Ocimum basilicum L. – wartościowa roślina przyprawowa, lecznicza i olejkodajna. Praca przeglądowa
RENATA NURZYŃSKA-WIERDAK
Katedra Warzywnictwa i Roślin Leczniczych, Uniwersytet Przyrodniczy w Lublinie, ul. St. Leszczyńskiego 58, 20-068 LublinAbstrakt
Bazylia pospolita (Ocimum basilicum L.) – wartościowa roślina przyprawowa, lecznicza i olejkodajna – pochodzi prawdopodobnie z tropikalnych rejonów Azji. Uprawiana jest obecnie w ciepłych rejonach strefy klimatu umiarkowanego oraz w krajach pod- i międzyzwrotnikowych. W Europie uprawa bazylii koncentruje się głównie w krajach śródziemnomorskich, z uwagi na duże wymagania świetlne i termiczne rośliny. Gatunek ten cechuje duża zmienność morfologiczno-rozwojowa (wczesność, bujność wzrostu, pokrój rośliny, sposób rozgałęzienia pędu, wielkość, kształt oraz zabarwienie liści i kwiatów) oraz składu chemicznego. Opisywanych jest ponad 150 gatunków w obrębie tego rodzaju, przy czym większość podziałów oparta jest na morfologii i barwie liści. Surowcem zielarskim bazylii jest ziele (Basilici herba), zawierające olejek eteryczny (0,5–2,5%), flawonoidy, garbniki, związki fenolowe, saponinowe oraz antocyjany i sole mineralne. Ziele bazylii oraz olejek lotny charakteryzuje wyraźna aktywność biologiczna, głównie w obrębie układu pokarmowego i nerwowego; dowiedziono też właściwości immunomodulacyjnych i antyoksydacyjnych ekstraktów z ziela bazylii. Składnikami dominującymi olejku eterycznego bazylii są: linalol, metylochawikol, eugenol, 1,8-cyneol, garanial, neral i cynamonian metylu, a ich udział pozostaje pod wyraźnym wpływem czynników genetycznych, ontogenetycznych i środowiskowych.
Słowa kluczowe:
Lamiaceae, Basilici herba, olejek eteryczny, aktywność biologiczna, warunki uprawyBibliografia
Abduelrahman A.H.N., Elhussein S.A., Osman N.A.I., Nour A.H., 2009. Morphological variability and chemical composition of essentials oils from nineteen varieties of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) growing in Sudan. Inernat. J. Chem. Technol., 1, 1, 1–10.
Alves P.B., Freire Filho P.S.F., Moraes V.R.S., 2007. Chemical composition of essential oil from seven Ocimum basilicum L. accessions, brine shrimp lethality bioassay and inhibitory activities against GAPDH and APRT. J. Essent. Oil Res., 19, 89–92.
Benedec D., Oniga I., Oprean R., Tamas M., 2009. Chemical composition of the essential oils of Ocimum basilicum L. cultivated in Romania. Farmacia, 57, 5, 625–629.
Biesiada A., Kuś A., 2010. The effect of nitrogen fertilization and irrigation on yielding and nutritional status of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.). Acta Sci. Pol., Hortorum Cultus, 9, 2, 3–12.
Carovic-Stanko K., Orlic S., Politeo O., Strikic F., Kolak I., Milos M., Satovic Z., 2010. Composition and antibacterial activities of essentials oils of seven Ocimum taxa. Food Chem., 119, 196–201.
Chang X., Alderson P.G., Hollowood T.A., Hewson L., Wright Ch.J., 2007. Flavour and aroma of fresh basil are affected by temperature. J. Sci. Food Agric., 87, 1381–1385.
Chang X., Alderson P.G., Wright Ch.J., 2008. Solar irradiance level alters the growth of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) and its content of volatile oils. Environ. Exp. Bot., 63, 216–223.
Chang X., Alderson P.G., Wright Ch.J., 2009. Enhanced UV-B radiation alters basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) growth and stimulates the synthesis of volatile oils. J. Hortic. For., 1, 2, 27–31.
Chrpova D., Kourimska L., Gordon M.H., Hermanova V., Roubickova I., Panek J., 2010. Antioxidant activity of selected phenols and herbs used in diets for medicinal conditions. Czech J. Food Sci., 28, 4, 317–325.
Czygan F.C., 1997. Basilikum- Ocimum basilicum L. Portrait einer Arzneipflanze. Z. Phytother., 18, 58–66.
