EFFICACY OF SPINOSAD AND Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki IN BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF THE EUROPEAN CORN BORER ON SWEET CORN
Paweł K. Bereś
Institute of Plant Protection – National Research Institute, Regional Experimental Station in RzeszówAbstract
The European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis Hbn.) is one of the most dangerous pests of sweet corn in Poland. As indicated in the guidelines for integrated pest management (IPM), harmful organisms on plants should at first be controlled by non-chemical methods and, if these are ineffective, the use of chemical methods is allowed. The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of biopesticides containing spinosad and Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki to reduce the population and harmfulness of O. nubilalis caterpillars. The study was carried out in 2013–2015 in southeastern Poland, on ‘Candle’ sweet corn. Corn plants were sprayed either once or twice in July, when O. nubilalis larvae hatched on a mass scale. The pest was controlled with Spintor 240 SC (spinosad A + spinosad D) at doses of 0.2 and 0.4 l·ha-1, Dipel WG (B. thuringiensis var. kurstaki) at doses of 1.0 and 2.0 kg·ha-1, Karate Zeon 050 CS (lambda-cyhalothrin) at a dose of 0.2 l·ha-1, and Proteus 110 OD (thiacloprid + deltamethrin) at a dose of 0.5 l·ha-1. All products reduced the number and harmfulness of larvae, especially on cobs which are a commercial crop. The best effects were achieved after two treatments with biopesticides at higher doses. This reduced nearly by half the number of cobs damaged by the pest. Spinosad was more effective than B. thuringiensis. The effectiveness of biopesticides depended on weather conditions. Chemical pest control was found most effective.
Keywords:
Zea mays var. saccharata, Ostrinia nubilalis, biopesticides, effectivenessReferences
Abd El-Mageed, A.E.M., Elgohary, L.R.A. (2007). Possibility of replacing the conventional insecticides with safety environmental compounds for controlling the two corn borers Sesamia cretica Led. and Ostrinia nubilalis Hbn. J. Entomol., 4, 451–456.
Abouelghar, G.E., Sakr, H., Ammar, H.A., Yousef, A., Nassar, M. (2013). Sublethal effects of spinosad (Tracer®) on the cotton leafworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). J. Plant Prot. Res., 53(3), 275–284.
Bailey, J.C., Scott-Dupree, C.D., Tolman, J.H., Harris, C.R., Harris, B.J. (2005). Alternative agents for control of European corn borer and corn flea beetle on sweet corn. J. Veg. Sci., 11(1), 27–46.
Bažok, R., Barèiæ, J.I., Kos, T., Èuljak, T.G., Šiloviæ, M., Jelovèan, S., Kozina, A. (2009). Monitoring and efficacy of selected insecticides for European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis Hubn., Lepidoptera: Crambidae) control. J. Pest Sci., 82, 311–319.
Ben-Yakir, D., Efron, D., Chen, M., Glazer, I. (1998). Evaluation of entomopathogenic nematodes for biocontrol of the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis, on sweet corn in Israel. Phytoparasitica, 26(2), 101–108.
Bereś, P.K. (2010). Harmfulness and effects of chemical control of Ostrinia nubilalis Hbn. on sweet corn (Zea mays var. saccharata) in Rzeszów region. Acta Sci. Pol. Agricultura, 9(4), 5–15.
Bereś, P.K. (2012a). Damage caused by Ostrinia nubilalis Hbn. to fodder maize (Zea mays L.), sweet maize (Zea mays var. saccharata [Sturtev.] L.H. Bailey) and sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench) near Rzeszów (south-eastern Poland) in 2008–2010. Acta Sci. Pol. Agricultura, 11(3), 3–16.
Bereś, P.K. (2012b). Flight dynamics of Ostrinia nubilalis Hbn. (Lep., Crambidae) based on the light and pheromone trap catches in Nienadówka (south-eastern Poland) in 2006–2008. J. Plant Prot. Res., 52(1), 130–138.
