SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF EARLY BLIGHT DISEASE ON TOMATO, CLIMATIC FACTORS AND BIOEFFICACY OF PLANT EXTRACTS AGAINST Alternaria solani

Azhar Hussain; Shaukat Ali; Haider Abbas; Haibat Ali; Alamdar Hussain; Sher Wali Khan

doi:10.24326/asphc.2019.6.3

Vol. 18 No. 6 (2019)

Articles

SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF EARLY BLIGHT DISEASE ON TOMATO, CLIMATIC FACTORS AND BIOEFFICACY OF PLANT EXTRACTS AGAINST Alternaria solani

Azhar Hussain⁺⁻
Shaukat Ali⁺⁻
Haider Abbas⁺⁻
Haibat Ali⁺⁻
Alamdar Hussain⁺⁻
Sher Wali Khan⁺⁻

pdf

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24326/asphc.2019.6.3
Submitted: December 17, 2019
Published: 2019-12-17

Abstract

Information on the spatial variability in plant disease is essential for location-based disease management. In the current study, the spatial distribution of tomato early blight disease was ascertained in District Gilgit, GilgitBaltistan, Pakistan. The comprehensive field survey was carried in two growing seasons (2014–2015), whereas in each growing season, 62 tomato fields were surveyed. Based on the distribution of disease, the respective thematic maps (incidence and severity) were prepared using Arc Map 10.1 with spatial analyst function of Arc GIS software by means of the inverse distance weight (IDW) interpolation method. Results indicate that early blight of tomato is spatially distributed in both growing seasons. However, in the first growing season, the disease incidence ranged from 10.22% to 44.16% and during later season 14.03–49.16%, whereas 5.37–16.40% and 6.52–26.94% severity was recorded. Furthermore, this information indicates that higher disease infestation occurred in 2015 in relation to 2014. This information linked to metrological data (temperature, precipitation and relative humidity), seemingly favored the early blight development during the growing period. Seven botanical extracts were tested against pathogen Alternaria solani at different concentrations (4, 6 and 8%). Results revealed that all tested plant extracts showed antifungal activities. However, at 8% concentration of plant extract, Datura starmonium, Berberis orthobotry, Podophyllum emodi and Uretica dioica exhibited >60%, while Peganum harmala, Artemisia maritima and Capparis spinosa <60% antifungal properties. The information generated due to this study could help the tomato growers regarding disease management and selection of resistant cultivars, improving profitability and food security in the Gilgit region.

