THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE ESSENTIAL OIL OF LEAF CELERY (Apium graveolens L. VAR. Secalinum ALEF.) UNDER THE PLANTS’ IRRIGATION AND HARVESTING METHOD
Ewa Rożek
University of Life Sciences on LublinRenata Nurzyńska-Wierdak
University of Life Sciences on LublinAndrzej Sałata
University of Life Sciences on LublinPiotr Gumiela
University of Life Sciences on LublinAbstract
Qualitative and quantitative composition of the essential oil is subject to different types of variability. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of irrigation and harvest date on the content and composition of essential oil distilled from leaves, petioles and leaf blades of Apium graveolens L. var. secalinum Alef. Drip irrigation was carried out twice in the third 10 days of July and twice in the third 10 days of August. A single dose of water was 20 mm. The raw material was harvested on September 7 and October 17, thus collecting leaves after 120 and 161 days of plant growth, respectively. Irrigation increased the concentration of volatile substances in leaf blades (0.68%) and decreased the content of these components in petioles (0.24%). Celery leaves harvested in October contained significantly less essential oil (0.34%) compared to those collected in the first 10 days of September (0.53%). Monoterpenes proved to be the main fraction in the essential oil of leaf celery, limonene and myrcene being predominant among them. Most limonene (75.77%) was found in petioles of irrigated plants. Leaves of irrigated plants contained more limonene and less myrcene compared to leaves of non-irrigated plants. More myrcene and less limonene were determined in leaves harvested in September than in those harvested in October.
Keywords:
Apiaceae, environmental variability, monoterpenes, limonene, myrceneReferences
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Adams, R.P. (2004). Identification of essential oil compounds by gas chromatography/quadrupole mass spectroscopy. Allured Pub. Corp., USA.
Afec, U., Carmeli, S., Aharoni, N. (1995). Columbianetin, a phytoalexin associated with celery resistance to pathogens during storage. Phytochemistry, 39(6), 1347–1350.
Aloghareh, R.R., Tahmasebi, B.K., Safari, A., Armand, R., Odivi, A.G. (2013). Changes in essential oil content and yield components of anise (Pimpinella anisum L.) under different irrigation regimes. Intl. J. Agri. Crop Sci., 6, 7, 364–369.
Al-Saaidi, J.A.A., Alrodhan, M.N.A., Ismael, A.K. (2012). Antioxidant activity of n-butanol extract of celery (Apium graveolens) seed in streptozotocin-induced diabetic male rats. Res. Pharm. Biotech., 4, 2, 24–29.
Al-Snafi, A.E. (2014). The Pharmacology of Apium graveolens. A review. IJPRS 3, 1, 671–677.
Asif, H. M. , Akram, M., Usmanghani, K., Akhtar, N., Shah, P.A., Uzair, M., Ramzan, M., Ali Shah, S.M., Rehman, R. (2011). Monograph of Apium graveolens Linn. J. Med. Plant. Res., 5, 8, 1494–1496.
Azimi, J., Pirzad, A., Hadi, H. (2012). Effect of increasing severity of drought stress on morphology and essential oil of pot marigold. IJPAES, 2, 4, 11–17.
Aziz, E.E., Handawi, S.T., Din, E.E., Azza, Omer, E.A. (2008). Effect of soil type and irrigation intervals on plant growth, essential oil yield and constituents of Thymus vulgaris plant. American-Eyrasian J. Agric. Environ. Sci., 4, 4, 443–450.
Baananou, S., Bouftira, I., Mahmoud, A., Boukef, K., Marongiu, B., Boughattas, N.A. (2013). Antiulcerogenic and antibacterial activities of Apium graveolens essential oil and extract. Nat. Prod. Res., Form. Nat. Prod. Lett., 27, 12, 1075–1083.
Bai, J., Baldwin, E., Plotto, A., Manthey, J.A., McCollum, G., Irey, N., Luizo, G. (2009). Influence of harvest time on quality of ʽValenciaʼ oranges and juice. Proc. Fla. Stare Hart. Soc., 122, 308–315.