Bereś, P.K., Konefał, T. (2015). Occurrence of Ostrinia nubilalis (Hbn.) on maize (Zea mays L.) in Poland in 2009–2012. Prog. Plant Prot., 55(3), 296–304.
Betz, F.S., Hammond, B.G., Fuchs, R.L. (2000). Safety and advantages of Bacillus thuringiensisprotected plants to control insect pests. Regul. Toxicol. Pharm., 32, 156–173.
Borowiak, J. (2015). Uprawa kukurydzy cukrowej. Hortpress, Warsaw, 92 pp.
Bourguet, D., Chaufaux, J., Micoud, A., Delos, M., Naibo, M., Bombarde, F., Marque, G., Eychenne, N., Pagliari, C. (2002). Ostrinia nubilalis parasitism and the field abundance of nontarget insects in transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis corn (Zea mays). Environ. Biosaf. Res., 1, 49–60.
Bunn, B. (2014). Utah vegetable production and pest management guide 2014. Utah State University Extension, Utah, 123 pp.
Burkness, E.C., Hutchinson, W.D., Bolin, P.C., Bartels, D.W., Warnock, D.F., Davis, D.W. (2001). Field efficacy of sweet corn hybrids expressing a Bacillus thuringiensis toxin for management of Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) and Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). J. Econ. Entomol., 94(1), 197–203.
Capinera, J.L. (2001). Handbook of vegetable pests. Academic Press, New York, 729 pp.
Changying, L. (2011). Commercial sweet corn production in Georgia. University of Georgia Cooperative Extension Bulletin 1388, 48 pp.
Downard, P. (2001). Spinosad controls a range of lepidopteran pests in crucifers in Australia. Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop, November 2001, Melbourne, Australia, 51–355.
Dz. U. z 2013 r. poz. 39 ze zm. Rozporządzenie Rady Ministrów z dnia 2 stycznia 2013 r. w sprawie zakazu stosowania materiału siewnego odmian kukurydzy MON 810.
Furlan, L., Girolami, V. (2001). Ostrinia nubilalis population levels in northeastern Italy: longterm data and practical considerations.. In: Proceedings XXI IWGO Conference, VIII Diabrotica Subgroup Meeting, 27 October – 3 November. Padva, Italy, 365–368.
Griego, V.M., Spence, K.D. (1978). Inactivation of Bacillus thuringiensis spores by ultraviolet and visible light. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 35(5), 906–910.
Hazzard, R.V., Schultz, B.B., Groden, E., Ngollo, E.D., Seidlecki, E. (2003). Evaluation of oils and microbial pathogens for control of lepidopteran pests of sweet corn in New England. J. Econ. Entomol., 96(6), 1653–1661.
Hudon, M. (1962). Field experiments with Bacillus thuringiensis and chemical insecticides for the control of the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis, on sweet corn in Southwestern Quebec. J. Econ. Entomol., 55(1), 115–117.
Kowalska, J. (2008a). Spinosad – zastosowanie i możliwości. In: Wybrane zagadnienia ekologiczne we współczesnym rolnictwie, Zbytek, Z. (ed.). Przemysłowy Instytut Maszyn Rolniczych, Monografia, t. 5, Poznań, 89–94.
Kowalska, J. (2008b). Laboratory studies of the activity of spinosad against Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) depending on different temperature. ISOFAR/16th IFOAM/Organic World Congress Proceedings “Cultivating the future based on science”, Modena 18–20 June 2008, 1, 532–535.
Kowalska, J., Drożdżyński, D. (2009). Spinosad jako insektycyd w rolnictwie ekologicznym – możliwości stosowania i monitoring pozostałości. Proceed. ECOpole, 3(1), 71–75.
Kruczek, A. (2011). Influence of the sugar maize sowing date and methods of fertilizing with nitrogen and phosphorus on selected agrophages. Prog. Plant Prot./Post. Ochr. Roślin, 51(3), 1314–1318.
Kunicki, E. (2003). Uprawa kukurydzy cukrowej. Plantpress, Kraków, 95 pp.
