), and severe stress (60%) – on the growth parameters, the yield, and the fruit quality as well as antioxidant status of the tomato. The imposed water stress significantly increased the total soluble solids (TSS), the total acidity (TA), and the flavonoids as well as antioxidant defense parameters such as catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POX), while the growth parameters (plant height and leaf number) and tomato yield were decreased. In contrast, the foliar application of Si (200 mg L–1) remarkably improved the total yield of tomatoes when exposed to water stress by improving the antioxidant enzyme activities and total flavonoid compounds. In addition, the application of Si could significantly improve the growth parameters (plant height and leaf number) and fruit quality (fruit firmness and size). As a result, the foliar application of Si could be suggested as an effective strategy for imparting water stress resistance in the tomato.

Keywords:

water stress, silicon, tomato yield, growth parameters, antioxidant parameters

Abdelshafy, H., Hegemann, W., Teiner, A. (1994). Accumulation of metals by vascular plants. Environ. Manag. Health, 5, 21–24. https://doi.org/10.1108/09566169410057137 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/09566169410057137

Agami, R.A. (2014). Applications of ascorbic acid or proline increase resistance to salt stress in barley seedlings. Biol. Plant., 58, 341–347. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10535-014-0392-y DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10535-014-0392-y

Agarie, S., Uchida, H., Agata, W., Kubota, F., Kaufman, P.B. (1998). Effects of silicon on transpiration and leaf conductance in rice plants (Oryza sativa L.). Plant Prod. Sci., 1(2), 89–95. https://doi.org/10.1626/pps.1.89 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1626/pps.1.89

Ahmad, Z., Warraich, E.A., Iqbal, M.A., Barutçular, C., Alharby, H., Bamagoos, A., Cig, F., El Sabagh, A. (2021). Foliage applied silicon ameliorates drought stress through physio-morphological traits, osmoprotectants and antioxidant metabolism of camelina (Camelina sativa L.) genotypes. Acta Sci. Pol. Hortorum Cultus, 20(4), 43–57. https://doi.org/10.24326/asphc.2021.4.4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.24326/asphc.2021.4.4

Al-Huqail, A., El-Dakak, R.M., Sanad, M.N., Badr, R.H., Ibrahim, M.M., Soliman, D., Khan, F. (2020). Effects of climate temperature and water stress on plant growth and accumulation of antioxidant compounds in sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) leafy vegetable. Scientifica, article ID 3808909. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/3808909 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/3808909

Ali, E., Hassan, F. (2017). Water stress alleviation of roselle plant by silicon treatment through some physiological and biochemical responses. Ann. Res. Rev. Biol., 1–17. https://doi.org/10.9734/ARRB/2017/37670 DOI: https://doi.org/10.9734/ARRB/2017/37670

Alsaeedi, A., El-Ramady, H., Alshaal, T., El-Garawany, M., Elhawat, N., Al-Otaibi, A. (2019). Silica nanoparticles boost growth and productivity of cucumber under water deficit and salinity stresses by balancing nutrients uptake. Plant Physiol. Biochem., 139, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.03.008 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.03.008

Araya, A., Stroosnijder, L., Girmay, G., and Keesstra, S. (2011). Crop coefficient, yield response to water stress and water productivity of teff (Eragrostis tef (Zucc.). Agric. Water Manag., 98(5), 775–783. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2010.12.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2010.12.001

Attaran, H.R., Fatemi, F., Rasooli, A., Dadkhah, A., Mohammadi Malayeri, M.R., Dini, S. (2018). Zataria multiflora essential oil prevent iron oxide nanoparticles-induced liver toxicity in rat model. J. Med. Plants By-Prod., 7(1), 15–24. 10.22092/JMPB.2018.116724

Barzegar, T., Esfahani, Z., Ghahramani, Z., Nikbakht, J. (2019). Investigation of some physiological and biochemical responses of Lycopersicon esculentum cv. Rio Grande to foliar application of biostimulant under deficit-irrigation stress. Plant Proc. Funct., 8(29), 230–239. Available: http://jispp.iut.ac.ir/article-1-852-fa.html

Basu, S., Ramegowda, V., Kumar, A., Pereira, A. (2016). Plant adaptation to drought stress. F1000 Research, 5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.7678.1

