Skip to main navigation menu Skip to main content Skip to site footer
ASPHC Baner

Vol. 22 No. 3 (2023)

Articles

Localisation of active substances in Hedera helix leaves and Linaria vulgaris shoots used in pharmaceutical and cosmetic industry

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24326/asphc.2023.4781
Submitted: May 9, 2022
Published: 2023-06-30

Abstract

Although Hedera helix and Linaria vulgaris are considered toxic plants, their extracts containing many bioactive compounds are commonly used in the pharmaceutical and cosmetics industries. Plant secretory structures are considered the primary site of synthesis and accumulation of many valuable metabolites. The presence of secretory structures and the location of active substances in H. helix leaf petioles and L. vulgaris inflorescence shoots were detected using light microscopy and histochemical and fluorescence tests. The analyses showed schizogenic secretory ducts in the H. helix petioles and capitate glandular trichomes on the surface of the L. vulgaris shoots. The secretion and secretory cells of the H. helix ducts and the L. vulgaris trichomes contained acidic and neutral lipids, sesquiterpenes, polyphenols, tannins, flavonoids, phenolic acids, neutral and acidic polysaccharides, proteins and alkaloids. Data on the secretory structures and taxonomic and morpho-anatomical traits of the analysed raw materials may help evaluate their quality (falsification).

References

  1. Ahmed-Chaouch, M., Cheriet, T., Beretta, G., Sarri, D., Bensouici, C., Ouelbani, R., Mancini, I., Sekhara, I., Seghiri, R. (2021). Chemical composition, in vitro antioxidant, anticholinesterase and antibacterial activities of Linaria scariosa Desf. Nat. Prod. Res., 35(10), 1722–1726. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2019.1629913 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2019.1629913
  2. Akhlaghi, M., Taebpour, M., Sharafaldini, M., Javani, O., Haghiralsadat, B.F., Orojalian, F., Shadani, S., Tofighi, D. (2022). Fabrication, characterization and evaluation of anti-cancer and antibacterial properties of nanosystems containing Hedera helix aqueous extracts. Nanomed. J., 9(1), 43–56. https://doi.org/10.22038/NMJ.2022.62364.1647
  3. Alkattan, A., Alameer, R., Alsalameen, E., Almaary, M., Alkhairat, M., Alkhalifah, A., Alghanim, F., Radwan, N. (2021). Safety of English ivy (Hedera helix) leaf extract during pregnancy: retrospective cohort study. DARU J. Pharm. Sci., 29(2), 493–499. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40199-021-00415-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40199-021-00415-7
  4. Amini, E., Nasrollahi, F., Sattarian, A., Haji Moradkhani, M., Habibi, M., Boozarpour, S. (2019). Morphological and anatomical study of the genus Hedera in Iran. Rostaniha, 20(2), 144–157. https://dx.doi.org/10.22092/botany.2019.127705.1171
  5. Baharara, H., Moghadam, A. T., Sahebkar, A., Emami, S. A., Tayebi, T., Mohammadpour, A. H. (2021). The effects of Ivy (Hedera helix) on respiratory problems and cough in humans: A review. In: Natural products and human diseases. Advances in experimental medicine and biology, Sahebkar, A., Sathyapalan, T. (eds.), vol. 1328. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-73234-9_23, 361-376 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-73234-9_23
  6. Barnes, L.A., Leach, M., Anheyer, D., Brown, D., Carè, J., Lauche, R., Medina, D.N., Pinder, T.-A., Bugarcic, A., Steel, A. (2020). The effects of Hedera helix on viral respiratory infections in humans: A rapid review. Adv. Integr. Med., 7(4), 222–226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aimed.2020.07.012 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aimed.2020.07.012
  7. Bartikova, H., Hanusova, V., Skalova, L., Ambroz, M., Bousova, I. (2014). Antioxidant, pro-oxidant and other biological activities of sesquiterpenes. Curr. Top. Med. Chem., 14(22), 2478–2494. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2174/1568026614666141203120833
