INFLUENCE OF SALINITY ON GROWTH AND ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CONTENT OF CARROT (Daucus carota L.)

Safwan Shiyab; Bassam Al-Qarallah; Muhanad Akash

doi:10.24326/asphc.2019.6.9

Vol. 18 No. 6 (2019)

Articles

INFLUENCE OF SALINITY ON GROWTH AND ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CONTENT OF CARROT (Daucus carota L.)

Safwan Shiyab⁺⁻
Bassam Al-Qarallah⁺⁻
Muhanad Akash⁺⁻

pdf

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24326/asphc.2019.6.9
Submitted: December 17, 2019
Published: 17.12.2019

Abstract

Carrot production of valuable carotenes, carbohydrate and protein are hindered by elevated salinity levels in many parts of the world. To assess this problem, germination and growth of two carrot cultivars (Daucus carota cvs Jordan and Napoli) were studied in vivo and in vitro under different salt stress concentrations (0, 75, and 150 mM NaCl). Seeds were directly or gradually exposed to these salt concentrations. With elevated salinity levels, significant reductions in growth parameters (dry shoot weight, fresh shoot weight, shoot length, root length, and root number) were observed. Also, significant difference in germination percentage was observed at 150 mM NaCl in both cultivars when compared with control treatment (90% germination percentage in Napoli and 71% in Jordan cultivar). Growth rate, tolerant index, and relative water content (RWC) declined as salinity increased. The 150 mM NaCl salinity treatment significantly reduced the shoot chlorophyll and protein content, but increased carbohydrate content. Lesser impairment by the gradual exposure of seedling to salinity provides an opportunity to study the acquirement of salt tolerance.

