MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF Cyclamen sp. GROWN NATURALLY IN TURKEY: PART II
Pembe Curuk
Cukurova University, Saricam, Adana, TurkeyZerrin Sogut
Cukurova University, Saricam, Adana, TurkeyTolga Izgu
Aegean University, Bornova, Izmir, TurkeyBasar Sevindik
Cukurova University, Saricam, Adana, TurkeyEhsan Mohammad Tagipur
Cukurova University, Saricam, Adana, TurkeyJaime A. Teixeira da Silva
P.O. Box 7, Miki-cho post office, Ikenobe 3011-2, Kagawa-ken, 761-0799, JapanSedat Serce
Nigde University, Nigde, TurkeyIlknur Solmaz
Cukurova University, Saricam, Adana, TurkeyYıldız Aka Kacar
Cukurova University, Saricam, Adana, TurkeyNeslihan Yesim Yalcin Mendi
Cukurova University, Saricam, Adana, TurkeyAbstract
The morphology of 279 accessions of Cyclamen sp. growing naturally in Turkey, namely C. alpinum (syn. C. trochopteranthum), C. graecum, C. hederifolium (syn. C. neapolitanum) and C. mirabile, was characterized. Plants with intact tubers were collected from locations in Antalya, Isparta, Aydın, Muğla, İzmir and Denizli, determined by GPS, where they grow naturally in spring and autumn. The morphology of the four Cyclamen species was characterized using one year old regenerated plants based on 27 morphological traits (13 flower, 11 leaf, 2 plant, 1 tuber). There were distinct differences among these accessions related to petal colour, pedicel length, leaf length and width, leaf shape, and tuber diameter. Even though principle component analysis confirmed the grouping of characters into species-specific clusters, a wider range of morphological data as well as molecular data are needed for more reliable conclusions to be drawn about the classification of these Cyclamen species.
Keywords:
Cyclamen, genetic resources, morphological characterizationReferences
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Okon, S., Surmacz-Magdziak, A., Paczos-Grzeda, E. (2013). Genetic diversity among cultivated and wild chamomile germplasm based on ISSR analysis. Acta Sci. Pol. Hortorum Cultus, 12(2), 43–50.
Parmaksiz, I., Ozcan, S. (2011). Morphological, chemical, and molecular analyses of Turkish Papaver accessions (Sect. Oxytona). Turk. J. Bot., (35), 1–16.
Prange, A.N.S., Serek, M., Winkelmann, T. (2008). Vegetative propagation of different Cyclamen species via adventitious shoot formation from seedling tissue. Prop. Ornam. Plants, 8(4), 204–209.
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Solouki, M., Mehdikhani, H., Zeinali, H., Emamjomeh, A.A. (2008). Study of genetic diversity in chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla) based on morphological traits and molecular markers. Sci. Horticult., 117, 281–287.
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Taskin, G.B., Vardareli, N., Dogac, E., Mammadov, R., Taskin, V. (2012). Genetic diversity of natural Cyclamen alpinum populations. Turk. J. Biol., 36, 413–422.
Yamaner, O., Erdag, B. (2008). Direct shoot formation and microtuberization from aseptic seed-lings of Cyclamen mirabile Hildebr. Biotechnology, 7(2), 328–332.
Yesson, C., Culham, A. (2006). A phyloclimatic study of Cyclamen. BMC Evol. Biol., 6, 72.
Yesson, C., Culham, A. (2011). Biogeography of cyclamen: an application of phyloclimatic modelling. In: Climate change, ecology and systematics, Hodkinson, T., Jones, M., Waldren, S., Parnell, J. (eds). Cambridge Univ. Press, pp. 265–279.
Zhao, W., Wang, Y., Chen, T., Jia, G., Wang, X., Qi, J., Pang, Y., Wang, S., Li, Z., Huang, Y., Pan, Y., Yang, YH. (2007). Genetic structure of mulberry from different ecotypes revealed by ISSRs in China: an implication for conservation of local mulberry varieties. Sci. Horticult., 115, 47–55.