Benbelaid, F., Abdouna, M.A., Khadir, A., Bendahou, M. (2013). Drying effect on yield and antimicrobial activity of essential oils. Int. J. Med. Arom. Plants, 3, 1, 93–101.
Bonjar, S., (2004). Evaluation of antibacterial properties of some medicinal plants used in Iran. J. Ethnopharm., 94, 301–305.
Breschini, S.J., Hartz, T.K. (2002). Drip irrigation management affects celery yield and quality. HortScience, 37, 6, 894 – 897.
Chidankumar, C.S., Chandraju, S., Nagendraswamy, G., Nagendraswamy, R. (2010). Comparative study on the growth and yields of leafy vegetables irrigated by distillery spentwash in normal and spentwash treated soil. Sugar Tech., 12, 1, 9–14
Hassan, F.A.S, Bazaid, S., Ali, E.F. (2013). Effect of deficit irrigation on growth, yield and volatile oil content on Rosmarinus officinalis L. plant. J. Med. Plants Stud., 1, 3, 12–21.
Hassanen, N.H.M., Eissa, A.M.F., Hafez, S.A.M., Mosa E.A.M. (2015). Antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of celery (Apium graveolens) and coriander (Coriandrum sativum) herb and seed essential oils. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci., 4, 3, 284–296.
Inan, M., Kirpik, M., Kaya, A., Kibici, S. (2011). Effect of harvest time on essential oil composition of Thymbra spicata L. growing in flora of Adıyaman. Adv. Environ. Biol., 5, 2, 356–358.
Jain, M.P., Sama, J.K., Jain, S.M., Sharma, V.K., Singh, B. (2003). An improved method for the recovery of essential oil from Celery seeds. Indian J. Chem. Technol., 10, 370–372.
Khalid, K.A. (2006). Influence of water stress on growth, essential oil, and chemical composition of herbs (Ocimum sp.). Int. Agroph., 20, 289–296.
Kołodziej, B. (2008). The effect of drip irrigation and Asahi SL application on peppermint yield and quality. Herba Pol., 54, 43–51.
Kusçu, H., Çetin, B., Turhan, A. (2009). Yield and economic return of drip-irrigated vegetable production in Turkey. New Zealand J. Crop Hortic. Sci., 37, 51–59.
Mahdi, O.S. (2011). Evaluation of inhibitory activity of extracts of Apium graveolens, Coriandrum sativum and Cuminum cyminum against number of pathogenic bacteria. Kufa J. Vet. Med. Sci., 2, 2, 37–50.
Momin, R.A., Nair, M.G. (2002). Antioxidant, cyclooxygenase and topoisomerase inhibitory compounds from Apium graveolens Linn. seeds. Phytomedicine, 9, 312–318.
Moro, A., Zalacain, A., de Mendoza, J.H., Carmona, M. (2011). Effects of agronomic practices on volatile composition of Hyssopus officinalis L. essential oils. Molecules, 16, 4131–4139.
Nagella, P., Ahmad, A., Kim, S.J., Chung, I.M. (2012). Chemical composition, antioxidant activity and larvicidal effects of essential oil from leaves of Apium graveolens. Immunopharmacol. Immunotoxicol., 34, 2, 205–9.
Nurzyńska-Wierdak, R. (2009). Herb yield and chemical composition of common oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) essential oil according to the plant’s developmental stage. Herba Pol., 55(3), 55–62.
Nurzyńska-Wierdak, R., Bogucka-Kocka, A. Szymczak, G. (2014). Volatile constituents of Melissa officinalis L. leaves depending on plant age. Nat. Prod. Comm., 9, 5, 703–706.
Papamichail, I., Louli V., Magoulas, K. (2000). Supercritical fluid extraction of celery seed oil. J. Supercrit. Fluids, 18, 213–226.