Kuźniar, T., Ropek, D., Krysa, A. (2012). The use of entomopathogenic fungus Isaria fumosorosea to reduce harmfulness of European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis Hbn.) in cultivation of sweet maize. Prog. Plant Prot./Post. Ochr. Roślin, 52(2), 354–359.
Lisowicz, F., Tekiela, A. (2004). Szkodniki i choroby kukurydzy oraz ich zwalczanie. In: Technologia produkcji kukurydzy, Dubas, A. (ed.). Wieś Jutra, Warsaw, 52–64.
Mazurek, J., Hurej, M. (1999). Preliminary trials of chemical control of European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis Hbn.) on sweet corn. Prog. Plant Prot./Post. Ochr. Roślin, 39(2), 432–435.
Mazurek, J., Hurej, M., Jackowski, J. (2003). Some aspects of the biology of the European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis Hbn.) on sweet corn. J. Plant Prot. Res., 43(4), 345–352.
Mazurek, J., Hurej, M., Jackowski, J. (2005). The effectiveness of selected chemical and biological insecticides in control of European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis Hbn.) on sweet corn. J. Plant Prot. Res., 45(1), 41–47.
Méndez, W.A., Valle, J., Ibarra, J.E., Cisneros, J., Penagos, D.I., Williams, T. (2002). Spinosad and nucleopolyhedrovirus mixtures for control of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in maize. Biol. Control, 25(2), 195–206.
Moghanlou, J.S., Fathi, S.A.A., Ganbalani, G.N., Razmjou, J., Taghizadeh, M., Ajirlou, A.R., Shaban, M. (2014). Natural enemies of Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner) and population density of pest and its dominant natural enemy on four corn hybrids in Moghan region. Int. J. Adv. Biol. Biom. Res., 2(1), 216–222.
Morris, O.N. (1982). Bacteria as pesticides: forest applications. p. 239–287. In: Microbial and viral pesticides, Kurstak, E. (ed.). Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York.
Moxtarnejad, E., Safaralizade, M.H., Aramideh, S. (2014). The protective material effect in combination with Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Btk) against UV for control Pieris brassicae L. (Lep.: Pieridae). Arch. Phytopathol. Plant Prot., 47(20), 2414–2420.
Musser, F.R., Shelton, A.M. (2003). Predation of Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) eggs in sweet corn by generalist predators and the impact of alternative foods. Environ. Entomol., 32(5), 1131–1138.
Musser, F.R., Shelton, A.M. (2005). The influence of post-exposure temperature on the toxicity of insecticides to Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Pest. Manag. Sci., 61(5), 508–510.
Musser, F.R., Nyrop, J.P., Shelton, A.M. (2006). Integrating biological and chemical controls in decision making: European corn borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) control in sweet corn as an example. J. Econ. Entomol., 99(5), 1538–1549.
Nawrocka, B., Szafranek, P., Rybczyński, D., Wieprzkiewicz, A. (2011). Efektywność biologicznego środka ochrony roślin opartego na Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki w zwalczaniu omacnicy prosowianki Ostrinia nubilalis Hübner na kukurydzy cukrowej. Now. Warzywn., 52, 25–31.
Pineda, S., Budia, F., Schneider, M.I., Gobbi, A., Viñuela, E., Valle, J., Del Estal, P. (2004). Effects of two biorational insecticides, spinosad and methoxyfenozide, on Spodoptera littoralis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) under laboratory conditions. J. Econ. Entomol., 97(6), 1906–1911.
Raun, E.S., Sutter, G.R., Revelo, A. (1966). Ecological factors affecting the pathogenicity of Bacillus thuringiensis var. thuringiensis to the European corn borer and fall armyworm. J. Inv. Pathol., 8, 365–375.
Salama, H.S., Zaki, F.N. (1985). Application of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner and its potency for the control of Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) (Lep., Noctuide). Z. Ang. Ent., 99, 425–431.