References

Abdel-Sayed, M.H.F. (2006). Pathological, physiological and molecular variations among isolates of Alternaria solani the causal of tomato early blight disease. Ph.D. Thesis, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Egypt, pp. 181.
Afaq, A., Ihsan Ul, K., Maid, Z. (2014). Prevalence of early blight of tomato and differences among isolates of Alternaria solani in Peshawar division. Asian J. Agric. Biol., 2(4), 263–267.
Agriculture statistics of Gilgit-Baltistan (2009). Area, production of fruit, vegetables and cereals. Department of Agriculture, Gilgit-Baltistan, Government of Pakistan, pp. 46.
Agrios, G.N. (2005). Plant pathology, 5th ed. Academic Press Linacre House, Oxford, 343–346.
AGRISTAT (2013). Pakistan Bureau of Statistics. Government of Pakistan, Islamabad, Unpublished data.
Year Book of Department of Agricultural Economic Statistical (2006). Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation, Egypt. pp. 83.
Arunachalam, K.A., Arunachalam, R.S.T, Pandey, H.N. (1997). Dynamics of microbial population during the aggradations phase of selectively logged sub-tropical humid forest in north-eastern India. Trop. Ecol., 38, 333–341.
Baber, K., Khattak, RA., Hakeem, A. (2000). Physicochemical properties and fertility status of Gilgit soil. J. Agric. Res., 42, 306–312.
Cerkauskas, R. (2005). Early blight. AVRDC, the world vegetable center. Available: www.avrdc.org
Derbalah, A.S., El-Mahrouk, M.S, El-Sayed. A.B. (2011). Efficacy and safety of some plant extracts against tomato early blight disease caused by Alternaria solani. Plant Pathol. J., 10(3), 115–121.
Duru, C.M., Onyedineke, N.E. (2010). In vitro study on the antimicrobial activity and phytochemical analysis of ethonalic extracts of the mesocarp of Voacanga africana. Am. J. Plant Physiol., 5,163–169.
Ganie, S.A., Ghani, M.Y, Qazi, N. Nayeema, J. Qaisar, A. (2013). Status and symptomatology of early blight (Alternaria solani) of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) in Kashmir valley. Afr. J. Agric. Res., 8, 5104–5115.
Goussous, S.J., Abu-El-Samen, F.M., Tahhan, R.A. (2010). Antifungal activity of several medicinal plants extracts against the early blight pathogen (Alternaria solani). Arch. Phytopathol. Plant Prot., 43, 1746–1758.
He, K., Yang, S., Huang, Z., Qing, L., Sun, X., Li, Z. (2012). Identification and biological characteristics of potato early blight. China Veg., 72–77.
Hussain, A., Awan, M.S., Ali, S., Khan, A., Morari, F., Ali, S. (2016). Spatial variability of soil micronutrients (Cu, Fe, Zn & Mn) and population dynamic of mycoflora in potato fields of CKNP region Gilgit-Baltistan Pakistan. Pak. J. Agric. Sci., 53(3), 541–550.
Krishna, P.R., Mahapatra, S.S., Swain, N.C. (2009). Effect of temperature, relative humidity and different bio-agents on spore germination of Alternaria solani causing potato blight in Orissa. J. Plant Prot. Environ., 6, 99–102.
Latha, P., Anand, T., Ragupathi, N., Prakasam, V., Samiyap-pan, R. (2009). Antimicrobial activity of plant extracts and induction of systemic resistance in tomato plants by mixtures of PGPR strains and Zimmu leaf extract against Alternaria solani. Biol. Cont., 50, 85–93.
Manmohan, M.S., Govindaiah (2012). In vitro screening of aqueous plant extracts against Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc. Causing root rot in mulberry. Green Farming. Int. J. Appl. Agric. Hortic. Sci., 3(2), 223–225.
Momel, T.M., Pemezny, K.L. (2006). Florida Plant Disease Management Guide: Tomato. Florida Cooperation Extensive Service, Institute of Food and Agriculture Sciences, Gaineville 32611. Available: http://edis.infas.ufl.edu
Naik, M.K., Sinha, P. (1997). Epidemiology of early blight of tomato. Aerobiology, 299–303.
Neeraj, V.S. (2010). Alternaria diseases of vegetable crops and new approaches for its control. Asian J. Biol. Sci., 1(3), 681–692.
Nelson, M.R., Felix-Gastelum, R., Orum, T.V., Stwoell, L.J., Myers, D.E. (1994). Geographical information systems and geostatistics in the design and validation of regional plant virus management programs. Phytopathology, 84, 898–905.
Nelson, M.R., Orum, T.V., Jaime-Garcia, R., Nadeem, A. (1999). Applications of geographic information systems and geostatistics in plant disease epidemiology and management. Plant Dis., 83, 308–319.
Orum, T.V., Bigelow, D.M., Nelson, M.R., Howell, D.R., Cotty, P.J. (1997). Spatial and temporal patterns of Aspergillus flavus strain composition and propagule density in Yuma County, Arizona, soils. Plant Dis., 81, 911–916.
Ravikumar, M.C., Rajkumar, H.G. (2013). Antifungal activity of plants extracts against Alternaria solani, the causal agent of early blight of tomato. Arch. Phytopathol. Plant Prot., 46(16), 1897–1903. DOI: 10.1080/03235408.2013.780350
Sallam, M.A., Kamal, A.M. (2012). Evaluation of various plant extracts against the early blight disease of tomato plants under greenhouse and field conditions. J. Plant Prot. Sci., 48(2), 74–79.
Simmsons, E.G. (2007). Alternaria: an identification manual. CBS Biodiversity Series, pp. 379.
Singh, R.S. (1987). Diseases of vegetable crops. Oxford and IBH Publishing, New Delhi–Bombay–Calcutta, p. 419.
Taskeen, U.N., Wani, A.H., Mir, R.A. (2010). Anti mycotic activity of plant extracts on the spore germination of some pathogenic fungi. Mycopathology, 8(2), 65–69.
Taskeen, U.N., Wani, A.H., Mohd, Y.B., Pala, S.A., Mir, R.A. (2011). In vitro inhibitory effect of fungicides and botanicals on mycelia growth and spore germination of Fusarium oxysporum. J. Biopesticides, 4(1), 53–56.
Tewari, R., Vishunavat, K. (2012). Management of early blight (Alternaria solani) in tomato by integration of fungicides and cultural practices. Int. J. Plant Prot., 5, 201–206.
Thobhunluepop, P. (2009). Implementation of biofungicides and seed treatment in organic rice cv.KDML 105 farming. Pak. J. Biol. Sci., 12, 1119–1126.
Vieira, B.S. (2004). Alternaria euphorbiicola como micoherbicida para leiteiro (Euphorbia heterophylla): produção massal e integração com herbicidas químicos. Tese de Doutorado. Viçosa MG. Universidade Federal de Viçosa.