Paul, J.C., Mishra, J.N., Pradhan, P.L., Panigrahi, B. (2013). Effect of drip and surface irrigation on yield, wateruse-efficiency and economics of capsicum (Capsicum annum L.) grown under mulch and non mulch conditions in eastern coastal India. Europ. J. Sustain. Develop. 2, 1, 99–108.
Pirzad, A., Alyari, H., Shakiba, M.R., Zehtab-Salmasi, S., Mohammadi, S.A. (2006). Essential oil content and composition of German chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) at different irrigation regimes. J. Agron., 5, 3, 451–455.
Polish Pharmacopoeia VII (2006). Polskie Towarzystwo Farmaceutyczne, Warszawa.
Rosłon, W., Osińska, E., Wajs-Bonikowska, A. (2013). Effect of plantation establishment and raw material stabilization on the usefull traits of lovage leaves (Levisticum officinale Koch.). Acta Sci. Pol. Hortorum Cultus, 12, 1, 141–155.
Rożek, E. (2006). Uprawa selera listkowego Apium graveolens var. secalinum Alef. z siewu nasion wprost na pole. Folia Hort., 18(2), 107–112.
Rożek, E. (2007a). Content of some chemicals and essential oil in leaves of leaf celery Apium graveolens L.var. secalinum Alef. Herba Pol., 53(3), 213–217.
Rożek, E. (2007b). Reaction of leaf celery (Apium graveolens L.var. secalinum) to planting density and irrigation. Veget. Crops Res. Bull., 66, 69–77.
Rożek, E., Nurzyńska-Wierdak, R., Kosior, M. (2013). Efficiency of some agrotechnical treatments in quantity and quality yield modification of leaf celery (Apium graveolens L. var. secalinum Alef.). Acta Sci. Pol. Hortorum Cultus, 12, 6, 227–239.
Saleh, M.M., Zwaving, J.H., Malingre, T.M., Bos, R. (1985). The essential oil of Apium graveolens var. secalinum and its cercaricidal activity. Pharm. Weekbl. Sci., 7, 277–279.
Salman, H.R., Al-Khafaji, B.A., Mohammed, N.J. (2013). Effect of Apium graveolens leaves and stalks in reducing the side effects of doxorubicin in male rabbits. Med. J. Babylon, 10, 1, 46–74.
Singh, S., Haider, S.Z., Chauhan, N.K., Lohani, H., Sah, S., Yadav, R.K. (2014). Effect of time of harvesting on yield and quality of Melissa officinalis L. in Doon Valley, India. Indian J. Pharm. Sci., 76, 5, 449–452.
Sowbhagya, H.B, Sampathu, S.R., Krishnamurthy, N. (2007). Evaluation of size reduction on the yield and quality of celery seed oil. J. Food Eng., 80, 1255–1260.
Vahidipour, T.H., Vahidipour, H.R., Baradaran, R., Seqhatoleslami, M.J. (2013). Effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer on grain yield and essential oil percentage of medicinal plant Ajowan. Intl. J. Agron. Plant. Prod., 4, 5, 1013–1022.
Van Den Dool, H., Kratz, P.D. (1963). A generalization of the retention index system including linear temperature programmed gas-liquid partition chromatography. J. Chromat., 11, 463–471.
Wesołowska, A., Grzeszczuk, M., Jadczak, D. (2014). Influence of harvest term on the content of carvacrol, p-cymene, γ-terpinene and β-caryophyllene in the essential oil of Satureja montana. Not. Bot. Horti. Agrobo., 42, 2, 392–397.
Yildiz, L., Baskan, K.S., Tütem, E., Apak, R. (2008). Combined HPLC-CUPRAC (cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity) assay of parsley, celery leaves, and nettle. Talanta, 77, 304–313.