Aka Kacar, Y., Darici, C., Sogut, Z., Solmaz, I., Bozdogan, E., Haspolat, G., Teixeira da Silva, J.A. (2013). Molecular characterisation and in vitro preservation of Cyclamen species grown naturally in Turkey (TUBITAK 1001 Project’s Final Report, Project No: 110O102).
Akbar, M., Mahmood, T., Yaqub, M., Anwar, M., Ali, M., Iqbal, N. (2003). Variability, correlation and path coefficient studies in summer mustard (Brassica juncea L.). Asian J. Plant Sci., 2, 696–698.
Alhajjar, N.M., Bayan Muzher, M., Hamed, F. (2011). Morphological and molecular characterization of Pistacia atlantica Desf. in the South of Syria/Swaida Province. Jord. J. Agricult. Sci., 7(3), 458–472.
Anderberg, A.A., Trift, I., Källersjö, M. (2000). Phylogeny of Cyclamen L. (Primulaceae): Evi-dence from morphology and sequence data from the internal transcribed spacers of nuclear ribosomal DNA. Plant Syst. Evol., 220, 147–160.
Bozokalfa, M.K., Esiyok, D., Ilbi, H., Kaygisiz Asciogul, T. (2010). Estimates of genetic variability and association studies in quantitative plant traits of Eruca spp. landraces. Genetica, 42(3), 501–512.
Burun, B., Sahin, O. (2009). In vitro and in vivo germination of Cyclamen alpinum seeds. Turk. J. Bot., 33, 277–283.
Chahal, G.S., Gosal, S.S. (2002). Principles and procedures of plant breeding: Biotechnological and conventional approaches. CRC Press. Boca Raton, FL.
Clennett, J.C.B. (2002). An analysis and revision of Cyclamen L. with emphasis on subgenus Gyrophoebe O. Schwarz. Bot. J. Linn. Soc., 138, 473–481.
Compton, J.A., Clennett, J.C.B., Culham, A. (2004). Nomenclature in the dock. Overclassification leads to instability: a case study in the horticulturally important genus Cyclamen (Myrsinaceae). Bot. J. Linn. Soc., 146, 339–349.
Coskun, F., Selvi, S., Satil, F. (2010). Phylogenetic relationships of some Turkish Crocus (Iridaceae) taxa based on morphological and anatomical characters. Turk. J. Bot., 34, 171–178.
Cyclamen Society (2015). http://www.cyclamen.org/indexCS.html (15.06.2016).
Curuk, P., Sogut, Z., Bozdogan, E., İzgu, T., Sevindik, B., Tagipour, E.M., Teixeira da Silva, J.A., Serce, S., Aka Kacar, Y., Yalcin Mendi, Y. (2015). Morphological characterization of Cyclamen sp. grown naturally in Turkey: Part I. South Afr. J. Bot., 100, 7–15.
Davis, P.H. (1978). Flora of Turkey and The East Aegean Islands. Edinburgh Univ. Press, Vol. 6., 128–135.
Davis, P.H., Mill, R.R., Tan, K. (1988). Flora of Turkey and The East Aegean Islands (Supplement), Edinburgh Univ. Press, Vol. 10.
Debussche, M., Garnier, E., Thompson, J.D. (2004). Exploring the causes of variation in phenology and morphology in Mediterranean geophytes: a genus-wide study of Cyclamen. Bot. J. Linn. Soc., 145, 469–484.
Debussche, M., Thompson, J.D. (2002). Morphological differentiation among closely related species with disjunct distributions: a case study of Mediterranean Cyclamen L. subgen. Psilan-thum Schwarz (Primulaceae). Bot. J. Linn. Soc., 139, 133–144.
Dolezalova, I., Lebeda, A., Dziechciarkova, M., Kristova, E., Astley, D., Wiel, C. (2003). Relationships among morphological characters, isozymes polymorphism and DNA variability – the ımpact on Lactuca germplasm taxonomy. Czech J. Gen. Plant Breed., 39, 59–67.
Grey-Wilson, C. (2002). Sprenger’s alpine cyclamen. Plantsman, 1, 173–177.