References

Abu-Khadijeh, A. (2002). Comparative responses of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) microshoot, callus, cell suspension and hydroponic cultures to salinity. M. Sc. thesis, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid-Jordan.
Ahmad, A., Heikal, M., Shaddad, M. (1978). Photosynthetic activity, pigment content and growth of Helianthus annus and Linum usitatissiumm plants as influenced by salinization treatments. Assiut. Univ., 7, 49–56.
Ali, H., Tucher T., Thompson T., Salim M. (2001). Effects of salinity and mixed ammonium and nitrate nutrition on the growth and nitrogen utilization of barley. J. Agron. Crop Sci., 186, 223–228.
Alizadeh Banat, G., Ghasemi, K., Taghizadeh, S. (2007). Investigation of salinity and temperature effects on germination, seedling growth and ion relation of Panicum miliaceaum. Pajouhesh Sazandegi J., 74, 115–122.
Apel, K., Hirt, H. (2004). Reactive oxygen species: metabolism, oxidative stress, and signal transduction. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol., 55, 373–399.
Askarian, M. (2004). The effects of salinity and salinity and dryness on germination and seedling establishment in Elymus junceus and Kochia prostrate. Pajouhesh Sazandegi. J., 64, 71–77.
Bartels, D., Sunkar, R. (2005). Drought and salt tolerance in plants. Critical Rev. Plant Sci., 24, 23–58.
Bernstein, L., Ayersm, A.D. (1953a). Salt tolerance of five varieties of carrots. Proc. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci., 61, 360–366.
Cano, E., Perez-Alfocea, F., Moreno, V., Caro, M., Bolarin, M. (1998). Evaluation of salt tolerance in cultivated and wild tomato species through in vitro shoot apex culture. Plant Cell Tiss. Org. Cult., 53, 19–26.
Dizaji, N., Nasemie, H., Garjani, A. (1998). Study on the anti-inflammatory effects of stachys inflata in carrageenan and formalin induced pawoedema in the rat, Naunyn Schmiedbergs. Arch. Pharmacol., 358, 39–51.
Ellis, R., Roberts, E. (1981). The qualification of ageing and survival in orthodox seeds. Seed Sci. Technol., 9, 373–409.
Ferdose, J., Kawasaki, M., Taniguchi, M., Miyake, H. (2009). Differential sensitivity of rice cultivars to salinity and its relation to ion accumulation and root tip structure. Plant Prod. Sci., 12, 453–461.
Gilbert, G.A., Gadush, M.V., Wilson, C., Madore, M.A. (1998). Amino acid accumulation in sink and source tissues of coleus blume benth during salinity stress. J. Exp. Bot., 49, 107–114.
Gibberd, M.R., Turner, N.C., Storey, R. (2002). Influence of saline irrigation on growth, ion accumulation and partitioning, and leaf gas exchange of carrot (Daucus carota L.). Ann. Bot., 90, 715–724.
Greenway, H., Munns, R. (1980). Mechanism of salt tolerance in non-halophytes. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol., 31, 149–190.
Hajar, A.S., Heikal, M.M., Maghrabi, Y.M., Abuzinadah, R.A. (1993). Responses of Arachis hypogaea (Peanut) to salinity stress. J. King AbdulAziz Univ. Sci., 5, 5–13.
Huan-Wen, M., Hongwen, C., Yanfeng, Z., Jing, S., Meng, Z., Meng, H., Cui, Y., Zhang, J., Su, M. (1999). Physiological effects of NaCl stress on cucumber germination and seedling growth. Rep. Cucurbit Gen. Coop., 22, 11–13.
Kerepesi, H., Galiba, G. (2002). Osmotic and salt stress induced alteration in soluble carbohydrate content in wheat seedling. Crop Sci., 40, 482–487.
Kusvuran, S. (2010). Relationships between physiological mechanisms of tolerances to drought and salinity in melons. Department of Horticulture, Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences University of Cukurova, Ph.D thesis, Adana, p. 356.
Lichtenthaler, H. (1988). Chlorophylls and carotenoids pigments of photosynthesis biomebranes. In: Methods in enzymology, Colowick, S.P., Kaplan, N.O. (eds). Academic Press, New York, pp. 350–382.
Lowery, O., Nira, J., Rosebrough, A., Lewis, F., Randall, R. (1951). Protein measurement with the folin phenol reagent. J. Biol. Chem., 265–275.
Luttus, S., Kinet, M., Bouharmont, J. (1996). Improvement of rice callus regeneration in the presence of NaCl. Plant Cell Tiss. Org. Cult., 57, 3–11.
Mangal, J., Lal, S., Hooda, P. (1989). Salt tolerance in carrot seed crop. Haryana Agric. Univ. J. Res., 19, 9–18.
Maas, E. (1986). Salt tolerance of plants. Appl. Agric. Res., 1, 12–26.
Maas, E., Hoffman, C. (1977). Crop salt tolerance current assessment. J. Irrig. Drain. Div. Am. Soc. Civil Eng., 7(103), 115–134.
Matsubara, S., Tasaka, Y. (1988). Studies of salt tolerance of vegetables. II. Sand culture. Sci. Rep. Fac. Agric. Okayama Univ., 72, 9–18.
Munns, R., James, R., Läuchli, A. (2006). Approaches to increasing the salt tolerance of wheat and other cereals. J. Exp. Bot., 57, 1025–1043.
Munns, R., Tester, M. (2008). Mechanisms of salinity tolerance. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol., 59, 651– 681.
Murugesan, A., Rajakumari, C. (2006). Environmental science and biotechnology theory and techniques. MJP, Chennai.
Neumann, P. (1995). Inhabitation of root growth by salinity stress: toxicity or an adaptive biophysical response. In: Structure and function of roots, Baluska, F., Ciamporova, M., Gasparikova O., Barlow, P.W. (eds). Kluwer Academic Publishers, the Netherlands, 299–304.
Niu, X., Bressan, R., Hasegwa, P., Pardo, J. (1995). Ion homeostasis in NaCl stress environments. Plant Physiol., 109, 735–742.
Noiraud, N., Delrot, S., Lemoine R. (2000). The sucrose transporter of celery. Identification and expression during salt tolerance. Plant Physiol., 122, 1447–1455.
Noreen, Z., Ashraf, M. (2009). Changes in antioxidant enzymes and some key metabolites in some genetically diverse cultivars of radish (Raphanus sativus L.). Environ. Exp. Bot., 67, 395–402.
Othman, Y., Al-Karaki, G., Al-Tawaha, A., Al-Horani, A. (2006). Vaviation in germination and ion uptake in Barley genotypes under salinity conditions. World J. Agric. Sci., 2, 11–15.
Pessarakli, M., Tucker, T. (1988). Dry matter yield and nitrogen–15 uptake by tomatoes under chloride stress. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 52, 698–700.
Rao, G. (1981). Pigment composition and chlorophyllase activity in pigeon pea (Cajanus indicus Spreng) and Gingerly (Sesamus indicum L) under NaCl salinity. Indian J. Exp. Biol., 19, 768–770.
Rasool, S., Hameed, A., Azooz, M., Siddiqi, T., Ahmad, P. (2013). Salt stress: causes, types and responses of plants. Ecophysiology and responses of plants under salt stress, In: Ecophysiology and response of plants under salt stress, Ahmad, P., Azooz, M.M., Prasad, M.N.V. (eds). Springer, New York, 1–24.
Ruan, S., Xue, Q., Tylkowska, K. (2002). Effect of seed priming on germination and health of rice Oryza sativa L. seeds. Seed Sci. Technol., 30, 451–458.
Sadasivam, S., Manikam, A. (2005). Biochemical methods, 2nd ed. New Age Int., India.
Silva, P., Medina, E., Barros, R., Ribeiro, D. (2014). Germination of salt-stresses seeds as related to the ethylene biosynthesis ability in three Stylosanthes species. J. Plant Physiol., 171, 14–22.
Silveira, J., Melo, A., Viega, R., Oliveira, J. (2001). Salinity induces effects on nitrogen assimilation related to growth in cowpea plants. Environ. Exp. Bot., 46, 171–179.
Sultana, S., Ikeda, T., Itoh, R. (1999). Effect of NaCl salinity on photosynthesis and dry matter accumulation in developing rice grains. Environ. Exp. Bot., 43, 211–220.
Todaka, D., Matsushima, H., Morohashi, Y. (2000). Water stress enhanced Β-amylase activity in cucumber cotyledons. J. Exp. Bot., 51, 739–745.
Turhan, A., Kuscu, H., Seniz, V. (2011). Effects of different salt concentrations (NaCl) on germination of some spinach cultivars. J. Agric. Fac. Uludag, 25(1), 65–77.
Yasar, F., Ellialtioglu, S., Yildiz, K. (2008). Effect of salt stress on antioxidant defense systems, lipid peroxiation, and chlorophyll content in green bean. Russ. J. Plant Physiol., 55, 782–786.