Beltagi, M. (2008). Exogenous ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) induced anabolic changes for salt tolerance in chick pea (Cicer arietinum L.) plants. Afr. J. Plant Sci., 2, 118–123. Available: https://academicjournals.org/article/article1380018084_Beltagi.pdf

Bhatnagar-Mathur, P., Devi, M.J., Vadez, V., Sharma, K.K. (2009). Deferential antioxidative responses in transgenic peanut bear no relationship to their superior transpiration efficiency under drought stress. J. Plant Physiol., 166, 1207–1217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jplph.2009.01.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jplph.2009.01.001

Bordonaba, JG., Terry, LA. (2010). Manipulating the taste-related composition of strawberry fruits (Fragaria× ananassa) from different cultivars using deficit irrigation. Food Chem., 122, 1020–1026. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.03.060 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.03.060

Cantore, V., Lechkar, O., Karabulut, E., Sellami, M., Albrizio, R., Boari, F., Stellacci, A., Todorovic, M. (2016). Combined effect of deficit irrigation and strobilurin application on yield, fruit quality and water use efficiency of “cherry” tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Agric. Water Manag., 167, 53–61. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2015.12.024

Cao, Y., Luo, Q., Tian, Y., Meng, F. (2017). Physiological and proteomic analyses of the drought stress response in Amygdalus Mira (Koehne) Yü et Lu roots. BMC Plant Biol., 17, 53. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2021.620499 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-017-1000-z

Chen, J., Kang, S., Du, T., Qiu, R., Guo, P., Chen, R. (2013). Quantitative response of greenhouse tomato yield and quality to water deficit at different growth stages. Agric. Water Manag., 129,152–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2013.07.011 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2013.07.011

Çolak, Y.B., Yazar, A., Çolak, İ., Akça, H., Duraktekin, G. (2015). Evaluation of crop water stress index (CWSI) for eggplant under varying irrigation regimes using surface and subsurface drip systems. Agric. Agric. Science Proc., 4, 372–382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aaspro.2015.03.042 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aaspro.2015.03.042

Cui, J., Shao, G., Lu, J., Keabetswe, L., Hoogenboom, G. (2020). Yield, quality and drought sensitivity of tomato to water deficit during different growth stages. Sci. Agric., 77(2). https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-992x-2018-0390 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-992x-2018-0390

Das, K., Roychoudhury, A. (2014). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and response of antioxidants as ROS-scavengers during environmental stress in plants. Front. Environ. Sci. 2, 53. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2014.00053 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2014.00053

De Araujo Rufino, C., Fernandes-Vieira, J., Martín-Gil, J., Abreu Júnior, J.D.S., Tavares, L.C., Fernandes-Correa, M., Martín-Ramos, P. (2018). Water stress influence on the vegetative period yield components of different maize genotypes. Agronomy, 8(8), 151. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy8080151

De Camargo, M.S., Bezerra, B.K.L., Holanda, L.A., Oliveira, A.L., Vitti, A.C., Silva, M.A., (2019). Silicon fertilization improves physiological responses in sugarcane cultivars grown under water deficit. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 19(1), 81–91. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42729-019-0012-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42729-019-0012-1

Dehghanipoodeh, S., Ghobadi, C., Baninasab, B., Gheysari, M., Shiranibidabadi, S. (2018). Effect of silicon on growth and development of strawberry under water deficit conditions. Hortic. Plant J., 4(6), 226–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hpj.2018.09.004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hpj.2018.09.004

Emam, M.M., Khattab, H.E., Helal, N.M., Deraz, A.E. (2014). Effect of selenium and silicon on yield quality of rice plant grown under drought stress. Aust. J. Crop Sci., 8, 596–605. Available: https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.1064.658&rep=rep1&type=pdf

Fahad, S., Bajwa, A.A., Nazir, U., Anjum, S.A., Farooq, A., Zohaib, A., Sadia, S., Nasim, W., Adkins, S., Saud, S., Ihsan, M.Z., (2017). Crop production under drought and heat stress: plant responses and management options. Front. Plant Sci., 8, 1147. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.01147 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.01147