Yu, S., Chen, Y., Zhang, L., Shan, M., Tang, Y., Ding, A. (2011). Quantitative comparative analysis of the bio-active and toxic constituents of leaves and spikes of Schizonepeta tenuifolia at different harvesting times. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 12, 6635–6644.
Zawiślak, G. (2013). The chemical composition of essential hyssop oil depending on plant growth stage. Acta Sci. Pol. Hortorum Cultus, 12, 3, 161–170.
Zheng, G-q., Kenney, P.M., Zhang, J., Lam, L.K.T. (1993). Chemoprevention of benzo[a]pyrene – induced forestomach cancer in mice by natural phthalides from celery seed oil. Nutr. Canc., 19, 1, 77–86.
Adams, R.P. (2004). Identification of essential oil compounds by gas chromatography/quadrupole mass spectroscopy. Allured Pub. Corp., USA.
Afec, U., Carmeli, S., Aharoni, N. (1995). Columbianetin, a phytoalexin associated with celery resistance to pathogens during storage. Phytochemistry, 39(6), 1347–1350.
Aloghareh, R.R., Tahmasebi, B.K., Safari, A., Armand, R., Odivi, A.G. (2013). Changes in essential oil content and yield components of anise (Pimpinella anisum L.) under different irrigation regimes. Intl. J. Agri. Crop Sci., 6, 7, 364–369.
Al-Saaidi, J.A.A., Alrodhan, M.N.A., Ismael, A.K. (2012). Antioxidant activity of n-butanol extract of celery (Apium graveolens) seed in streptozotocin-induced diabetic male rats. Res. Pharm. Biotech., 4, 2, 24–29.
Al-Snafi, A.E. (2014). The Pharmacology of Apium graveolens. A review. IJPRS 3, 1, 671–677.
Asif, H. M. , Akram, M., Usmanghani, K., Akhtar, N., Shah, P.A., Uzair, M., Ramzan, M., Ali Shah, S.M., Rehman, R. (2011). Monograph of Apium graveolens Linn. J. Med. Plant. Res., 5, 8, 1494–1496.
Azimi, J., Pirzad, A., Hadi, H. (2012). Effect of increasing severity of drought stress on morphology and essential oil of pot marigold. IJPAES, 2, 4, 11–17.
Aziz, E.E., Handawi, S.T., Din, E.E., Azza, Omer, E.A. (2008). Effect of soil type and irrigation intervals on plant growth, essential oil yield and constituents of Thymus vulgaris plant. American-Eyrasian J. Agric. Environ. Sci., 4, 4, 443–450.
Baananou, S., Bouftira, I., Mahmoud, A., Boukef, K., Marongiu, B., Boughattas, N.A. (2013). Antiulcerogenic and antibacterial activities of Apium graveolens essential oil and extract. Nat. Prod. Res., Form. Nat. Prod. Lett., 27, 12, 1075–1083.
Bai, J., Baldwin, E., Plotto, A., Manthey, J.A., McCollum, G., Irey, N., Luizo, G. (2009). Influence of harvest time on quality of ʽValenciaʼ oranges and juice. Proc. Fla. Stare Hart. Soc., 122, 308–315.
Benbelaid, F., Abdouna, M.A., Khadir, A., Bendahou, M. (2013). Drying effect on yield and antimicrobial activity of essential oils. Int. J. Med. Arom. Plants, 3, 1, 93–101.
Bonjar, S., (2004). Evaluation of antibacterial properties of some medicinal plants used in Iran. J. Ethnopharm., 94, 301–305.
Breschini, S.J., Hartz, T.K. (2002). Drip irrigation management affects celery yield and quality. HortScience, 37, 6, 894 – 897.
Chidankumar, C.S., Chandraju, S., Nagendraswamy, G., Nagendraswamy, R. (2010). Comparative study on the growth and yields of leafy vegetables irrigated by distillery spentwash in normal and spentwash treated soil. Sugar Tech., 12, 1, 9–14
Hassan, F.A.S, Bazaid, S., Ali, E.F. (2013). Effect of deficit irrigation on growth, yield and volatile oil content on Rosmarinus officinalis L. plant. J. Med. Plants Stud., 1, 3, 12–21.