Daneshian A., Gurbuz B., Cosge B., Ipek A., 2009. Chemical components of essential oils from basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) grown at different nitrogen levels. Internat. J. Nat. Eng. Sci., 3, 3, 8–12.
Dzida K., 2010a. Nutrients contents in sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) herb depending on calcium carbonate dose and cultivar. Acta Sci. Pol., Hortorum Cultus, 9, 4, 143–151.
Dzida K., 2010b. Biological value and essential oil content in sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) depending on calcium fertilization and cultivar. Acta Sci. Pol., Hortorum Cultus, 9, 4, 153–161.
Eckelmann S., 2002. Biodiversitat der Gattung Ocimum L., insbesondere der Kultursippen. Die Dissertation, University of Kassel.
Golcz A., Politycka B., Seidler-Łożykowska K., 2006. The effect of nitrogen fertilization and stage of plant development on the mass and quality of sweet basil leaves (Ocimum basilicum L.). Herba Pol., 52, 1/2, 22–30.
Golcz A., Seidler-Łożykowska K., 2008. Bazylia pospolita (Ocimum basilicum L.). Wyd. UP Poznań.
Grayer R.J., Kite G.C., Goldstone F.J., Bryan S.E., Paton A., Putievsky E., 1996. Infraspecific taxonomy and essential oil chemotypes in sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum). Phytochemistry, 43 (5), 1033–1039.
Hassanpouraghdam M.B., Hassani A., Shalamzari M.S., 2010. menthone- and estragole-rich essential oil of cultivated Ocimum basilicum L. from Northwest Iran. Chemija, 21, 1, 59–62.
http://hortiplex.gardenweb.com http://www.petesherbs.com/basil.htm
Hussain A.I., Anwar F., Hussain Sherazi S.T., Przybylski R., 2008. Chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) essential oils depends on seasonal variations. Food Chem., 108, 986–995.
Ismail M., 2006. Central properties and chemical composition of Ocimum basilicum essential oil. Pharm. Biol., 44, 8, 619–626.
Kaledin V.I., Pakharukova M.Y., Pivovarova E.N., Kropachev K.Y., Baginskaya N.V,. Vasilieva E.D, Ilnitskaya S.I., Nikitenko E.V., Kobzev V.F., Merkulova T.I., 2009. Correlation between hepatocarcinogenic effect of estragole and its influence on glucocorticoid induction of liver-specific enzymes and activities of FOXA and HNF4 transcription factors in mouse and rat liver. Biochemistry (Moscow), 74, 4, 377–384.
Klimankova E., Holadova K., Hajslova J., Cajka T., Poustka J., Koudela M., 2008. Aroma profiles of five basil (Ocimum basilicum L) cultivars grown under conventional and organic conditions. Food Chem., 107, 464–472.
Koba K., Poutouli P.W., Raynaud Ch., Chaumont J.P., Sanda K., 2009. Chemical composition and antimicrobial properties of different basil essential oils chemotypes from Togo. Bangladesh J. Pharmacol., 4, 1–8.
Kopsell D.A., Kopsell D.E., Curran-Celentano J., 2005. Carotenoid and chlorophyll pigments in sweet basil grown in the field and greenhouse. HortSci., 40, 5, 1230–1233.
Labra M., Miele M., Ledda B., Grassi F., Mazzei M., Sala F., 2004. Morphological characterization, essential oil composition and DNA genotyping of Ocimum basilicum L. cultivars. Plant Sci., 167, 725–731.
Lahlou S., Figueiredo A.F., Magalhaes P.J.C., Leal-Cardoso J.H., 2002. Cardiovascular effects of 1,8-cineole, a terpenoid oxide present in many plant essential oils, in normotensive rats. Can. J. Physiol. Pharm., 80, 12, 1125–1131.
Leal-Cardoso J.H., Matos-Brito B.G., Lopes-Junior J.E.G., Viana-Cardoso K.V., Sampaio-Freitas A.B., Brasil R.O., Coelho de Souza A.N., Albuquerque A.A.C., 2004. Effects of estragole on the compound action potential of the rat sciatic nerve. Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res., 37, 8, 1193–1198.
Lee J., Scagel C.F., 2009. Chicoric acid found in basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) leaves. Food Chem., 115, 650–656.
Lutomski J., 2000. Zioła, fito farmaceutyki i nutraceutyki. Post. Fitotr., 1, 4–6.
Lutomski J., 2002. Znaczenie ziół w terapii i dietetyce. Herba Pol., 48, 4, 300–310.