  8. Berim, A., Gang, D.R. (2016). Methoxylated flavones: Occurrence, importance, biosynthesis. Phytochem. Rev., 15, 363–390. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11101-015-9426-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11101-015-9426-0
  9. Bezruk, I., Materiienko, A., Gubar, S., Proskurina, K., Budanova, L., Ivanauskas, L., Georgiyants, V. (2020a). Estimation of the influence of the environmental factors on the accumulation of phytochemicals and antioxidant capacity in the ivy leaves (Hedera helix L.). Nat. Prod. Res., 36(4), 1014–1019. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2020.1843029 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2020.1843029
  10. Bezruk, I., Georgiyants, V., Ivanauskas, L. (2020b). Comparison of components profile in herbal raw material, extract and pharmaceuticals of Hedera helix. Pharm. Sci., 4(26), 36–39. https://doi.org/10.15587/2519-4852.2020.210768 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15587/2519-4852.2020.210768
  11. Chadwick, M., Trewin, H., Gawthrop F., Wagstaff, C. (2013). Sesquiterpenoids lactones: benefits to plants and people. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 14(6), 12780–12805. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms140612780 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms140612780
  12. Chandrika, M.P., Ram Rao, A.R., Narsaiah, B., Raju, M.B. (2008). Quinazoline derivatives with potent anti-infammatory and anti-allergic activities. Int. J. Chem. Sci., 6(3), 1119–1146.
  13. Charrière-Ladreix, Y. (1976). Répartition intracellulaire du secrétat flavonique de Populus nigra L. [Intracellular localisation of secretory flavonoids from Populus nigra L.]. Planta, 129(2), 167–174 [in French]. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00390024 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00390024
  14. ChemIDplus (2022). Emetine. United States National Library of Medicine. Available: https://chem.nlm.nih.gov/chemidplus/name/emetine [date of access: 22.03.2022].
  15. Cheriet, T., Mancini, I., Seghiri, R., Benayache, F., Benayache, S. (2015). Chemical constituents and biological activities of the genus Linaria (Scrophulariaceae). Nat. Prod. Res., 29(17), 1589–1613. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2014.999243 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2014.999243
  16. Chiej, R. (1984). Encyclopaedia of medicinal plants. MacDonald, Orbis.
  17. Clark, G. (1981). Staining procedures, 4th ed. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore.
  18. Dumitriu, B., Olariu, L., Nita, R., Zglimbea, L., Rosoiu, N. (2013). Vascular anti-inflammatory effects of natural compounds from Aesculus hippocastanum and Hedera helix. Rom. Biotechnol. Lett., 18(1), 7963–7974.
  19. Dybka-Stępień, K., Otlewska, A., Góźdź, P., Piotrowska, M. (2021). The renaissance of plant mucilage in health promotion and industrial applications: A review. Nutrients, 13(10), 3354. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13103354 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13103354
  20. El’kina, O.V., Shramm, N.I., Molokhova, E.I., Petrichenko, V.M. (2014). Optimization of the extraction of biologically active substances from yellow toadflax (Linaria vulgaris) herb. Pharm. Chem. J., 48(4), 273–275. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11094-014-1092-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11094-014-1092-9
  21. EMA – European Medicines Agency Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products (2017). Assessment report on Hedera helix L., folium. EMA/HMPC/325715/2017. Available: https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/herbal/hederae-helicis-folium [date of access: 16.03.2022].
  22. Fijałkowski D., Chojnacka–Fijałkowska, E. (2009). Rośliny lecznicze na Lubelszczyźnie [Medicinal plants in the Lublin region]. Redakcja Wydawnictw LTN, Lublin, 197.
