Chemical composition, antioxidant and antibacterial properties of Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb. leaves from Türkiye

Tamer Eryigit; Bünyamin Yildirim; Kamil Ekici

doi:10.24326/asphc.2023.4577

Vol. 22 No. 1 (2023)

Articles

Chemical composition, antioxidant and antibacterial properties of Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb. leaves from Türkiye

Tamer Eryigit⁺⁻
Bünyamin Yildirim⁺⁻
Kamil Ekici⁺⁻

PDF

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24326/asphc.2023.4577
Submitted: February 23, 2022
Published: 2023-02-24

Abstract

Juniper species are especially used in traditional medicine due to their analgesic, diuretic, antibacterial, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and liver-protective effects. The goal of the present study was to investigate the chemical compounds, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties of essential oil of Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb., a species of juniper with a large spread area in Turkey. Essential oils were extracted by the hydro-distillation method. The components of the hydro distilled oil samples were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In the study, the essential oil was evaluated for its antibacterial activity against six bacterial strains consisting of two Gram (+) and four Gram (–) by the agar disc diffusion method. Additionally, the antioxidant properties of the oil were determined by TEAC/ABTS+ free radical scavenging assay. As a result, there were 27 compounds in the essential oil of J. excelsa. Of the 27 essential oil components identified, α-pinene (40.59%), α-cedrol (18.15%), β-myrcene (4.53%), and limonene (3.84%) were determined as the main components in total 91.54% of the essential oil. As a result, it was observed that the examined juniper essential oil showed a weak but effective antibacterial activity against all bacterial strains compared to the control agents, and also, the examined oil had low but valuable antioxidant activity.

References

Altunkaya, A., Yıldırım, B., Ekici, K., Terzioğlu, O. (2014). Determining essential oil composition, antibacterial and antioxidant activity of water wormwood extracts. J. Food, 39(1), 17. https://doi.org/10.5505/gida.00710
Andoğan, B.C., Baydar, H., Kaya, S., Demirci, M., Özbaşar, D., Mumcu, E. (2002). Antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of some essential oils. Arch. Pharm. Res., 25(6), 860–864. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02977005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02977005
Cao, G., Prior, R.L. (1998). Comparison of different analytical methods for assessing total antioxidant capacity of human serum. Clin. Chem., 44(6), 1309–1315. https://doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/44.6.1309 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/44.6.1309
CLSI. (2009). Performance standards for antimicrobial disk susceptibility tests. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI), 10th ed. Approved standard M02-A10. CLSI, Wayne, PA.
Emami, S.A., Abedindo, B.F., Hassanzadeh-Khayyat, M. (2011). Antioxidant activity of the essential oils of different parts of Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb. subsp. excelsa and J. excelsa M. Bieb. subsp. polycarpos (K. Koch) Takhtajan (Cupressaceae). Iran. J. Pharm. Res., 10(4), 799–810.
Eryigit, T., Çig, A., Okut, N., Yildirim, B., Ekici, K. (2015). Evaluation of chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Vitex agnus castus L. fruits’ essential oils from west Anatolia, Turkey. J. Essent. Oil Bear. Plants, 18(1), 208–214. https://doi.org/10.1080/0972060X.2014.976665 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0972060X.2014.976665
Etxebarria, N., Zuloaga, O., Olivares, M., Bartolomé, L.J., Navarro, P. (2009). Retention-time locked methods in gas chromatography. J. Chromatogr. A, 1216(10), 1624–1629. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2008.12.038 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2008.12.038
Gülser, F., Çığ, A., Türkoğlu, N. (2012). The determination of nutrient contents of native juniper (Juniperus excelsa Bieb.) and soil properties of plant growing areas in Van. J. Inst. Sci. Technol., 2(2), 93–98. https://doi.org/10.18182/tjf.305958 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18182/tjf.305958
Günal, N. (1997). Türkiye’de başlıca ağaç türlerinin coğrafi yayılışları, ekolojik ve floristik özellikleri. Çantay Kitabevi, İstanbul (in Turkish).