Schnepf, E., Crickmore, N., Van Rie, J., Lereclus, D., Baum, J., Feitelson, J., Zeigler, D.R., Dean, D.H. (1998). Bacillus thuringiensis and its pesticidal crystal proteins. Microbiol. Molec. Biol. Rev., 62, 775–806.
Sierpińska, A. (2000). Bacillus thuringiensis w ochronie lasu – alternatywa dla insektycydów chemicznych. Pr. Inst. Bad. Leśn., Ser. A, 2(899), 71–99.
Sleem Rasha, A., El-Zemaity, M.S., Hussein, M.I. Mohamady, A.H. (2012). Effect of some environmental conditions on the activity of bio-insecticides Dipel 2X and Spintor against Spodoptera littoralis. J. Biol. Chem. Environ. Sci., 7(2), 145–156.
Sundaram, A., Sundaram, K.M.S. (1991). Role of physical factors on pesticide performance in forestry: an overview. J. Environ. Sci. Health, Ser. B, 26(1), 115–146.
Tembo, R.D., Pavuk, D.M. (2011). The impact of Beauveria bassiana, Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) spray, Trichogramma pretiosum and spinosad on the Lepidoptera: Crambidae, European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis). J. Agric. Sci. Technol., Ser. A, 1(5A), 678–692.
Thompson, B.M., Reddy, G.V.P. 2016. Effect of temperature on two bio-insecticides for the control of confused flour beetle (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Fla. Entomol., 99(1), 67–71.
Velasco, P., Soengas, P., Revilla, P., Ordás, A., Malvar, R.A. (2004). Mean generation analysis of the damage caused by Sesamia nanogrioides (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) in sweet corn ears. J. Econ. Entomol., 97(1), 120–126.
Waligóra, H. (1992). Kukurydza jadalna (uprawa i wykorzystanie). Wielkopolski Związek Producentów Kukurydzy, Poznań, 47 pp.
Waligóra, H., Skrzypczak, W., Szulc, P. (2008). Sensitivity of sweet corn hybrids to frit fly (Oscinella frit L.) and European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis Hbn.). Prog. Plant. Prot./Post. Ochr. Roślin, 48(1), 150–154.
Warzecha, R., Malinowski, J. (2015). Do przetwórstwa i na świeży rynek. In: Kukurydza – do niej należy przyszłość. Poradnik dla producentów. Wyd. 8., Agro Serwis, Warsaw, 33–44.
Yousefnezhad-Irani, R., Pourmirza, A.A. (2007). Effect of spinosad on adults of Tribolium castaneum (Col: Tenebrionidae) and Sitophilus oryzae (Col: Curculionidae). Pak. J. Biol. Sci., 10, 2505–2509.
Zalecenia (2016). Program ochrony roślin warzywnych 2016. Plantpress, Kraków, 232 pp.
Abouelghar, G.E., Sakr, H., Ammar, H.A., Yousef, A., Nassar, M. (2013). Sublethal effects of spinosad (Tracer®) on the cotton leafworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). J. Plant Prot. Res., 53(3), 275–284.
Bailey, J.C., Scott-Dupree, C.D., Tolman, J.H., Harris, C.R., Harris, B.J. (2005). Alternative agents for control of European corn borer and corn flea beetle on sweet corn. J. Veg. Sci., 11(1), 27–46.
Bažok, R., Barèiæ, J.I., Kos, T., Èuljak, T.G., Šiloviæ, M., Jelovèan, S., Kozina, A. (2009). Monitoring and efficacy of selected insecticides for European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis Hubn., Lepidoptera: Crambidae) control. J. Pest Sci., 82, 311–319.
Ben-Yakir, D., Efron, D., Chen, M., Glazer, I. (1998). Evaluation of entomopathogenic nematodes for biocontrol of the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis, on sweet corn in Israel. Phytoparasitica, 26(2), 101–108.
Bereś, P.K. (2010). Harmfulness and effects of chemical control of Ostrinia nubilalis Hbn. on sweet corn (Zea mays var. saccharata) in Rzeszów region. Acta Sci. Pol. Agricultura, 9(4), 5–15.
