Abstract
The article presents the results of research on the morphology and anatomy of the leaves of 21 cultivars (including 10 Polish cultivars) and two clones of Ginkgo biloba. Leaves from long shoots were collected at the Department of Dendrology and Nursery, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poland. A light microscope and scanning electron microscope were used for observations. Eight morphological traits were analysed in the leaves, including the lamina and petiole. The research revealed that there were significant differences between the leaves of individual cultivars and that they differed in the length, width of the lamina and the length of petioles to a much greater extent than publications had described it so far. There were significant differences between the adaxial and abaxial epidermis of all the taxa, i.e. in the cuticle ornamentation, in the protrusive secondary sculpture (absence of papillae), the position and presence of stomata (occasionally on the
adaxial leaf surface), the absence of the peristomatal ring and the thickness of the epidermis. Anatomical investigations revealed that the leaves of Ginkgo cultivars and clones under study were bifacial and the multi-layered mesophyll was diversified into spongy and palisade parenchyma. The research findings may be used for the identification of Ginkgo biloba cultivars, and the epicuticular traits may be useful for the identification and classification of fragments of fossil leaves. The article includes descriptions and illustrations of several new quantitative and qualitative characters of petiole and lamina which have not been published previously.
References
Barthlott, W., Neinhuis, Ch., Cutler, D., Ditsch, F., Meusel, I., Theisen, I., Wilhelmi, H. (1998). Classification and terminology of plant epicuticular waxes. Bot. Jour. Linn. Soc., 126(3), 237–260.
Batanouny, K.H. (1992). Plant Anatomy. University Press, Cairo.
Bercu, R. (2013). Anatomy of Ginkgo biloba L. leaf (Ginkgoaceae). Ann. RSCB, 18(1), 223–227.
Cargo, J.M.C., Gattuso, S., Gattuso, M. (2000). Morphoanatomical and micrographic characters of Ginkgo biloba L. (Ginkgoaceae) leaf. Acta Far. Bonaer., 19(1), 35–39.
Cebrat, J. (2007). Atlas anatomii roślin. Wyd. UP we Wrocławiu, Figs. 350–351.
Dallimore, W. (1967). A handbook of Coniferae and Ginkgoaceae. St. Martin’s Press, New York.
Del Tredici, P. (1989). Ginkgos and multituberculates: evolutionary interactions in the Tertiary. Biosystems, 22(4), 327–339.
Del Tredici, P. (2000). The evolution, ecology, and cultivation of Ginkgo biloba. Harwood Academic Publishers, 7–23.
Denk, T., Velitzelos, D. (2002). First evidence of epidermal structures of Ginkgo from the Mediterranean Tertiary. Rev. Palaeobot. Palyno., 120, 1–15.
Duarte, M.R., Souza, D.C., Costa, R.E. (2013). Comparative microscopic characters of Ginkgo biloba L. from South America and Asia. Lat. Am. J. Pharm., 32(8), 1118–1123.
Hasebe, M. (1997). Moleculary phylogeny of Ginkgo biloba: close relationship between Ginkgo biloba and cycads. In: Ginkgo biloba – a global treasure, T., Hori, R.W., Ridge, W., Tulecke, P., Del Tredici, J., Tremouillaux-Guiller, H., Tobe (eds). Springer-Verlag, Tokyo, 173–182.
Hill, R.S., Carpenter, R.J. (1999). Ginkgo leaves from Paleogene sediments in Tasmania. Aust. J. Bot., 47(5), 717–724.
Kanis, A., Karstens, W.K.H. (1963). On the occurrence of amphistomatic leaves in Ginkgo biloba L. Acta Bot. Neerl., 12(3), 281–286.
Leigh, A., Zwieniecki, M.A., Rockwell, F.E., Boyce, C.K., Nicotra, A.B., Holbrook, N.M. (2011). Structural and hydraulic correlates of heterophylly in Ginkgo biloba. New Phytol., 189(2), 459–470.
Li, G.P., Zhang, C.Q., Cao, F.L. (2013). An efficient approach to identify Ginkgo biloba cultivars by using random amplified polymorphic DNA markers with a manual cultivar identification diagram strategy. Genet. Mol. Res., 12(1), 175–182.
Liang, L. (1993). The Contemporary Ginkgo Encyclopedia of China. Beijing Agric. Univ. Press.
Mohanta, T.K. (2012). Advances in Ginkgo biloba research: genomics and metabolomics perspectives. Afr. J. Biotechnol., 11(93), 15936–15944.
Pole, M.S., Douglas, J.G. (1999). Bennettitales, Cycadales and Ginkgoales from the mid Cretaceous of the Eromanga Basin, Queensland, Australia. Cretac. Res., 20(5), 523–538.
Riederer, M. (1989). The cuticles of conifers: structure, composition and transport properties. In: E.D., Schulze, O.L., Lange, R., Oren (eds). Ecol. Stud., 77, 157–192.
Rudall, P.J., Rowland, A., Bateman, R.M. (2012). Ultrastructure of stomatal development in Ginkgo biloba. Int. J. Plant. Sci., 173(8), 849–860.
Santamour, F.S., He, S., McArdle, A.J. (1983). Checklist of cultivated Ginkgo. J. Arboricult., 9(3), 88–92.
Stan, I., Simeanu, C.G. (2008). The anatomic study of the Ginkgo biloba L. leaf. Krajobr. Architekt., 803–807.
Taylor, T.N, Taylor, E.L. (1993). The biology and evolution of fossil plants. Prentice Hall, New Jersey.
Toma, C., Rugina, R. (1998). Anatomia plantelor medicinale. Atlas. Editura Academiei Romane, Bucharest.
Tomaszewski, D., Zieliński, J. (2014). Sequences of epicuticular wax structures along stem in four selected tree species. Biodiv. Res.Conserv., 35, 9–14.
Tralau, H. (1968). Evolutionary trends in the genus Ginkgo. Lethaia, 1(1), 63–101.
Zhou, Z., Zheng, S. (2003). The missing link in Ginkgo evolution. Nature, 423, 821–822.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