Hosni, K., Jemli, M., Dziri, S., M’Rabet, Y., Ennigrou, A., Sghaier, A., Casabianca, H., Vulliet, E., Ben Brahim, N., Sebei, H. (2011). Changes in phytochemical, antimicrobial and free radical scavenging activities of the Peruvian pepper tree (Schinus molle L.) as influenced by fruit maturation. Ind. Crops Prod., 34(3), 1622–1628. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2011.06.004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2011.06.004
Hosseinihashemi, S., Dadpour, A., Lashgari, A. (2017). Antioxidant activity and chemical composition of Juniperus excelsa ssp. polycarpos Wood Extracts. Nat. Prod. Res., 31(6), 681–685. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2016.1209666 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2016.1209666
Khan, M., Khan, A., Gilani, A.H. (2012). Pharmacological explanation for the medicinal use of Juniperus excelsa in hyperactive gastrointestinal and respiratory disorders. J. Nat. Med., 66(2), 292–301. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11418-011-0605-z DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11418-011-0605-z
Khoury, M., El Beyrouthy, M., Ouaini, N., Iriti, M., Eparvier, V., Stien, D. (2014). Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb. growing wild in Lebanon. Chem. Biodivers., 11(5), 825–830. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.201300354 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.201300354
Moein, M., Moein, S. (2010). Antioxidant activities and phenolic content of Juniperus excelsa extract. Iran. J. Pharm. Sci., 6(2), 133–140. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-8490.65505
Moreira, M., Ponce, A., Del Valle, C., Roura, S. (2005). Inhibitory parameters of essential oils to reduce a foodborne pathogen. LWT – Food Sci. Technol., 38(5), 565–570. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2004.07.012 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2004.07.012
Okut, N., Yildirim, B., Ekici, K., Terzioğlu, Ö., Özgökçe, F. (2018). Identification of chemical composition and antibacterial properties Juniperus oxycedrus L. subsp. oxycedrus leaf essential oil. Yuzuncu Yil Univ. J. Agric. Sci., 28(2), 186–191. DOI: https://doi.org/10.29133/yyutbd.379647
Ponce, A.G., Fritz, R., Del Valle, C.E., Roura, S.I. (2003). Antimicrobial activity of essential oils on the native microflora of organic Swiss Chard. LWT – Food Sci. Technol., 36(7), 679–684. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0023-6438(03)00088-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0023-6438(03)00088-4
Re, R., Pellegrini, N., Proteggente, A., Pannala, A., Yang, M., Rice-Evans, C. (1999). Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation decolorization assay. Free Rad. Biol. Med., 26(9), 1231–1237. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0891-5849(98)00315-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0891-5849(98)00315-3
Sahin Yaglioglu, A., Eser, F., Yaglioglu, M.S., Demirtas, I. (2020). The antiproliferative and antioxidant activities of the essential oils of Juniperus species from Turkey. Flav. Fragr. J., 35(5), 511–523. https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.3586 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.3586
Sandri, I., Zacaria, J., Fracaro, F., Delamare, A., Echeverrigaray, S. (2007). Antimicrobial activity of the essential oils of Brazilian species of the genus Cunila against foodborne pathogens and spoiling bacteria. Food Chem., 103(3), 823–828. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.09.032 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.09.032
Stankov, S., Fidan, H., Petkova, Z., Stoyanova, M., Petkova, N., Stoyanova, A., Semerdjieva, I., Radoukova, T., Zheljazkov, V.D. (2020). Comparative study on the phytochemical composition and antioxidant activity of grecian juniper (Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb) unripe and ripe galbuli. Plants, 9(9), 1207. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9091207 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9091207
Topçu, G., Gören, A.C., Bilsel, G., Bilsel, M., Çakmak, O., Schilling, J., Kingston, D.G. (2005). Cytotoxic activity and essential oil composition of leaves and berries of Juniperus excelsa. Pharmaceut. Biol., 43(2), 125–128. https://doi.org/10.1080/13880200590919429 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13880200590919429
Unlu, M., Vardar-Unlu, G., Vural, N., Donmez, E., Cakmak, O. (2008). Composition and antimicrobial activity of Juniperus excelsa essential oil. Chem. Natural Comp., 44(1), 129–131. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10600-008-0040-x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10600-008-0040-x