Bereś, P.K. (2012a). Damage caused by Ostrinia nubilalis Hbn. to fodder maize (Zea mays L.), sweet maize (Zea mays var. saccharata [Sturtev.] L.H. Bailey) and sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench) near Rzeszów (south-eastern Poland) in 2008–2010. Acta Sci. Pol. Agricultura, 11(3), 3–16.
Bereś, P.K. (2012b). Flight dynamics of Ostrinia nubilalis Hbn. (Lep., Crambidae) based on the light and pheromone trap catches in Nienadówka (south-eastern Poland) in 2006–2008. J. Plant Prot. Res., 52(1), 130–138.
Bereś, P.K., Konefał, T. (2015). Occurrence of Ostrinia nubilalis (Hbn.) on maize (Zea mays L.) in Poland in 2009–2012. Prog. Plant Prot., 55(3), 296–304.
Betz, F.S., Hammond, B.G., Fuchs, R.L. (2000). Safety and advantages of Bacillus thuringiensisprotected plants to control insect pests. Regul. Toxicol. Pharm., 32, 156–173.
Borowiak, J. (2015). Uprawa kukurydzy cukrowej. Hortpress, Warsaw, 92 pp.
Bourguet, D., Chaufaux, J., Micoud, A., Delos, M., Naibo, M., Bombarde, F., Marque, G., Eychenne, N., Pagliari, C. (2002). Ostrinia nubilalis parasitism and the field abundance of nontarget insects in transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis corn (Zea mays). Environ. Biosaf. Res., 1, 49–60.
Bunn, B. (2014). Utah vegetable production and pest management guide 2014. Utah State University Extension, Utah, 123 pp.
Burkness, E.C., Hutchinson, W.D., Bolin, P.C., Bartels, D.W., Warnock, D.F., Davis, D.W. (2001). Field efficacy of sweet corn hybrids expressing a Bacillus thuringiensis toxin for management of Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) and Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). J. Econ. Entomol., 94(1), 197–203.
Capinera, J.L. (2001). Handbook of vegetable pests. Academic Press, New York, 729 pp.
Changying, L. (2011). Commercial sweet corn production in Georgia. University of Georgia Cooperative Extension Bulletin 1388, 48 pp.
Downard, P. (2001). Spinosad controls a range of lepidopteran pests in crucifers in Australia. Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop, November 2001, Melbourne, Australia, 51–355.
Dz. U. z 2013 r. poz. 39 ze zm. Rozporządzenie Rady Ministrów z dnia 2 stycznia 2013 r. w sprawie zakazu stosowania materiału siewnego odmian kukurydzy MON 810.
Furlan, L., Girolami, V. (2001). Ostrinia nubilalis population levels in northeastern Italy: longterm data and practical considerations.. In: Proceedings XXI IWGO Conference, VIII Diabrotica Subgroup Meeting, 27 October – 3 November. Padva, Italy, 365–368.
Griego, V.M., Spence, K.D. (1978). Inactivation of Bacillus thuringiensis spores by ultraviolet and visible light. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 35(5), 906–910.
Hazzard, R.V., Schultz, B.B., Groden, E., Ngollo, E.D., Seidlecki, E. (2003). Evaluation of oils and microbial pathogens for control of lepidopteran pests of sweet corn in New England. J. Econ. Entomol., 96(6), 1653–1661.
Hudon, M. (1962). Field experiments with Bacillus thuringiensis and chemical insecticides for the control of the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis, on sweet corn in Southwestern Quebec. J. Econ. Entomol., 55(1), 115–117.
Kowalska, J. (2008a). Spinosad – zastosowanie i możliwości. In: Wybrane zagadnienia ekologiczne we współczesnym rolnictwie, Zbytek, Z. (ed.). Przemysłowy Instytut Maszyn Rolniczych, Monografia, t. 5, Poznań, 89–94.