  23. Furr, Y., Mahlberg, P.G. (1981). Histochemical analysis of laticifers and glandular trichomes in Cannabis sativa. J. Nat. Prod. 44(2), 153–159. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/np50014a002
  24. Gabe, M. (1968). Techniques histologiques [Histological techniques]. Masson, Paris [in French].
  25. Gahan, P.B. (1984). Plant histochemistry and cytochemistry. Academic Press, London.
  26. Gaillard, Y., Blaise, P., Darré, A., Barbier, T., Pépin, G. (2003). An unusual case of death: suffocation caused by leaves of common ivy (Hedera helix). Detection of hederacosine c, α-hederin, and hederagenin by LC-EI/MS-MS. J. Anal. Toxicol., 27(4), 257–262. https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/27.4.257 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/27.4.257
  27. Gardner, R.O. (1975). Vanillin-hydrochloric acid as a histochemical test for tannin. Stain Technol., 50(5), 315–317. https://doi.org/10.3109/10520297509117081 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3109/10520297509117081
  28. Geissmann, T.A., Griffn, T.S. (1971). Sesquiterpene lactones: acid-catalysed color reactions as an aid in structure determination. Phytochemistry, 10(10), 2475–2485. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)89894-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)89894-5
  29. Góral, I., Wojciechowski, K. (2020). Surface activity and foaming properties of saponin-rich plants extracts. Adv. Colloid Interface Sci., 279, 102145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2020.102145 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2020.102145
  30. Gruenwald, J., Brendler, T., Jaenicke, C. (2000). PDR for herbal medicines. Medical Economics Company, Montvale, NJ, 284–285.
  31. Gutmann, M. (1995). Improved staining procedures for photographic documentation of phenolic deposits in semithin sections of plant tissue. J. Microsc., 179(3), 277–281. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2818.1995.tb03642.x
  32. Hanfer, M., Cheriet, T., Menad, A., Seghiri, R., Ameddah, S. (2019). HPLC profile and in vitro antioxidant properties of the n-butanol extract of Linaria tingitana Boiss. and Reut. J. Chem. Pharm. Res., 11(3), 50–58.
  33. Haratym, W., Weryszko-Chmielewska, E., Konarska, A. (2020). Microstructural and histochemical analysis of aboveground organs of Centaurea cyanus used in herbal medicine. Protoplasma, 257(1), 285–298. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-019-01437-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-019-01437-4
  34. Hart, J.M., Henwood, M.J. (2006). A revision of Australian Trachymene (Apiaceae: Hydrocotyloideae). Austr. Syst. Bot., 19(1), 11–55. https://doi.org/10.1071/SB04051 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1071/SB04051
  35. Hexsel, D., Soirefmann, M. (2011). Cosmeceuticals for cellulite. Semin. Cutan. Med. Surg., 30(3), 167–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sder.2011.06.005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sder.2011.06.005
  36. Hua, H., Cheng, M., Li, X., Pei, Y. (2002). A new pyrroloquinazoline alkaloid from Linaria vulgaris. Chem. Pharm. Bull., 50(10), 1393–1394. https://doi.org/10.1248/cpb.50.1393 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1248/cpb.50.1393
  37. Hua, H., Hou, B., Li, W., Li, X., Zhang, Y. (2000). Triterpenes from butter-and-eggs (Linaria vulgaris). Chin. Tradit. Herb. Drug., 31(6), 409–412.
  38. Huang, Y., Wang, Y., Tan, L., Sun, L., Petrosino, J., Cui, M. Z., Hao, F., Zhang, M. (2016). Nanospherical arabinogalactan proteins are a key component of the high-strength adhesive secreted by English ivy. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci., 113(23), 3193–3202. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1600406113 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1600406113
  39. Ibezim, E.C. (2012). Natural bioactive principles in the treatment of skin diseases. In: Bioactive natural products: opportunities and challenges in medicinal chemistry, Brahmachari, G. (ed.). 1st ed. World Scientific Publishing Company, Singapore, 499–518. https://doi.org/10.1142/9789814335386_0011 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1142/9789814335386_0011
  40. INCI Beauty, 2022. Hedera helix leaf/stem extract (Ivy extract). Ingredient INCI Beauty. Available: https://incibeauty.com/en/ingredients/18882-hedera-helix-leaf-stem-extract [date of access: 4.03.2022].
  41. Jabłońska, M. (2019). Eko Certyfikowany Kosmetyk Naturalny, jako nowa alternatywa dla istniejących znaków ekologicznych. [ECO Certified Natural Cosmetic as an alternative to the existing ecological signs]. Chemia Biznes, 1, 50-53.