Miele M., Dondero R., Ciarallo G., Mazzei M., 2001. Methyleugenol in Ocimum basilicum L. Cv. Genovese Gigante. J. Agric. Food Chem., 49, 517–521.
Młodnicki D., Matławska,I., 2006. Synergizm składników wybranych roślin z syntetycznymi, imidazolowymi lekami przeciwgrzybiczymi. Herba Pol., 52, 3, 86–87.
Moghaddam A.M.D., Shayegh J., Mikaili P., Sharaf J.D., 2011. Antimicrobial activity of essentials oil extract of Ocimum basilicum L. leaves on a variety of pathogenic bacteria. J. Med. Plant Res., 5, 15, 3453–3456.
Muralidharan A., Dhananjayan R., 2004. Cardiac stimulant activity of Ocimum basilicum Linn. Extracts. Indian J. Pharmacol., 36, 3, 163–166.
Nguyen P.M., Niemeyer E.D., 2008. Effects to nitrogen fertilization on the phenolic composition and antioxidant properties of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.). J. Agric. Food Chem., 56, 8685–8691.
Nguyen P.M., Kwee E.M., Niemeyer E.D., 2010. Potassium rate alters the antioxidant capacity and phenolic concentration of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) leaves. Food Chem., 123, 1235–1241.
Nitz G.M., Schnitzler W.H., 2004. Effect of PAR and UV-B radiation on the quality and quantity of the essential oil in sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.). Acta Hort., 659, 375–381.
Noguchi A., Ichimura M., 2004. Effects of environmental factors on growth, flowering and essential oil concentration and composition in sweet basil and spearmint. Hort. Res. Japan, 3, 1, 67–70.
Nurzyńska-Wierdak R., 2001. Analiza zawartości i składu chemicznego olejku dwóch form bazylii wonnej (Ocimum basilicum L.). Annales UMCS, sec. EEE, Horticultura, 10, suppl., 189–193.
Nurzyńska-Wierdak R., 2007a. Evaluation of morphological and developmental variability and essential oil composition of selected basil cultivars. Herba Pol., 53, 3, 255–261.
Nurzyńska-Wierdak R., 2007b. Comparing the growth and flowering of selected basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) varieties. Acta Agrobot., 60, 2, 127–131.
Nurzyńska-Wierdak R., 2010. Bazylia pospolita (Ocimum basilicum L.), w: Uprawa ziół, B. Kołodziej (red.), PWRiL, Poznań.
Nurzyńska-Wierdak R., 2011. Sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) flowering affected by foliar nitrogen application. Acta Agrobot., 64, 1, 57–64.
Nurzyńska-Wierdak R., Borowski B., 2011. Dynamics of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) growth affected by cultivar and foliar feeding with nitrogen. Acta Sci. Pol., Hortorum Cultus, 10, 3, 307–317.
Nurzyńska-Wierdak R., Borowski B., Dzida K., 2011a. Yield and chemical composition of basil herb depending on cultivar and foliar feeding with nitrogen. Acta Sci. Pol., Hortorum Cultus, 10, 1, 207–219.
Nurzyńska-Wierdak R., Rożek E., Borowski B., 2011b. Response of different basil cultivars to nitrogen and potassium fertilization: total and mineral nitrogen content in herb. Acta Sci. Pol., Hortorum Cultus, 10, 4, 217–232 .
Özcan M., Chalchat J-C., 2002. Essential oil composition of Ocimum basilicum L. and Ocimum minimum L. in Turkey. Czech J. Food Sci., 20, 6, 223–228.
Özek T., Tabanca N., Demirci F., Wedle D.E., Baser K.H.C., 2010. Enantiomeric distribution of some linalool containing essentials oils and their biological activities. Rec. Nat. Prod., 4, 4, 180–192.
Oxenham S.K., Svoboda K.P., Walters D.R., 2005. Antifungal activity of the essential oil of basil (Ocimum basilicum). J. Phytopathol., 153, 3, 174–180.
Padalia R.C., Verma R.S., 2011. Comparative volatile oil composition of four Ocimum species from northern India. Nat. Prod. Res., 25, 6, 569–575.
Paduraru I., Paduraru O., Miron A., 2008. Assessment of antioxidant activity of Basilici herba aqueous extract-in vitro study. Farmacia, 56, 4, 402–408.