Faramarzi, M., Yang, H., Schulin, R., Abbaspour, K.C. (2010). Modeling wheat yield and crop water productivity in Iran. Implications of agricultural water management for wheat production. Agric. Water Manag., 97(11), 1861–1875. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2010.07.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2010.07.002

Farooq, A., Bukhari, S.A., Akram, N.A., Ashraf, M., Wijaya, L., Alyemeni, M.N., Ahmad, P., 2020. Exogenously applied ascorbic acid-mediated changes in osmo protection and oxidative defense system enhanced water stress tolerance in different cultivars of safflower (Carthamus tinctorious L.). Plants, 9(1), 104. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9010104 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9010104

Fatemi, F., Abdollahi, M. R., Mirzaie-asl, A., Dastan, D., Garagounis, C., Papadopoulou, K. (2019). Identification and expression profiling of rosmarinic acid biosynthetic genes from Satureja khuzistanica under carbon nanotubes and methyl jasmonate elicitation. Plant Cell Tiss. Organ Cult (PCTOC), 136(3), 561–573. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-018-01537-8

Fatemi, F., Abdollahi, M.R., Mirzaie-Asl, A., Dastan, D., Papadopoulou, K. (2020). Phytochemical, antioxidant, enzyme activity and antifungal properties of Satureja khuzistanica in vitro and in vivo explants stimulated by some chemical elicitors, Pharmaceut. Biol., 58(1), 286–296. https://doi.org/10.1080/13880209.2020.1743324 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13880209.2020.1743324

Ghanati, F., Morita, A., Yokota, H. (2002). Induction of suberin and increase of lignin content by excess boron in tobacco cells. Soild Sci. Plant Nutrit., 48, 357–364. https://doi.org/10.1080/00380768.2002.10409212 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00380768.2002.10409212

Gharibi, S., Tabatabaei, B.E.S., Saeidi, G., Goli, S.A.H. (2016). Effect of drought stress on total phenolic, lipid peroxidation, and antioxidant activity of Achillea species. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol., 178, 796–809. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-015-1909-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-015-1909-3

Giné-Bordonaba, J., Terry, L.A. (2016). Effect of deficit irrigation and methyl jasmonate application on the composition of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) fruit and leaves, Sci. Hortic., 199, 63–70. Available: http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/11334 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2015.12.026

Gong, H., Chen, K. (2012). The regulatory role of silicon on water relations, photosynthetic gas exchange, and carboxylation activities of wheat leaves in field drought conditions. Acta Physiol. Plant., 34(4), 1589–1594. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-012-0954-6

González-Moscoso, M., Martínez-Villegas, N.V., Cadenas-Pliego, G., Benavides-Mendoza, A., Rivera-Cruz, M.D.C., González-Morales, S., Juárez-Maldonado, A. (2019). Impact of silicon nanoparticles on the antioxidant compounds of tomato fruits stressed by arsenic. Foods, 8(12), 612. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods8120612 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/foods8120612

Gunes, A., Inala, A., Bagcia, E.G., Cobana, S., Pilbeam, D. (2007). Silicon mediates changes to some physiological and enzymatic parameters symptomatic for oxidative stress in spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) grown under B toxicity. Sci. Hortic., 113, 113–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2007.03.009 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2007.03.009

Hao, L., Duan, A.W., Li, F.S., Sun, J.S., Wang, Y.C., Sun, C.T. (2013). Drip irrigation scheduling for tomato grown in solar greenhouse based on pan evaporation in North China Plain. J. Int. Agric., 12(3), 520–531. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2095-3119(13)60253-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2095-3119(13)60253-1

Hassan, F., Ali, E., El-Zahrany, O. (2013). Effect of amino acids application and different water regimes on the growth and volatile oil of Rosmarinus officinalis L. plant under Taif region conditions. Eur. J. Sci. Res., 101(3), 346–359.