  42. Jachuła, J., Konarska, A., Denisow, B. (2018). Micromorphological and histochemical attributes of flowers and floral reward in Linaria vulgaris (Plantaginaceae). Protoplasma, 255(6), 1763–1776. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-018-1269-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-018-1269-2
  43. Jensen, W.A. (1962). Botanical histochemistry principles and practice, 1st ed., W.H. Freeman and Company, San Francisco.
  44. Johansen, D.A. (1940). Plant microtechnique, 1st ed., London McGraw Hill, London.
  45. Kamińska, M., Sulborska, A., Weryszko-Chmielewska, E. (2018). Skin lesions caused by ivy (Hedera helix L.) leaves. Alergoprofil, 14(3), 63–68. https://doi.org/10.24292/01.AP.110718 DOI: https://doi.org/10.24292/01.AP.110718
  46. Kelemen, L., Scedo, C. (2003). Data about the polyphenol content of Linaria vulgaris Mill species. Note I. Farmacia (Bucharest, Romania), 51, 86–89.
  47. Kirk, P.W. Jr. (1970). Neutral red as a lipid fuorochrome. Stain Technol., 45(1), 1–4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3109/10520297009063373
  48. Konarska, A., Domaciuk, M. (2018). Differences in the fruit structure and the location and content of bioactive substances in Viburnum opulus and Viburnum lantana fruits. Protoplasma, 255(1), 25–41. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-017-1130-z DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-017-1130-z
  49. Konarska, A., Łotocka, B. (2020). Glandular trichomes of Robinia viscosa Vent. var. hartwigii (Koehne) Ashe (Faboideae, Fabaceae) – morphology, histochemistry and ultrastructure. Planta, 252, 102. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-020-03513-z DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-020-03513-z
  50. Kuang, W., Zhang, X., Lan, Z. (2018). Flavonoids extracted from Linaria vulgaris protect against hyperlipidemia and hepatic steatosis induced by western-type diet in mice. Arch. Pharm. Res., 41(12), 1190–1198. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12272-017-0941-y DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12272-017-0941-y
  51. Lestari, S.M., Elya, B. (2019). Macroscopic and microscopic studies of Polyscias guilfoylei LH Bailey leaves (Araliaceae). Pharmacogn. J., 11(4). http://dx.doi.org/10.5530/pj.2019.11.132 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5530/pj.2019.11.132
  52. Lewkowicz Mosiej, T. (2012). Rośliny lecznicze świata [Medicinal plants of the Word]. Świat Książki, Warszawa, 173.
  53. Lognay, G., Marlier, M., Séverin, M., Wathelet, J.P. (1987). Study of the lipids from ivy (Hedera-helix l) – identification of isomeric monounsaturated fatty-acids. Rev. Fr. Corps Gras, 34(9), 407–411.
  54. Lutsenko, Y., Bylka, W., Matlawska, I., Darmohray, R. (2010). Hedera helix as a medicinal plant. Herba Pol., 56(1), 83–96.
  55. Ma, C., Higashi, N., Ishiguro, K., Zhao, Y., Zhang, L., Zhao, C., Cheng, M., Oku, H. (2018). Allergy-preventive effects of linarinic acid and its tetrahydropyrrolo [2, 1-b] quinazoline derivatives isolated from Linaria vulgaris. J. Nat. Med., 72(2), 582–587. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11418-018-1187-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11418-018-1187-9
  56. Mahran, G.H., Hilal, S.H., El–Alfy, T.S. (1975). The isolation and characterisation of emetine alkaloid from Hedera helix. Planta Med., 27(2), 127–132 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0028-1097773
  57. Metcalfe, D.J. (2005). Hedera helix L. J. Ecol., 93(3), 632–648. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2005.01021.x
  58. Minarchenko, V., Futorna, O., Pidchenko, V., Tymchenko, I., Dvirna, T., Makhynia, L. (2021). Morphological investigations on the diagnostic features of six Hypericum species of the Ukrainian flora. FABAD J. Pharm. Sci., 46(1), 31–42.