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Keywords

tomato disease
Alternaria solani
GIS
spatial analysis
plant extract
District Gilgit
Pakistan

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[1] Abdel-Sayed, M.H.F. (2006). Pathological, physiological and molecular variations among isolates of Alternaria solani the causal of tomato early blight disease. Ph.D. Thesis, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Egypt, pp. 181.

[2] Afaq, A., Ihsan Ul, K., Maid, Z. (2014). Prevalence of early blight of tomato and differences among isolates of Alternaria solani in Peshawar division. Asian J. Agric. Biol., 2(4), 263–267.

[3] Agriculture statistics of Gilgit-Baltistan (2009). Area, production of fruit, vegetables and cereals. Department of Agriculture, Gilgit-Baltistan, Government of Pakistan, pp. 46.

[4] Agrios, G.N. (2005). Plant pathology, 5th ed. Academic Press Linacre House, Oxford, 343–346.

[5] AGRISTAT (2013). Pakistan Bureau of Statistics. Government of Pakistan, Islamabad, Unpublished data.

[6] Year Book of Department of Agricultural Economic Statistical (2006). Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation, Egypt. pp. 83.

[7] Arunachalam, K.A., Arunachalam, R.S.T, Pandey, H.N. (1997). Dynamics of microbial population during the aggradations phase of selectively logged sub-tropical humid forest in north-eastern India. Trop. Ecol., 38, 333–341.

[8] Baber, K., Khattak, RA., Hakeem, A. (2000). Physicochemical properties and fertility status of Gilgit soil. J. Agric. Res., 42, 306–312.

[9] Cerkauskas, R. (2005). Early blight. AVRDC, the world vegetable center. Available: www.avrdc.org

[10] Derbalah, A.S., El-Mahrouk, M.S, El-Sayed. A.B. (2011). Efficacy and safety of some plant extracts against tomato early blight disease caused by Alternaria solani. Plant Pathol. J., 10(3), 115–121.

[11] Duru, C.M., Onyedineke, N.E. (2010). In vitro study on the antimicrobial activity and phytochemical analysis of ethonalic extracts of the mesocarp of Voacanga africana. Am. J. Plant Physiol., 5,163–169.

[12] Ganie, S.A., Ghani, M.Y, Qazi, N. Nayeema, J. Qaisar, A. (2013). Status and symptomatology of early blight (Alternaria solani) of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) in Kashmir valley. Afr. J. Agric. Res., 8, 5104–5115.

[13] Goussous, S.J., Abu-El-Samen, F.M., Tahhan, R.A. (2010). Antifungal activity of several medicinal plants extracts against the early blight pathogen (Alternaria solani). Arch. Phytopathol. Plant Prot., 43, 1746–1758.

[14] He, K., Yang, S., Huang, Z., Qing, L., Sun, X., Li, Z. (2012). Identification and biological characteristics of potato early blight. China Veg., 72–77.

[15] Hussain, A., Awan, M.S., Ali, S., Khan, A., Morari, F., Ali, S. (2016). Spatial variability of soil micronutrients (Cu, Fe, Zn & Mn) and population dynamic of mycoflora in potato fields of CKNP region Gilgit-Baltistan Pakistan. Pak. J. Agric. Sci., 53(3), 541–550.