Hellal, F.A., Zeweny, R.M., Yassen, A.A. (2012). Evaluation of nitrogen and silicon application for enhancing yield production and nutrient uptake by wheat in clay soil. J. App. Sci. Res. 8, 686–692. Available: http://www.aensiweb.com/old/jasr/jasr/2012/686-692.pdf

Kapoor, D., Bhardwaj, S., Landi, M., Sharma, A., Ramakrishnan, M., Sharma, A. (2020). The impact of drought in plant metabolism: how to exploit tolerance mechanisms to increase crop production. Appl. Sci., 10(16), 5692. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10165692 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/app10165692

Kaya, C., Ashraf, M., Wijaya, L., Ahmad, P. (2019). The putative role of endogenous nitric oxide in brassinosteroid-induced antioxidant defence system in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) plants under water stress. Plant Physiol. Biochem., 143, 119–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.08.024 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.08.024

Klunklin, W., Savage, G. (2017). Effect on quality characteristics of tomatoes grown under well-watered and drought stress conditions. Foods, 6(56), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods6080056 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/foods6080056

Kumar, V., Kumar, P., Khan, A. (2020). Optimization of PGPR and silicon fertilization using response surface methodology for enhanced growth, yield and biochemical parameters of French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) under saline stress. Biocatal. Agric. Biotechnol., 23, 101463. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2019.101463 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2019.101463

Liu, P., Yin, L., Deng, X., Wang, S., Tanaka, K., Zhang, S. (2014). Aquaporin-mediated increase in root hydraulic conductance is involved in silicon-induced improved root water uptake under osmotic stress in Sorghum bicolor L. J. Exp. Bot., 65(17), 4747–4756. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/eru220 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/eru220

Madani, K. (2014). Water management in Iran: what is causing the looming crisis? J. Environ. Stud. Sci., 4(4), 315–328. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13412-014-0182-z DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13412-014-0182-z

Maghsoudi, K., Emam, Y., Ashraf, M., Arvin, M.J. (2019). Alleviation of field water stress in wheat cultivars by using silicon and salicylic acid applied separately or in combination. Crop Past. Sci., 70(1), 36–43. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1071/CP18213

Mauad, M., Crusciol, C.A.C., Nascente, A.S., Grassi Filho, H., Lima, G.P.P. (2016). Effects of silicon and drought stress on biochemical characteristics of leaves of upland rice cultivars. Rev. Ciênc. Agron., 47, 532–539. https://doi.org/10.5935/1806-6690.20160064 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5935/1806-6690.20160064

McWilliams, D. (2003). Drought strategies for cotton, cooperative extension service circular 582. College of Agriculture and Home Economics, New Mexico State University, USA. Available: http://contentdm.nmsu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/AgCircs/id/9780

Ming, D., Pei, Z., Naeem, M., Gong, H., Zhou, W. (2012). Silicon alleviates PEG-induced water-deficit stress in upland rice seedlings by enhancing osmotic adjustment. J. Agron. Crop Sci., 198(1), 14–26. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-037X.2011.00486.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-037X.2011.00486.x

Mirás-Avalos, J.M., Intrigliolo, D.S. (2017). Grape composition under abiotic constrains: water stress and salinity. Front. Plant Sci., 8, 851. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.00851 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.00851

Mohamed, H.I., Akladious, S.A. (2014). Influence of garlic extract on enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants in soybean plants (Glycine max) grown under drought stress. Life Sci. J., 11(3s), 46–58. Available: http://www.lifesciencesite.com/lsj/life1103s/009_22962life1103s14_46_58.pdf

Moyer, C., Peres, N., Datnoff, L., Simonne, E., Deng, Z. (2008). Evaluation of silicon for managing powdery mildew on gerbera daisy. J. Plant Nutr., 31, 2131–2144. https://doi.org/10.1080/01904160802459641 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01904160802459641

Murshed, R., Lopez-Lauri, F., Sallanon, H. (2013). Effect of water stress on antioxidant systems and oxidative parameters in fruits of tomato (Solanum lycopersicon L, cv. Micro-tom). Physiol. Mol. Biol. Plants, 19(3), 363–378. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12298-013-0173-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12298-013-0173-7

Ostrowska, A., Gawlinski, S., Szczubialka, Z. (1991). Methods of analysis and evaluation of soil and plants. IOŚ, Warszawa [in Polish].