Kowalska, J. (2008b). Laboratory studies of the activity of spinosad against Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) depending on different temperature. ISOFAR/16th IFOAM/Organic World Congress Proceedings “Cultivating the future based on science”, Modena 18–20 June 2008, 1, 532–535.
Kowalska, J., Drożdżyński, D. (2009). Spinosad jako insektycyd w rolnictwie ekologicznym – możliwości stosowania i monitoring pozostałości. Proceed. ECOpole, 3(1), 71–75.
Kruczek, A. (2011). Influence of the sugar maize sowing date and methods of fertilizing with nitrogen and phosphorus on selected agrophages. Prog. Plant Prot./Post. Ochr. Roślin, 51(3), 1314–1318.
Kunicki, E. (2003). Uprawa kukurydzy cukrowej. Plantpress, Kraków, 95 pp.
Kuźniar, T., Ropek, D., Krysa, A. (2012). The use of entomopathogenic fungus Isaria fumosorosea to reduce harmfulness of European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis Hbn.) in cultivation of sweet maize. Prog. Plant Prot./Post. Ochr. Roślin, 52(2), 354–359.
Lisowicz, F., Tekiela, A. (2004). Szkodniki i choroby kukurydzy oraz ich zwalczanie. In: Technologia produkcji kukurydzy, Dubas, A. (ed.). Wieś Jutra, Warsaw, 52–64.
Mazurek, J., Hurej, M. (1999). Preliminary trials of chemical control of European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis Hbn.) on sweet corn. Prog. Plant Prot./Post. Ochr. Roślin, 39(2), 432–435.
Mazurek, J., Hurej, M., Jackowski, J. (2003). Some aspects of the biology of the European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis Hbn.) on sweet corn. J. Plant Prot. Res., 43(4), 345–352.
Mazurek, J., Hurej, M., Jackowski, J. (2005). The effectiveness of selected chemical and biological insecticides in control of European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis Hbn.) on sweet corn. J. Plant Prot. Res., 45(1), 41–47.
Méndez, W.A., Valle, J., Ibarra, J.E., Cisneros, J., Penagos, D.I., Williams, T. (2002). Spinosad and nucleopolyhedrovirus mixtures for control of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in maize. Biol. Control, 25(2), 195–206.
Moghanlou, J.S., Fathi, S.A.A., Ganbalani, G.N., Razmjou, J., Taghizadeh, M., Ajirlou, A.R., Shaban, M. (2014). Natural enemies of Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner) and population density of pest and its dominant natural enemy on four corn hybrids in Moghan region. Int. J. Adv. Biol. Biom. Res., 2(1), 216–222.
Morris, O.N. (1982). Bacteria as pesticides: forest applications. p. 239–287. In: Microbial and viral pesticides, Kurstak, E. (ed.). Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York.
Moxtarnejad, E., Safaralizade, M.H., Aramideh, S. (2014). The protective material effect in combination with Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Btk) against UV for control Pieris brassicae L. (Lep.: Pieridae). Arch. Phytopathol. Plant Prot., 47(20), 2414–2420.
Musser, F.R., Shelton, A.M. (2003). Predation of Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) eggs in sweet corn by generalist predators and the impact of alternative foods. Environ. Entomol., 32(5), 1131–1138.
Musser, F.R., Shelton, A.M. (2005). The influence of post-exposure temperature on the toxicity of insecticides to Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Pest. Manag. Sci., 61(5), 508–510.
Musser, F.R., Nyrop, J.P., Shelton, A.M. (2006). Integrating biological and chemical controls in decision making: European corn borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) control in sweet corn as an example. J. Econ. Entomol., 99(5), 1538–1549.
Nawrocka, B., Szafranek, P., Rybczyński, D., Wieprzkiewicz, A. (2011). Efektywność biologicznego środka ochrony roślin opartego na Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki w zwalczaniu omacnicy prosowianki Ostrinia nubilalis Hübner na kukurydzy cukrowej. Now. Warzywn., 52, 25–31.