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Keywords

NaCl
relative water content
gradual exposure
tolerance index
in vitro

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[1] Abu-Khadijeh, A. (2002). Comparative responses of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) microshoot, callus, cell suspension and hydroponic cultures to salinity. M. Sc. thesis, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid-Jordan.

[2] Ahmad, A., Heikal, M., Shaddad, M. (1978). Photosynthetic activity, pigment content and growth of Helianthus annus and Linum usitatissiumm plants as influenced by salinization treatments. Assiut. Univ., 7, 49–56.

[3] Ali, H., Tucher T., Thompson T., Salim M. (2001). Effects of salinity and mixed ammonium and nitrate nutrition on the growth and nitrogen utilization of barley. J. Agron. Crop Sci., 186, 223–228.

[4] Alizadeh Banat, G., Ghasemi, K., Taghizadeh, S. (2007). Investigation of salinity and temperature effects on germination, seedling growth and ion relation of Panicum miliaceaum. Pajouhesh Sazandegi J., 74, 115–122.

[5] Apel, K., Hirt, H. (2004). Reactive oxygen species: metabolism, oxidative stress, and signal transduction. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol., 55, 373–399.

[6] Askarian, M. (2004). The effects of salinity and salinity and dryness on germination and seedling establishment in Elymus junceus and Kochia prostrate. Pajouhesh Sazandegi. J., 64, 71–77.