Peana A.T., De Montis M.G., Sechi S., Sircana G., D’Aquila P.S., Pippia P., 2004a. Effects of (-) -linalool in the acute hyperalgesia induced by carrageenan L-glutamate and prostaglandin E2. Eur. J. Pharmacol., 497, 279–284.
Peana A.T., D’Aquila P.S., Panin F., Serra G., Pippia P., Moretti M.D.L., 2004b. Antiinflammatory activity of linalool and linalyl acetate constituents of essential oils. Phytomedicine, 9, 721–726.
Podbielkowski Z., 1992. Rośliny użytkowe. WSiP, Warszawa.
Politeo O., Jukic M., Milos M., 2007. Chemical composition and antioxidant capacity of free volatile aglycones from basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) compared with its essential oil. Food Chem., 101, 379–383.
Purkayastha J., Nath S.C., 2006. Composition of the camphor-rich essential oil of Ocimum basilicum L. native to Northeast India. J. Essent. Oil Res., 18, 332–334.
Putievsky E., Paton A., Lewinsohn E., Ravid U., Haimovich D., Katzir I., Saadi D., Dudai N., 1999. Crossability and relationship between morphological and chemical varieties of Ocimum basilicum L. J. Herbs Spices Med. Plants, 6 (3), 11–24.
Rakic Z., Johnson Ch.B., 2002. Influence of environmental factors (including UV-B radiation) on the composition of the essential oil of Ocimum basilicum – sweet basil. J. Herbs Spices Med. Plants, 9, 2–3, 157–162.
Ramezani S., Rezaei M.R., Sotoudehnia P., 2009. Improved growth, field and essentials oil content of basil grown under different levels of phosphorus sprays in the field. J. Appl. Biol. Sci., 3, 2, 96–101.
Rao E.V.S.P., Puttana K., Rao R.S.G., Ramesh S., 2007. Nitrogen and potassium nutrition of French basil (Ocimum basilicum Linn). J. Spices Aromat. Plants, 16, 2, 99–105.
Ropolewska-Rodak T., 1988. Zróżnicowanie form bazylii wonnej. Wiad. Zielar., 11, 1–2.
Said-Al Ahl H.A.H., Mahmoud A.A., 2010. Effect of zinc and/or iron foliar application on growth and essential oil of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) under salt stress. Ozean J. Appl. Sci., 3, 1, 97–110.
Salles Trevisan M.T., Vasconelos Silva M.G., Pfundstein B., Spiegelhalder B., Owen R.W., 2006. Characterization of the volatile pattern and antioxidant capacity of essential oils from different species of the genus Ocimum. J. Agric. Food Chem., 54, 4378–4382.
Santos F.A., Rao V.S., 2000. Antiinflammatory and antinociceptive effects of 1,8-cineole a terpenoid oxide present in many plant essential oils. Phytother. Res., 14, 4, 240–244.
Sarab D., Naghdi Badi H., Nasi M., Makkizadeh M., Midi H. 2008. Changes in essentials oil content and yield of basil in response to different levels of nitrogen and plant density. J. Med. Plants, 7, 27, 60–70.
Seidler-Łożykowska K., Król D., 2008. The content of essentials oil in ten sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) cultivars and its composition. Herba Pol., 54, 3, 7–11.
Seidler-Łożykowska K., Mordalski R., Kucharski W., Golcz A., Kozik E., Wójcik J., 2009. Economic and qualitative value of the raw material of chosen species of medicinal plants from organic farming. Part II. Yield and quality of sweet basil herb (Ocimum basilicum L.). Acta Sci. Pol., Agricultura, 8, 3, 29–35.
Sekar K., Thangaraj S., Saravana Babu S., Harisaranraj R., Suresh K., 2009. Phytochemical constituent and antioxidant activity of extract from the leaves of Ocimum basilicum. J. Phytol., 1, 6, 408–413.
Shatar S., Altantsetseg Sh., Sarnai I., Zoljargal D., Thang T.D., Dung N.X., 2007. Chemical composition of the essential oil of Ocimum basilicum cultivated in Mongolian Desert-Gobi. Chem. Nat. Compound., 43, 726–727.
Sifola M.I., Barbieri G., 2006. Growth, yield and essentials oil content of three cultivars of basil grown under different levels of nitrogen in the field. Sci. Hort., 108, 408–413.
Singh S., Singh M., Singh A.K., Kalra A., Yadav A., Patra D.D., 2010. Enhancing productivity of Indian basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) through harvest management under rainfed conditions of subtropical north India plains. Ind. Crops Prod., 32, 601–606.