[16] Krishna, P.R., Mahapatra, S.S., Swain, N.C. (2009). Effect of temperature, relative humidity and different bio-agents on spore germination of Alternaria solani causing potato blight in Orissa. J. Plant Prot. Environ., 6, 99–102.

[17] Latha, P., Anand, T., Ragupathi, N., Prakasam, V., Samiyap-pan, R. (2009). Antimicrobial activity of plant extracts and induction of systemic resistance in tomato plants by mixtures of PGPR strains and Zimmu leaf extract against Alternaria solani. Biol. Cont., 50, 85–93.

[18] Manmohan, M.S., Govindaiah (2012). In vitro screening of aqueous plant extracts against Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc. Causing root rot in mulberry. Green Farming. Int. J. Appl. Agric. Hortic. Sci., 3(2), 223–225.

[19] Momel, T.M., Pemezny, K.L. (2006). Florida Plant Disease Management Guide: Tomato. Florida Cooperation Extensive Service, Institute of Food and Agriculture Sciences, Gaineville 32611. Available: http://edis.infas.ufl.edu

[20] Naik, M.K., Sinha, P. (1997). Epidemiology of early blight of tomato. Aerobiology, 299–303.

[21] Neeraj, V.S. (2010). Alternaria diseases of vegetable crops and new approaches for its control. Asian J. Biol. Sci., 1(3), 681–692.

[22] Nelson, M.R., Felix-Gastelum, R., Orum, T.V., Stwoell, L.J., Myers, D.E. (1994). Geographical information systems and geostatistics in the design and validation of regional plant virus management programs. Phytopathology, 84, 898–905.

[23] Nelson, M.R., Orum, T.V., Jaime-Garcia, R., Nadeem, A. (1999). Applications of geographic information systems and geostatistics in plant disease epidemiology and management. Plant Dis., 83, 308–319.

[24] Orum, T.V., Bigelow, D.M., Nelson, M.R., Howell, D.R., Cotty, P.J. (1997). Spatial and temporal patterns of Aspergillus flavus strain composition and propagule density in Yuma County, Arizona, soils. Plant Dis., 81, 911–916.

[25] Ravikumar, M.C., Rajkumar, H.G. (2013). Antifungal activity of plants extracts against Alternaria solani, the causal agent of early blight of tomato. Arch. Phytopathol. Plant Prot., 46(16), 1897–1903. DOI: 10.1080/03235408.2013.780350

[26] Sallam, M.A., Kamal, A.M. (2012). Evaluation of various plant extracts against the early blight disease of tomato plants under greenhouse and field conditions. J. Plant Prot. Sci., 48(2), 74–79.

[27] Simmsons, E.G. (2007). Alternaria: an identification manual. CBS Biodiversity Series, pp. 379.

[28] Singh, R.S. (1987). Diseases of vegetable crops. Oxford and IBH Publishing, New Delhi–Bombay–Calcutta, p. 419.

[29] Taskeen, U.N., Wani, A.H., Mir, R.A. (2010). Anti mycotic activity of plant extracts on the spore germination of some pathogenic fungi. Mycopathology, 8(2), 65–69.

[30] Taskeen, U.N., Wani, A.H., Mohd, Y.B., Pala, S.A., Mir, R.A. (2011). In vitro inhibitory effect of fungicides and botanicals on mycelia growth and spore germination of Fusarium oxysporum. J. Biopesticides, 4(1), 53–56.

[31] Tewari, R., Vishunavat, K. (2012). Management of early blight (Alternaria solani) in tomato by integration of fungicides and cultural practices. Int. J. Plant Prot., 5, 201–206.

[32] Thobhunluepop, P. (2009). Implementation of biofungicides and seed treatment in organic rice cv.KDML 105 farming. Pak. J. Biol. Sci., 12, 1119–1126.

[33] Vieira, B.S. (2004). Alternaria euphorbiicola como micoherbicida para leiteiro (Euphorbia heterophylla): produção massal e integração com herbicidas químicos. Tese de Doutorado. Viçosa MG. Universidade Federal de Viçosa.