Hassanen, N.H.M., Eissa, A.M.F., Hafez, S.A.M., Mosa E.A.M. (2015). Antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of celery (Apium graveolens) and coriander (Coriandrum sativum) herb and seed essential oils. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci., 4, 3, 284–296.
Inan, M., Kirpik, M., Kaya, A., Kibici, S. (2011). Effect of harvest time on essential oil composition of Thymbra spicata L. growing in flora of Adıyaman. Adv. Environ. Biol., 5, 2, 356–358.
Jain, M.P., Sama, J.K., Jain, S.M., Sharma, V.K., Singh, B. (2003). An improved method for the recovery of essential oil from Celery seeds. Indian J. Chem. Technol., 10, 370–372.
Khalid, K.A. (2006). Influence of water stress on growth, essential oil, and chemical composition of herbs (Ocimum sp.). Int. Agroph., 20, 289–296.
Kołodziej, B. (2008). The effect of drip irrigation and Asahi SL application on peppermint yield and quality. Herba Pol., 54, 43–51.
Kusçu, H., Çetin, B., Turhan, A. (2009). Yield and economic return of drip-irrigated vegetable production in Turkey. New Zealand J. Crop Hortic. Sci., 37, 51–59.
Mahdi, O.S. (2011). Evaluation of inhibitory activity of extracts of Apium graveolens, Coriandrum sativum and Cuminum cyminum against number of pathogenic bacteria. Kufa J. Vet. Med. Sci., 2, 2, 37–50.
Momin, R.A., Nair, M.G. (2002). Antioxidant, cyclooxygenase and topoisomerase inhibitory compounds from Apium graveolens Linn. seeds. Phytomedicine, 9, 312–318.
Moro, A., Zalacain, A., de Mendoza, J.H., Carmona, M. (2011). Effects of agronomic practices on volatile composition of Hyssopus officinalis L. essential oils. Molecules, 16, 4131–4139.
Nagella, P., Ahmad, A., Kim, S.J., Chung, I.M. (2012). Chemical composition, antioxidant activity and larvicidal effects of essential oil from leaves of Apium graveolens. Immunopharmacol. Immunotoxicol., 34, 2, 205–9.
Nurzyńska-Wierdak, R. (2009). Herb yield and chemical composition of common oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) essential oil according to the plant’s developmental stage. Herba Pol., 55(3), 55–62.
Nurzyńska-Wierdak, R., Bogucka-Kocka, A. Szymczak, G. (2014). Volatile constituents of Melissa officinalis L. leaves depending on plant age. Nat. Prod. Comm., 9, 5, 703–706.
Papamichail, I., Louli V., Magoulas, K. (2000). Supercritical fluid extraction of celery seed oil. J. Supercrit. Fluids, 18, 213–226.
Paul, J.C., Mishra, J.N., Pradhan, P.L., Panigrahi, B. (2013). Effect of drip and surface irrigation on yield, wateruse-efficiency and economics of capsicum (Capsicum annum L.) grown under mulch and non mulch conditions in eastern coastal India. Europ. J. Sustain. Develop. 2, 1, 99–108.
Pirzad, A., Alyari, H., Shakiba, M.R., Zehtab-Salmasi, S., Mohammadi, S.A. (2006). Essential oil content and composition of German chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) at different irrigation regimes. J. Agron., 5, 3, 451–455.
Polish Pharmacopoeia VII (2006). Polskie Towarzystwo Farmaceutyczne, Warszawa.
Rosłon, W., Osińska, E., Wajs-Bonikowska, A. (2013). Effect of plantation establishment and raw material stabilization on the usefull traits of lovage leaves (Levisticum officinale Koch.). Acta Sci. Pol. Hortorum Cultus, 12, 1, 141–155.