Suppakul P., Miltz J., Sonneveld K., Bigger S.W., 2003. Antimicrobial properties of basil and its possible application in food packing. J. Agric. Food Chem., 51, 3197–3207.
Svecova E., Neugebauerova J., 2010. A study of 34 cultivars of basil (Ocimum L.) and their morphological, economic and biochemical characteristics, using standardized descriptors. Acta Univ. Sapientiae, Alimentaria, 3, 118–135
Taie H.A., Salama Z.A-E.R., Radwan S., 2010. Potential activity of basil plants as a source of antioxidants and anticancer agents as affected by organic and bio-organic fertilization. Not. Bot. Hort. Agrobot. Cluj, 38, 1, 119–127.
Tchoumbougnang F., Amvam Zollo P.H., Avlessi F., Alitonou G.A., Sohounhloue D.K., Ouamba
J.M., Tsomambet A., Okemy-Andissa N., Dagne E., Agnaniet H., Bessiere J.M., Menut C., 2006. Variability in the chemical composition of the essential oils of five Ocimum species from tropical African area. J. Essent. Oil Res., 18, 194–199.
Telci I., Bayram E., Yilmaz G., Avci B., 2006. Variability in essential oil composition of Turkish basils (Ocimum basilicum L.). Biochem. Syst. Ecol., 34, 489–497.
Tsai K.D., Lin B.R., Perng D.S., Wei J.C., Yu Y.W., Cherng J.M., 2011. Immunomodulatory effects of aqueous extract of Ocimum basilicum (Linn.) and some of its constituents on human immune cells. J. Med. Plants Res., 5, 10, 1873–1883.
De Vasconelos Silva M.G., de Abreu Matos F.J., Lacerda Machado M.I., Craveiro A.A., 2003. Essential oils of Ocimum basilicum L., O. basilicum var. minimum L. and O. basilicum var. purpurascens Benth. grown in north-eastern Brazil. Flavour Fragr. J., 18, 13–14.
Vidhya N., Devaraj S.N., 2011. Induction of apoptosis by eugenol in human breast cancer cells. Indian J. Exp. Biol., 49, 871–878.
Vieira R., Simon J.E., 2006. Chemical characterization of basil (Ocimum spp.) based on volatile oils. Flavour Fragr. J., 21, 214–221.
Vina A., Murillo E., 2003. Essential oil composition from twelve varieties of basil (Ocimum spp) grown in Colombia. J. Braz. Chem. Soc., 14, 5, 744–749.
de Vincenzi M., Silano M., Maialetti F., Scazzocchio B., 2000. Constituents of aromatic plants: II. Estragole. Fitoterapia, 71, 725–729.
Zeggwagh N.A., Sulpice T., Eddouks M., 2007. Anti-hyperglycaemic and hypolipidemic effects of Ocimum basilicum aqueous extract in diabetic rats. Am. J. Pharm. & Toxicol., 2, 3, 123–129.
Zheljazkov V.D., Cracker L.E., Xing B., 2006. Effects of Cd, Pb, and Cu on growth and essential oil contents in dill, peppermint, and basil. Environ. Exp. Bot., 58, 9–16.
Zheljazkov V.D., Cantrell Ch.L., Ebelhar M.W., Rowe D.E., Coker Ch., 2008a. Productivity, oil content, and oil composition of sweet basil as a function of nitrogen and sulphur fertilization. HortSci., 43, 5, 1415–1422.
Zheljazkov V.D., Callahan A., Cantrell Ch.L., 2008b. Yield and oil composition of 38 basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) accessions grown in Mississippi. J. Agric. Food Chem., 56, 241–245.
Katedra Warzywnictwa i Roślin Leczniczych, Uniwersytet Przyrodniczy w Lublinie, ul. St. Leszczyńskiego 58, 20-068 Lublin
Licencja
Przesyłając artykuł do publikacji, autor oświadcza, że posiada pełnię autorskich praw majątkowych oraz osobistych do utworu, a jego opublikowanie nie naruszy praw osób trzecich. Autor podpisuje oświadczenie o oryginalności dzieła i wkładzie poszczególnych osób.
Przesłanie przez autora artykułu do publikacji w czasopiśmie „Annales Horticulturae” traktowane będzie jako udzielenie licencji do eksploatacji praw autorskich do artykułu na zasadach licencji Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa - Użycie niekomercyjne - Bez utworów zależnych 4.0 (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