Guner, A., Ozhatay, N., Ekim, T., Baser, K.C.H. (2000). Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands. Edinburg Univ. Press., Vol. 11 (suppl. 2), 656 pp.
Halevy, A.H., 2005. Exploring Israeli flora for new floriculture crops. Proceedings of the Vth International Symposium on New Floricultural Crops. Book Series: Acta Horticulturae, Issue: 683, pages: 33-36.
Jalali, N., Naderi, R., Shahi-Gharahlar, A., Teixeira da Silva, J.A. (2012). Tissue culture of Cyclamen spp. Sci. Horticult., 137, 11–19.
Källersjö, M., Gerquist, G., Anderberg, A.A. (2000). Generic realigment in Primuloid families of the Ericales s. l.: A phylogenetic analysis based on DNA sequences from three chloroplast genes and morphology. Am. J. Bot., 87(9), 1325–1341.
Kandemir, N. (2010). A morphological and anatomical investigation about two rare and endemic Crocus taxa (Iridaceae) from Southern Anatolia. EurAsia J. BioSci., 4(7), 54–62.
Karagoz, A., Zencirci, N., Tan, A., Taskin, T., Koksel, H., Surek, M., Toker, C., Ozbek, K. (2010). Bitki Genetik Kaynaklarinin Korunmasi ve Kullanimi. Ziraat Mühendisligi VII. Teknik Kongresi Bildiriler Kitabi, 1–2, Sayfa, 155–177.
Kocak, M., Izgu, T., Sevindik, B., Tutuncu, M., Curuk, P., Simsek, O., Kacar, Y.A., Teixeira da Silva, J.A., Mendi, Y. (2014). Somatic embryogenesis in Turkish Cyclamen. Sci. Horticult., 172, 26–33.
Lazarević, J., Lazarević, S. (2010). Possibilities for production and application of native Cyclamen neapolitanum in landscape architecture and horticulture. Biol. Nyss., 1(1–2), 105–109.
Le Nard, M., de Hertogh, A.A. (1993). General chapter on spring flowering bulbs. In: The physiology of flower bulbs, De Hertogh, A.A., Le Nard, M. (eds). Amsterdam, NLD, Elsevier, 705–739.
Mammadov, R., Dusen, O., Ozay, C. (2016). Autoecological characteristics of Cyclamen mirabile Hildebr. (Primulaceae) = an endemic species of Turkey. J. Res. Ecology 4(1), 1–9.
Martins, S.R., Vences, F.J., Saenz de Miera, L.E., Barrosa, M.R., Carnide V. (2006). RAPD analysis of genetic diversity among and within Portuguese landraces of common white bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Sci. Horticult., 108, 133–142.
MGM (2015). http://www.mgm.gov.tr/veridegerlendirme/il-ve-ilceler-istatistik.aspx?
Mih, M.A., Tonjock, K.R., Ndam, L.M. (2008). Morphological characterization of four selections of Vernonia hymenolepsis A. Rich. (Asteraceae). World J. Agricult. Sci., 4(2), 220–223.
Muftuoglu, N.M., Altay, H., Sungur, A. (2006). Determination of the best sowing time of the Cyclamen hederifolium seeds. 18th International Soil Meeting (ISM) on ‘‘Soil Sustaining Life on Earth Managing, Soil and Technology”. May 22–26, Sanlıurfa-Turkey, 38–42.
Muftuoglu, N.M., Altay, H., Sungur, A., Erken, K., Turkmen, C. (2009). Effects of different N, P, and K applications on the mineral contents of tuber and leaves of Cyclamen hederifolium plants. Biol. Div. Conserv., 2(1), 21–26.
Okon, S., Surmacz-Magdziak, A., Paczos-Grzeda, E. (2013). Genetic diversity among cultivated and wild chamomile germplasm based on ISSR analysis. Acta Sci. Pol. Hortorum Cultus, 12(2), 43–50.
Parmaksiz, I., Ozcan, S. (2011). Morphological, chemical, and molecular analyses of Turkish Papaver accessions (Sect. Oxytona). Turk. J. Bot., (35), 1–16.