Rożek, E. (2006). Uprawa selera listkowego Apium graveolens var. secalinum Alef. z siewu nasion wprost na pole. Folia Hort., 18(2), 107–112.
Rożek, E. (2007a). Content of some chemicals and essential oil in leaves of leaf celery Apium graveolens L.var. secalinum Alef. Herba Pol., 53(3), 213–217.
Rożek, E. (2007b). Reaction of leaf celery (Apium graveolens L.var. secalinum) to planting density and irrigation. Veget. Crops Res. Bull., 66, 69–77.
Rożek, E., Nurzyńska-Wierdak, R., Kosior, M. (2013). Efficiency of some agrotechnical treatments in quantity and quality yield modification of leaf celery (Apium graveolens L. var. secalinum Alef.). Acta Sci. Pol. Hortorum Cultus, 12, 6, 227–239.
Saleh, M.M., Zwaving, J.H., Malingre, T.M., Bos, R. (1985). The essential oil of Apium graveolens var. secalinum and its cercaricidal activity. Pharm. Weekbl. Sci., 7, 277–279.
Salman, H.R., Al-Khafaji, B.A., Mohammed, N.J. (2013). Effect of Apium graveolens leaves and stalks in reducing the side effects of doxorubicin in male rabbits. Med. J. Babylon, 10, 1, 46–74.
Singh, S., Haider, S.Z., Chauhan, N.K., Lohani, H., Sah, S., Yadav, R.K. (2014). Effect of time of harvesting on yield and quality of Melissa officinalis L. in Doon Valley, India. Indian J. Pharm. Sci., 76, 5, 449–452.
Sowbhagya, H.B, Sampathu, S.R., Krishnamurthy, N. (2007). Evaluation of size reduction on the yield and quality of celery seed oil. J. Food Eng., 80, 1255–1260.
Vahidipour, T.H., Vahidipour, H.R., Baradaran, R., Seqhatoleslami, M.J. (2013). Effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer on grain yield and essential oil percentage of medicinal plant Ajowan. Intl. J. Agron. Plant. Prod., 4, 5, 1013–1022.
Van Den Dool, H., Kratz, P.D. (1963). A generalization of the retention index system including linear temperature programmed gas-liquid partition chromatography. J. Chromat., 11, 463–471.
Wesołowska, A., Grzeszczuk, M., Jadczak, D. (2014). Influence of harvest term on the content of carvacrol, p-cymene, γ-terpinene and β-caryophyllene in the essential oil of Satureja montana. Not. Bot. Horti. Agrobo., 42, 2, 392–397.
Yildiz, L., Baskan, K.S., Tütem, E., Apak, R. (2008). Combined HPLC-CUPRAC (cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity) assay of parsley, celery leaves, and nettle. Talanta, 77, 304–313.
Yu, S., Chen, Y., Zhang, L., Shan, M., Tang, Y., Ding, A. (2011). Quantitative comparative analysis of the bio-active and toxic constituents of leaves and spikes of Schizonepeta tenuifolia at different harvesting times. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 12, 6635–6644.
Zawiślak, G. (2013). The chemical composition of essential hyssop oil depending on plant growth stage. Acta Sci. Pol. Hortorum Cultus, 12, 3, 161–170.
Zheng, G-q., Kenney, P.M., Zhang, J., Lam, L.K.T. (1993). Chemoprevention of benzo[a]pyrene – induced forestomach cancer in mice by natural phthalides from celery seed oil. Nutr. Canc., 19, 1, 77–86.
Ewa Rożek
University of Life Sciences on Lublin
University of Life Sciences on Lublin
Renata Nurzyńska-Wierdak
University of Life Sciences on Lublin
University of Life Sciences on Lublin
Andrzej Sałata
University of Life Sciences on Lublin
University of Life Sciences on Lublin
Piotr Gumiela
University of Life Sciences on Lublin
University of Life Sciences on Lublin
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