  59. Nafis, A., Saad, F.E., Khalloufi, F.E., Kasrati, A., Abbad, A., Mezrioui, N., Oudra, B., Vasconcelos, V., Hassani, L. (2021). New insight into antimicrobial activities of Linaria ventricosa essential oil and its synergetic effect with conventional antibiotics. Arch. Microbiol., 203(7), 4361–4366. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00203-021-02391-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00203-021-02391-7
  60. Pearse, A.G.E. (1985). Histochemistry: theorical and applied. Vol II, Churchill Livingstone, New York, pp. 1055.
  61. Pizzi, A. (2019). Tannins: prospectives and actual industrial applications. Biomolecules, 9(8), 344. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom9080344 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/biom9080344
  62. Plunkett, G.M., Wen, J., Lowry, P.P., Mitchell, A.D., Henwood, M.J., Fiaschi, P. (2018). Araliaceae. In: Flowering plants. Eudicots, Kadereit, J., Bittrich, V. (eds.). The families and genera of vascular plants, vol. 15. Springer, Cham., 413–446. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93605-5_4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93605-5_4
  63. Pop, C.E., Parvu, M., Arsene, A.L., Pârvu, A.E., Vodnar, D.C., Tarcea, M., Toiu, A.M., Vlase, L. (2017). Investigation of antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of some extracts from Hedera helix L. Farmacia, 65(4), 624–629.
  64. Puvača, N. (2018). Bioactive compounds in selected hot spices and medicinal plants. J. Agron. Technol. Eng. Manag., 1(1), 8–17. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5500-7010
  65. Rehman, K.U., Hamayun, M., Yaseen, T., Butt, Z.A., Ahmad, G., Wali, S. (2022). The usefulness of common ivy (Hedera helix L.) extracts against bacterial and fungal pathogens found in local hospitals. Pak. J. Sci. Ind. Res. B: Biol. Sci., 65(1), 45–49. https://doi.org/10.52763/PJSIR.BIOL.SCI.65.1.2022.45.49 DOI: https://doi.org/10.52763/PJSIR.BIOL.SCI.65.1.2022.45.49
  66. Saner, M.A., Clements D.R., Hall, M.R. Doohan D.J., Crompton C.W. (1995). The biology of Canadian weeds. 105. Linaria vulgaris Mill. Can. J. Plant Sci., 75(2), 525–537. https://doi.org/10.4141/cjps95-092 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4141/cjps95-092
  67. Săvulescu, E., Luchian, V. (2009). Comparative anatomy of the vegetative organs of the Hedera helix L. (Araliaceae). Sci. Papers Ser. A, Agron. (Univ. Agron. Sci. Vet. Med. Buchar.), 52, 487–490.
  68. Schulte-Michels, J., Keksel, C., Häberlein, H., Franken, S. (2019). Anti-inflammatory effects of ivy leaves dry extract: influence on transcriptional activity of NFκB. Inflammopharmacology, 27(2), 339–347. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10787-018-0494-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10787-018-0494-9
  69. Segarra, J.G., Mateu, I. (2001). Taxonomic study of Linaria depauperata and L. supina complexes in Eastern Spain. Ann. Bot., 87(2), 157–177. https://doi.org/10.1006/anbo.2000.1311 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1006/anbo.2000.1311
  70. Senderski, M.E. (2016). Prawie wszystko o ziołach i ziołolecznictwie [Almost everything about herbs and herbal medicine]. Wyd. M.E. Senderski, Podkowa Leśna, 386–387.