[7] Bartels, D., Sunkar, R. (2005). Drought and salt tolerance in plants. Critical Rev. Plant Sci., 24, 23–58.

[8] Bernstein, L., Ayersm, A.D. (1953a). Salt tolerance of five varieties of carrots. Proc. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci., 61, 360–366.

[9] Cano, E., Perez-Alfocea, F., Moreno, V., Caro, M., Bolarin, M. (1998). Evaluation of salt tolerance in cultivated and wild tomato species through in vitro shoot apex culture. Plant Cell Tiss. Org. Cult., 53, 19–26.

[10] Dizaji, N., Nasemie, H., Garjani, A. (1998). Study on the anti-inflammatory effects of stachys inflata in carrageenan and formalin induced pawoedema in the rat, Naunyn Schmiedbergs. Arch. Pharmacol., 358, 39–51.

[11] Ellis, R., Roberts, E. (1981). The qualification of ageing and survival in orthodox seeds. Seed Sci. Technol., 9, 373–409.

[12] Ferdose, J., Kawasaki, M., Taniguchi, M., Miyake, H. (2009). Differential sensitivity of rice cultivars to salinity and its relation to ion accumulation and root tip structure. Plant Prod. Sci., 12, 453–461.

[13] Gilbert, G.A., Gadush, M.V., Wilson, C., Madore, M.A. (1998). Amino acid accumulation in sink and source tissues of coleus blume benth during salinity stress. J. Exp. Bot., 49, 107–114.

[14] Gibberd, M.R., Turner, N.C., Storey, R. (2002). Influence of saline irrigation on growth, ion accumulation and partitioning, and leaf gas exchange of carrot (Daucus carota L.). Ann. Bot., 90, 715–724.

[15] Greenway, H., Munns, R. (1980). Mechanism of salt tolerance in non-halophytes. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol., 31, 149–190.

[16] Hajar, A.S., Heikal, M.M., Maghrabi, Y.M., Abuzinadah, R.A. (1993). Responses of Arachis hypogaea (Peanut) to salinity stress. J. King AbdulAziz Univ. Sci., 5, 5–13.

[17] Huan-Wen, M., Hongwen, C., Yanfeng, Z., Jing, S., Meng, Z., Meng, H., Cui, Y., Zhang, J., Su, M. (1999). Physiological effects of NaCl stress on cucumber germination and seedling growth. Rep. Cucurbit Gen. Coop., 22, 11–13.

[18] Kerepesi, H., Galiba, G. (2002). Osmotic and salt stress induced alteration in soluble carbohydrate content in wheat seedling. Crop Sci., 40, 482–487.

[19] Kusvuran, S. (2010). Relationships between physiological mechanisms of tolerances to drought and salinity in melons. Department of Horticulture, Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences University of Cukurova, Ph.D thesis, Adana, p. 356.

[20] Lichtenthaler, H. (1988). Chlorophylls and carotenoids pigments of photosynthesis biomebranes. In: Methods in enzymology, Colowick, S.P., Kaplan, N.O. (eds). Academic Press, New York, pp. 350–382.

[21] Lowery, O., Nira, J., Rosebrough, A., Lewis, F., Randall, R. (1951). Protein measurement with the folin phenol reagent. J. Biol. Chem., 265–275.

[22] Luttus, S., Kinet, M., Bouharmont, J. (1996). Improvement of rice callus regeneration in the presence of NaCl. Plant Cell Tiss. Org. Cult., 57, 3–11.

[23] Mangal, J., Lal, S., Hooda, P. (1989). Salt tolerance in carrot seed crop. Haryana Agric. Univ. J. Res., 19, 9–18.

[24] Maas, E. (1986). Salt tolerance of plants. Appl. Agric. Res., 1, 12–26.

[25] Maas, E., Hoffman, C. (1977). Crop salt tolerance current assessment. J. Irrig. Drain. Div. Am. Soc. Civil Eng., 7(103), 115–134.

[26] Matsubara, S., Tasaka, Y. (1988). Studies of salt tolerance of vegetables. II. Sand culture. Sci. Rep. Fac. Agric. Okayama Univ., 72, 9–18.