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[1] Altunkaya, A., Yıldırım, B., Ekici, K., Terzioğlu, O. (2014). Determining essential oil composition, antibacterial and antioxidant activity of water wormwood extracts. J. Food, 39(1), 17. https://doi.org/10.5505/gida.00710

[2] Andoğan, B.C., Baydar, H., Kaya, S., Demirci, M., Özbaşar, D., Mumcu, E. (2002). Antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of some essential oils. Arch. Pharm. Res., 25(6), 860–864. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02977005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02977005

[3] Cao, G., Prior, R.L. (1998). Comparison of different analytical methods for assessing total antioxidant capacity of human serum. Clin. Chem., 44(6), 1309–1315. https://doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/44.6.1309 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/44.6.1309

[4] CLSI. (2009). Performance standards for antimicrobial disk susceptibility tests. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI), 10th ed. Approved standard M02-A10. CLSI, Wayne, PA.

[5] Emami, S.A., Abedindo, B.F., Hassanzadeh-Khayyat, M. (2011). Antioxidant activity of the essential oils of different parts of Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb. subsp. excelsa and J. excelsa M. Bieb. subsp. polycarpos (K. Koch) Takhtajan (Cupressaceae). Iran. J. Pharm. Res., 10(4), 799–810.

[6] Eryigit, T., Çig, A., Okut, N., Yildirim, B., Ekici, K. (2015). Evaluation of chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Vitex agnus castus L. fruits’ essential oils from west Anatolia, Turkey. J. Essent. Oil Bear. Plants, 18(1), 208–214. https://doi.org/10.1080/0972060X.2014.976665 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0972060X.2014.976665

[7] Etxebarria, N., Zuloaga, O., Olivares, M., Bartolomé, L.J., Navarro, P. (2009). Retention-time locked methods in gas chromatography. J. Chromatogr. A, 1216(10), 1624–1629. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2008.12.038 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2008.12.038

[8] Gülser, F., Çığ, A., Türkoğlu, N. (2012). The determination of nutrient contents of native juniper (Juniperus excelsa Bieb.) and soil properties of plant growing areas in Van. J. Inst. Sci. Technol., 2(2), 93–98. https://doi.org/10.18182/tjf.305958 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18182/tjf.305958

[9] Günal, N. (1997). Türkiye’de başlıca ağaç türlerinin coğrafi yayılışları, ekolojik ve floristik özellikleri. Çantay Kitabevi, İstanbul (in Turkish).

[10] Hosni, K., Jemli, M., Dziri, S., M’Rabet, Y., Ennigrou, A., Sghaier, A., Casabianca, H., Vulliet, E., Ben Brahim, N., Sebei, H. (2011). Changes in phytochemical, antimicrobial and free radical scavenging activities of the Peruvian pepper tree (Schinus molle L.) as influenced by fruit maturation. Ind. Crops Prod., 34(3), 1622–1628. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2011.06.004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2011.06.004

[11] Hosseinihashemi, S., Dadpour, A., Lashgari, A. (2017). Antioxidant activity and chemical composition of Juniperus excelsa ssp. polycarpos Wood Extracts. Nat. Prod. Res., 31(6), 681–685. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2016.1209666 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2016.1209666

[12] Khan, M., Khan, A., Gilani, A.H. (2012). Pharmacological explanation for the medicinal use of Juniperus excelsa in hyperactive gastrointestinal and respiratory disorders. J. Nat. Med., 66(2), 292–301. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11418-011-0605-z DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11418-011-0605-z

[13] Khoury, M., El Beyrouthy, M., Ouaini, N., Iriti, M., Eparvier, V., Stien, D. (2014). Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb. growing wild in Lebanon. Chem. Biodivers., 11(5), 825–830. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.201300354 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.201300354

[14] Moein, M., Moein, S. (2010). Antioxidant activities and phenolic content of Juniperus excelsa extract. Iran. J. Pharm. Sci., 6(2), 133–140. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-8490.65505

[15] Moreira, M., Ponce, A., Del Valle, C., Roura, S. (2005). Inhibitory parameters of essential oils to reduce a foodborne pathogen. LWT – Food Sci. Technol., 38(5), 565–570. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2004.07.012 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2004.07.012

[16] Okut, N., Yildirim, B., Ekici, K., Terzioğlu, Ö., Özgökçe, F. (2018). Identification of chemical composition and antibacterial properties Juniperus oxycedrus L. subsp. oxycedrus leaf essential oil. Yuzuncu Yil Univ. J. Agric. Sci., 28(2), 186–191. DOI: https://doi.org/10.29133/yyutbd.379647

[17] Ponce, A.G., Fritz, R., Del Valle, C.E., Roura, S.I. (2003). Antimicrobial activity of essential oils on the native microflora of organic Swiss Chard. LWT – Food Sci. Technol., 36(7), 679–684. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0023-6438(03)00088-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0023-6438(03)00088-4

[18] Re, R., Pellegrini, N., Proteggente, A., Pannala, A., Yang, M., Rice-Evans, C. (1999). Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation decolorization assay. Free Rad. Biol. Med., 26(9), 1231–1237. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0891-5849(98)00315-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0891-5849(98)00315-3

[19] Sahin Yaglioglu, A., Eser, F., Yaglioglu, M.S., Demirtas, I. (2020). The antiproliferative and antioxidant activities of the essential oils of Juniperus species from Turkey. Flav. Fragr. J., 35(5), 511–523. https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.3586 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.3586

[20] Sandri, I., Zacaria, J., Fracaro, F., Delamare, A., Echeverrigaray, S. (2007). Antimicrobial activity of the essential oils of Brazilian species of the genus Cunila against foodborne pathogens and spoiling bacteria. Food Chem., 103(3), 823–828. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.09.032 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.09.032

[21] Stankov, S., Fidan, H., Petkova, Z., Stoyanova, M., Petkova, N., Stoyanova, A., Semerdjieva, I., Radoukova, T., Zheljazkov, V.D. (2020). Comparative study on the phytochemical composition and antioxidant activity of grecian juniper (Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb) unripe and ripe galbuli. Plants, 9(9), 1207. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9091207 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9091207

[22] Topçu, G., Gören, A.C., Bilsel, G., Bilsel, M., Çakmak, O., Schilling, J., Kingston, D.G. (2005). Cytotoxic activity and essential oil composition of leaves and berries of Juniperus excelsa. Pharmaceut. Biol., 43(2), 125–128. https://doi.org/10.1080/13880200590919429 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13880200590919429

[23] Unlu, M., Vardar-Unlu, G., Vural, N., Donmez, E., Cakmak, O. (2008). Composition and antimicrobial activity of Juniperus excelsa essential oil. Chem. Natural Comp., 44(1), 129–131. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10600-008-0040-x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10600-008-0040-x