Özbahçe, A., Tari, A.F., Yücel, S., Oktay, O.K.U.R., Padem, H. (2014). Influence of limited water stress on yield and fruit quality of melon under soil-borne pathogens. Toprak Su Derg., 3(1), 70–76. https://doi.org/10.21657/tsd.70454 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21657/tsd.70454

Pandey, S., Fartyal, D., Agarwal, A., Shukla, T., James, D., Kaul, T., Negi, Y.K., Arora, S. Reddy, M.K. (2017). Abiotic stress tolerance in plants: myriad roles of ascorbate peroxidase. Front. Plant Sci., 8, 581. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.00581 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.00581

Patanè, C., Cosentino, S. (2010). Effects of soil water deficit on yield and quality of processing tomato under a Mediterranean climate. Agric. Water Manag., 97(1), 131–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2009.08.021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2009.08.021

Patanè, C., Tringali, S., Sortino, O. (2011). Effects of deficit irrigation on biomass, yield, water productivity and fruit quality of processing tomato under semi-arid Mediterranean climate conditions. Sci. Hortic., 129(4), 590–596. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2011.04.030 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2011.04.030

Rangana (1979). Manual analysis of fruits and vegetables product. Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi, 2–95, 634.

Re, R., Pellegrini, N., Proteggente, A., Pannala, A., Yang, M., Rice-Evans, C. (1999). Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation decolorisation assay. Free Rad. Biol. Med., 26, 1231–1237. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0891-5849(98)00315-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0891-5849(98)00315-3

Shafiq, S., Akram, N.A., Ashraf, M., Arshad, A. (2014). Synergistic effects of drought and ascorbic acid on growth, mineral nutrients and oxidative defense system in canola (Brassica napus L.) plants. Acta Physiol. Plant, 36, 1539–1553. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-014-1530-z DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-014-1530-z

Sharma, A., Wang, J., Xu, D., Tao, S., Chong, S., Yan, D., Li, Z., Yuan, H., Zheng, B. (2020). Melatonin regulates the functional components of photosynthesis, antioxidant system, gene expression, and metabolic pathways to induce drought resistance in grafted Carya cathayensis plants. Sci. Total Environ., 713, 136675. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136675 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136675

Sharma, P., Jha, A.B., Dubey, R.S., Pessarakli, M. (2012). Reactive oxygen species, oxidative damage, and antioxidative defense mechanism in plants under stressful conditions. J. Bot., article ID 217037. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/217037 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/217037

Shi, Y., Zhang, Y., Han, W., Feng, R., Hu, Y., Guo, J., Gong, H. (2016). Silicon enhances water stress tolerance by improving root hydraulic conductance in Solanum lycopersicum L. Front. Plant Sci., 7, 196. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.00196 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.00196

Shinde, S., Kachare, D., Satbhai, R., Naik, R. (2018). Water stress induced proline accumulation and antioxidative enzymes in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Leg. Res. Int. J., 41(1), 67–72. https://doi.org/10.18805/LR-3582 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18805/LR-3552

Shojaie, B., Mostajeran, A., Ghanadian, M. (2016). Flavonoid dynamic responses to different drought conditions: amount, type, and localization of flavonols in roots and shoots of Arabidopsis thaliana L. Turk. J. Biol., 40(3), 612–622. https://doi.org/10.3906/biy-1505-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3906/biy-1505-2

Silva, C.J.D., Frizzone, J.A., Silva, C.A.D., Golynski, A., da Silva, L.F., Megguer, C.A. (2019). Tomato yield as a function of water depths and irrigation suspension periods. Rev. Bras. Eng. Agríc. Ambient., 23(8), 591–597. https://doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v23n8p591-597 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v23n8p591-597

Sirisuntornlak, N., Ghafoori, S., Datta, A., Arirob, W. (2019). Seed priming and soil incorporation with silicon influence growth and yield of maize under water-deficit stress. Arch. Agron. Soil Sci., 65(2), 197–207. https://doi.org/10.1080/03650340.2018.1492713 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03650340.2018.1492713

Smirnoff, N., Wheeler, G. (2000). Ascorbic acid in plants: biosynthesis and function. Crit. Rev. Biochem. Mol. Biol., 35, 291–314. https://doi.org/10.1080/10409230008984166 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10409230008984166