  71. Shokry, A.A., El-Shiekh, R.A., Kamel, G., Bakr, A.F., Sabry, D., Ramadan, A. (2022). Anti-arthritic activity of the flavonoids fraction of ivy leaves (Hedera helix L.) standardized extract in adjuvant induced arthritis model in rats in relation to its metabolite profile using LC/MS. Biomed. Pharmacother., 145, 112456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112456 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112456
  72. Sing, S.E., Peterson, R.K. (2011). Assessing environmental risks for established invasive weeds: Dalmatian (Linaria dalmatica) and yellow (L. vulgaris) toadflax in North America. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 8(7), 2828–2853. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph8072828 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph8072828
  73. Sokolowska-Wozniak, A., Szewczyk, K., Nowak, R. (2003). Phenolic acids from the herb of Linaria vulgaris [L.] Mill. Herba Pol., 49(3–4), 161–165.
  74. Sokornova, S.V., Matveeva, T.V. (2021). Iridoid glycosides of the tribe Antirrhineae. Phytochem. Rev., 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11101-021-09774-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11101-021-09774-0
  75. Suica-Bunghez, I.R., Sorescu, A.A., Doncea, S.M., Constantin, M., Raut, I., Rodica Mariana, I.O.N. (2020). Phytochemical, antioxidant and antimicrobial characterization of Hedera helix L. extract. J. Plant Dev., 27, 47–53. https://doi.org/10.33628/jpd.2020.27.1.47 DOI: https://doi.org/10.33628/jpd.2020.27.1.47
  76. Sulborska, A., Konarska, A., Matysik-Woźniak, A., Dmitruk, M., Weryszko-Chmielewska, E., Skalska-Kamińska, A., Rejdak, R. (2020). Phenolic constituents of Lamium album L. subsp. album flowers: Anatomical, histochemical, and phytochemical study. Molecules, 25(24), 6025. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25246025 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25246025
  77. Sultana, S., Khan, M.A., Ahmad, M., Bano, A., Zafar, M., Shinwari, Z.K. (2011). Authentication of herbal medicine neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) by using taxonomic and pharmacognostic techniques. Pak. J. Bot., 43, 141–150.
  78. Tajik, S., Zarinkamar, F., Soltani, B.M., Nazari, M. (2019). Induction of phenolic and flavonoid compounds in leaves of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) by salicylic acid. Sci. Hortic., 257, 108751. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2019.108751 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2019.108751
  79. Talamond, P., Verdeil, J.L., Conéjéro, G. (2015). Secondary metabolite localization by autofluorescence in living plant cells. Molecules, 20, 5024–5037. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules20035024 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules20035024
  80. Terlecka, P., Terlecki, K., Makuch, M. (2020). Spasmolytic, expectorant, and anti-inflammatory activity of Hedera helix L. saponins. In: Biologically active compounds of plant origin in medicine, Chwil, M., Skoczylas, M.M. (eds). Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Przyrodniczego w Lublinie, Lublin, 91–99. https://doi.org/10.24326/mon.2020.10 DOI: https://doi.org/10.24326/mon.2020.10
  81. Ucciani, E., Mallet, G., Gamisans, J., Gruber, M. (1994). Fatty acid composition of seed oils of Mediterranean herbaceous species. Grasas Aceites, 45(3), 107–112. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3989/gya.1994.v45.i3.981
  82. Vrchovská, V., Spilková, J., Valentão, P., Sousa, C., Andrade, P.B., Seabra, R.M. (2008). Assessing the antioxidative properties and chemical composition of Linaria vulgaris infusion. Nat. Prod. Res., 22(9), 735–746. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786410601132360 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14786410601132360
  83. Wang, Y., Xie, M., Ma, G., Fang, Y., Yang, W., Ma, N., Fang, D., Hu, Q, Pei, F. (2019). The antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of different phenolic acids grafted onto chitosan. Carbohydr. Polym., 225, 115238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115238 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115238
  84. Wen, J. (2011). Systematics and biogeography of Aralia L. (Araliaceae): Revision of Aralia sects. Aralia, Humiles, Nanae, and Sciadodendron. Contr. United States Nat. Herb., 57, 1–172.
  85. Wichtl, M. (2004). Hedera folium. Herbal Drug and Phytopharmaceuticals, a handbook for practice on a scientific basis. 3rd ed. MedPharm GmbH Scientific Publishers, Marburg, 274–277.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Similar Articles

<< < 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 > >> 

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.