Prange, A.N.S., Serek, M., Winkelmann, T. (2008). Vegetative propagation of different Cyclamen species via adventitious shoot formation from seedling tissue. Prop. Ornam. Plants, 8(4), 204–209.
Saad, L., Mahy, G. (2009). Molecular and morphological variation of rare endemic Oncocyclus irises (Iridaceae) of Lebanon. Bot. J. Linn. Soc., 159, 123–135.
Sahin, O., Burun, B. (2010). Cyclamen alpinum (hort. Dammann ex Sprenger, 1892)’un Morfolojisi, Ekolojisi ve Sitolojisi. SDÜ Fen Dergisi (E-Dergi), 5(1), 5–15.
SAS Institute Inc. (1990). SAS users guide; SAS/STAT, Version 6. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, N.C.
Solmaz, I., Sari, N. (2009). Characterization of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) accessions collected from Turkey for morphological traits. Gen. Res. Crop Evol., 56, 173–188.
Solouki, M., Mehdikhani, H., Zeinali, H., Emamjomeh, A.A. (2008). Study of genetic diversity in chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla) based on morphological traits and molecular markers. Sci. Horticult., 117, 281–287.
SPSS (2006). Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) 14.0 for Windows. Illinois, USA.
Takamura, T. (2006). Cyclamen. In: Flower breeding and genetics, Anderson, N.O. (ed.). Spring-er, Berlin, pp. 459–478.
Taskin, G.B., Vardareli, N., Dogac, E., Mammadov, R., Taskin, V. (2012). Genetic diversity of natural Cyclamen alpinum populations. Turk. J. Biol., 36, 413–422.
Yamaner, O., Erdag, B. (2008). Direct shoot formation and microtuberization from aseptic seed-lings of Cyclamen mirabile Hildebr. Biotechnology, 7(2), 328–332.
Yesson, C., Culham, A. (2006). A phyloclimatic study of Cyclamen. BMC Evol. Biol., 6, 72.
Yesson, C., Culham, A. (2011). Biogeography of cyclamen: an application of phyloclimatic modelling. In: Climate change, ecology and systematics, Hodkinson, T., Jones, M., Waldren, S., Parnell, J. (eds). Cambridge Univ. Press, pp. 265–279.
Zhao, W., Wang, Y., Chen, T., Jia, G., Wang, X., Qi, J., Pang, Y., Wang, S., Li, Z., Huang, Y., Pan, Y., Yang, YH. (2007). Genetic structure of mulberry from different ecotypes revealed by ISSRs in China: an implication for conservation of local mulberry varieties. Sci. Horticult., 115, 47–55.
Pembe Curuk
Cukurova University, Saricam, Adana, Turkey
Cukurova University, Saricam, Adana, Turkey
Zerrin Sogut
Cukurova University, Saricam, Adana, Turkey
Cukurova University, Saricam, Adana, Turkey
Tolga Izgu
Aegean University, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
Aegean University, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
Basar Sevindik
Cukurova University, Saricam, Adana, Turkey
Cukurova University, Saricam, Adana, Turkey
Ehsan Mohammad Tagipur
Cukurova University, Saricam, Adana, Turkey
Cukurova University, Saricam, Adana, Turkey
Jaime A. Teixeira da Silva
P.O. Box 7, Miki-cho post office, Ikenobe 3011-2, Kagawa-ken, 761-0799, Japan
P.O. Box 7, Miki-cho post office, Ikenobe 3011-2, Kagawa-ken, 761-0799, Japan
Sedat Serce
Nigde University, Nigde, Turkey
Nigde University, Nigde, Turkey
Ilknur Solmaz
Cukurova University, Saricam, Adana, Turkey
Cukurova University, Saricam, Adana, Turkey
Yıldız Aka Kacar
Cukurova University, Saricam, Adana, Turkey
Cukurova University, Saricam, Adana, Turkey
Neslihan Yesim Yalcin Mendi
Cukurova University, Saricam, Adana, Turkey
Cukurova University, Saricam, Adana, Turkey
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