Sonobe, K., Hattori, T., An, P., Tsuji, W., Eneji, A.E., Kobayashi, S., Kawamura, Y., Tanaka, K., Inanaga, S. (2010). Effect of silicon application on sorghum root responses to water stress. J. Plant Nutr., 34(1), 71–82. https://doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2011.531360 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2011.531360

Tripathi, D.K., Singh, V.P., Prasad, S.M., Chauhan, D.K., Dubey, N.K. (2015). Silicon nanoparticles (SiNp) alleviate chromium (VI) phytotoxicity in Pisum sativum (L.) seedlings. Plant Physiol. Biochem., 96, 189–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2015.07.026 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2015.07.026

Tubaña, B.S., Heckman, J.R. (2015). Silicon in soils and plants. In: Silicon and plant diseases, Rodrigues, F.A., Datnoff, L.E. (eds.). Springer, Cham, 7–51. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-22930-0_2

Ullah, U., Ashraf, M., Shahzad, S., Siddiqui, A., Awais Piracha, M., Suleman, M. (2016). Growth behavior of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) under drought stress in the presence of silicon and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria. Soil Environ., 35(1), 65–75.

Van Bockhaven, J., De Vleesschauwer, D., Hofte, M. (2013). Towards establishing broad spectrum disease resistance in plants: silicon leads the way. J. Exp. Bot., 64,1281–1293. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/ers329

Verma, K.K., Wu, K.-C., Singh, P., Malviya, M.K., Singh, R.K., Song, X.-P., Li, Y.-R. (2019). The protective role of silicon in sugarcane under water stress: photosynthesis and antioxidant enzymes. Biomed. J. Sci. Tech. Res, 15, 26717. https://doi.org/10.26717/BJSTR.2019.15.002685 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26717/BJSTR.2019.15.002685

Waqas, W., Brust, G.E., Perring, T.M. (eds). (2017). Sustainable management of arthropod pests of tomato. Academic Press, London–San Diego–Cambridge–Kidlington, 17.

Xiukang, W., Yingying, X. (2016). Evaluation of the effect of irrigation and fertilization by drip fertigation on tomato yield and water use efficiency in greenhouse. Int. J. Agron., 4(16), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/3961903 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/3961903

Zahedi, S.M., Moharrami, F., Sarikhani, S. Padervand, M. (2020). Selenium and silica nanostructure-based recovery of strawberry plants subjected to drought stress. Sci. Rep., 10(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-74273-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-74273-9

Zhang, W., Xie, Z., Wang, L., Li, M., Lang, D., Zhang, X. (2017). Silicon alleviates salt and drought stress of Glycyrrhiza uralensis seedling by altering antioxidant metabolism and osmotic adjustment. J. Plant Res.,130(3), 611–624. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10265-017-0927-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10265-017-0927-3

Zhen, A., Bie, Z.L., Huang, Y., Liu, Z.X., Fan, M.L. (2012). Effects of 5-aminolevulinic acid on the H2O2-content and antioxidative enzyme gene expression in NaCl-treated cucumber seedlings. Biol. Plant, 56, 566–570. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10535-012-0118-y DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10535-012-0118-y

Zhu, Y., Gong, H. (2014). Beneficial effects of silicon on salt and drought tolerance in plants. Agron. Sust. Dev., 34(2), 455–472. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-013-0194-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-013-0194-1

Zomorodi, S., Noorjo, A., Alami, A. (2006). Investigation the effect of deficit irrigation on quantity and quality and preserving potential of tomato. J. Agric. Engineer. Res., 7(27), 19–28. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10070297 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10070297

Download

Published
2022-10-28



Zeinab Barzegar 
Department of Horticultural Science, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1765-8437
Mahmood Ghasemnezhad 
Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7615-2639
Jamalali Olfati 
Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5485-8884
Mohammad Reza Khaledian 
1) Department of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht 41635-3756, Iran; 2) Department of Water Engineering and Environment, Caspian Sea Basin Research Center, Iran https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9817-679X
Ahmad Khalighi 
Department of Horticultural Science, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6969-5387



License

 

Articles are made available under the conditions CC BY 4.0 (until 2020 under the conditions CC BY-NC-ND 4.0).
Submission of the paper implies that it has not been published previously, that it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere.

The author signs a statement of the originality of the work, the contribution of individuals, and source of funding.