[27] Munns, R., James, R., Läuchli, A. (2006). Approaches to increasing the salt tolerance of wheat and other cereals. J. Exp. Bot., 57, 1025–1043.

[28] Munns, R., Tester, M. (2008). Mechanisms of salinity tolerance. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol., 59, 651– 681.

[29] Murugesan, A., Rajakumari, C. (2006). Environmental science and biotechnology theory and techniques. MJP, Chennai.

[30] Neumann, P. (1995). Inhabitation of root growth by salinity stress: toxicity or an adaptive biophysical response. In: Structure and function of roots, Baluska, F., Ciamporova, M., Gasparikova O., Barlow, P.W. (eds). Kluwer Academic Publishers, the Netherlands, 299–304.

[31] Niu, X., Bressan, R., Hasegwa, P., Pardo, J. (1995). Ion homeostasis in NaCl stress environments. Plant Physiol., 109, 735–742.

[32] Noiraud, N., Delrot, S., Lemoine R. (2000). The sucrose transporter of celery. Identification and expression during salt tolerance. Plant Physiol., 122, 1447–1455.

[33] Noreen, Z., Ashraf, M. (2009). Changes in antioxidant enzymes and some key metabolites in some genetically diverse cultivars of radish (Raphanus sativus L.). Environ. Exp. Bot., 67, 395–402.

[34] Othman, Y., Al-Karaki, G., Al-Tawaha, A., Al-Horani, A. (2006). Vaviation in germination and ion uptake in Barley genotypes under salinity conditions. World J. Agric. Sci., 2, 11–15.

[35] Pessarakli, M., Tucker, T. (1988). Dry matter yield and nitrogen–15 uptake by tomatoes under chloride stress. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 52, 698–700.

[36] Rao, G. (1981). Pigment composition and chlorophyllase activity in pigeon pea (Cajanus indicus Spreng) and Gingerly (Sesamus indicum L) under NaCl salinity. Indian J. Exp. Biol., 19, 768–770.

[37] Rasool, S., Hameed, A., Azooz, M., Siddiqi, T., Ahmad, P. (2013). Salt stress: causes, types and responses of plants. Ecophysiology and responses of plants under salt stress, In: Ecophysiology and response of plants under salt stress, Ahmad, P., Azooz, M.M., Prasad, M.N.V. (eds). Springer, New York, 1–24.

[38] Ruan, S., Xue, Q., Tylkowska, K. (2002). Effect of seed priming on germination and health of rice Oryza sativa L. seeds. Seed Sci. Technol., 30, 451–458.

[39] Sadasivam, S., Manikam, A. (2005). Biochemical methods, 2nd ed. New Age Int., India.

[40] Silva, P., Medina, E., Barros, R., Ribeiro, D. (2014). Germination of salt-stresses seeds as related to the ethylene biosynthesis ability in three Stylosanthes species. J. Plant Physiol., 171, 14–22.

[41] Silveira, J., Melo, A., Viega, R., Oliveira, J. (2001). Salinity induces effects on nitrogen assimilation related to growth in cowpea plants. Environ. Exp. Bot., 46, 171–179.

[42] Sultana, S., Ikeda, T., Itoh, R. (1999). Effect of NaCl salinity on photosynthesis and dry matter accumulation in developing rice grains. Environ. Exp. Bot., 43, 211–220.

[43] Todaka, D., Matsushima, H., Morohashi, Y. (2000). Water stress enhanced Β-amylase activity in cucumber cotyledons. J. Exp. Bot., 51, 739–745.

[44] Turhan, A., Kuscu, H., Seniz, V. (2011). Effects of different salt concentrations (NaCl) on germination of some spinach cultivars. J. Agric. Fac. Uludag, 25(1), 65–77.

[45] Yasar, F., Ellialtioglu, S., Yildiz, K. (2008). Effect of salt stress on antioxidant defense systems, lipid peroxiation, and chlorophyll content in green bean. Russ. J. Plant Physiol., 55, 782–786.