Pineda, S., Budia, F., Schneider, M.I., Gobbi, A., Viñuela, E., Valle, J., Del Estal, P. (2004). Effects of two biorational insecticides, spinosad and methoxyfenozide, on Spodoptera littoralis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) under laboratory conditions. J. Econ. Entomol., 97(6), 1906–1911.
Raun, E.S., Sutter, G.R., Revelo, A. (1966). Ecological factors affecting the pathogenicity of Bacillus thuringiensis var. thuringiensis to the European corn borer and fall armyworm. J. Inv. Pathol., 8, 365–375.
Salama, H.S., Zaki, F.N. (1985). Application of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner and its potency for the control of Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) (Lep., Noctuide). Z. Ang. Ent., 99, 425–431.
Schnepf, E., Crickmore, N., Van Rie, J., Lereclus, D., Baum, J., Feitelson, J., Zeigler, D.R., Dean, D.H. (1998). Bacillus thuringiensis and its pesticidal crystal proteins. Microbiol. Molec. Biol. Rev., 62, 775–806.
Sierpińska, A. (2000). Bacillus thuringiensis w ochronie lasu – alternatywa dla insektycydów chemicznych. Pr. Inst. Bad. Leśn., Ser. A, 2(899), 71–99.
Sleem Rasha, A., El-Zemaity, M.S., Hussein, M.I. Mohamady, A.H. (2012). Effect of some environmental conditions on the activity of bio-insecticides Dipel 2X and Spintor against Spodoptera littoralis. J. Biol. Chem. Environ. Sci., 7(2), 145–156.
Sundaram, A., Sundaram, K.M.S. (1991). Role of physical factors on pesticide performance in forestry: an overview. J. Environ. Sci. Health, Ser. B, 26(1), 115–146.
Tembo, R.D., Pavuk, D.M. (2011). The impact of Beauveria bassiana, Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) spray, Trichogramma pretiosum and spinosad on the Lepidoptera: Crambidae, European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis). J. Agric. Sci. Technol., Ser. A, 1(5A), 678–692.
Thompson, B.M., Reddy, G.V.P. 2016. Effect of temperature on two bio-insecticides for the control of confused flour beetle (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Fla. Entomol., 99(1), 67–71.
Velasco, P., Soengas, P., Revilla, P., Ordás, A., Malvar, R.A. (2004). Mean generation analysis of the damage caused by Sesamia nanogrioides (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) in sweet corn ears. J. Econ. Entomol., 97(1), 120–126.
Waligóra, H. (1992). Kukurydza jadalna (uprawa i wykorzystanie). Wielkopolski Związek Producentów Kukurydzy, Poznań, 47 pp.
Waligóra, H., Skrzypczak, W., Szulc, P. (2008). Sensitivity of sweet corn hybrids to frit fly (Oscinella frit L.) and European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis Hbn.). Prog. Plant. Prot./Post. Ochr. Roślin, 48(1), 150–154.
Warzecha, R., Malinowski, J. (2015). Do przetwórstwa i na świeży rynek. In: Kukurydza – do niej należy przyszłość. Poradnik dla producentów. Wyd. 8., Agro Serwis, Warsaw, 33–44.
Yousefnezhad-Irani, R., Pourmirza, A.A. (2007). Effect of spinosad on adults of Tribolium castaneum (Col: Tenebrionidae) and Sitophilus oryzae (Col: Curculionidae). Pak. J. Biol. Sci., 10, 2505–2509.
Zalecenia (2016). Program ochrony roślin warzywnych 2016. Plantpress, Kraków, 232 pp.
Paweł K. Bereś
Institute of Plant Protection – National Research Institute, Regional Experimental Station in Rzeszów
Institute of Plant Protection – National Research Institute, Regional Experimental Station in Rzeszów
License
Articles are made available under the conditions CC BY 4.0 (until 2020 under the conditions CC BY-NC-ND 4.0).
Submission of the paper implies that it has not been published previously, that it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere.
The author signs a statement of the originality of the work, the contribution of individuals, and source of funding.
