ASSESSMENT OF TIMING OF BUD DIFFERENTIATION AND DEVELOPMENT STAGES OF FLOWER INFLORESCENCE IN BLACKBERRY (Rubus spp.) CULTIVARS IN NORTHERN TURKEY
Beril Kocaman
Amasya university suluova vocational schoolHüsnü Demirsoy
Department of Horticulture, University of Ondokuz Mayıs, Samsun, TurkeyLeyla Demirsoy
Department of Horticulture, University of Ondokuz Mayıs, Samsun, TurkeyAbstract
Blackberry (Rubus spp.) production is attracting interest in Turkey’s northern part, but information on timing of bud differentiation and developmental stages of flower inflorescence on next season is limited.
The objective of this study was to determine the timing of bud differentiation and development stages of flower inflorescence in 4 biennial fruiting blackberry (Rubus spp.) cultivars (‘Chester’, ‘Dirksen Thornless’, ‘Jumbo’, ‘Bursa 1’) grown in northern Turkey. Axillary bud samples were collected from the middle parts of the one year of lateral branches every 7–15 days from September 2008 to May 2010. Ten development stages were identified from the flower bud differentiation to post-bloom period. The transition from the vegetative to reproductive stage occurred during September to October, with the differentiation of the terminal flower occurring on September 18 in ‘Bursa 1’, October 4–9 in ‘Dirksen Thornless’, October 16–20 in ‘Jumbo’, and October 20–22 in ‘Chester’. In all the examined cultivars, flower development occurred between September and June and lasted for 193–215 days.
Keywords:
Rubus, blackberry, flower initiation, floral development, paraffin methods, microscopyReferences
Agaoglu, Y.S, Eyduran, S.P., Eyduran, E. (2007). Comparison of some pomological characteristics of blackberry cultivars growth in Ayas conditions. J. Agric. Sci. 13(1), 69–74.
Ballington, J.R., Moore, J.N. (1995). NC 194 primocane-fruiting thorny erect tetraploid blackberry germplasm. Fruit Var. J., 49, 101–102.
Beyhan, N. (1993). A study on some important nut varieties of flower development stages and flower biology. PhD Thesis, Ondokuz Mayis University, Institute of Science, Samsun, Turkey.
Bernier, G., Kinet, J.M., Sachs, R.M. (1981). The Physiology of Flowering, Vol. 1–2. CRC Press, Boca Raton.
Clark, J.R., Stafne, E.T., Hall, H.K., Finn, C.E. (2007). Blackberry Breeding and Genetics. In: Plant Breeding Reviews, Janick, J. (ed.), Vol. 29, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 19–144.
Crandall, P.C. (1995). Bramble Production: The management and marketing of raspberries and blackberries. Food Products Press. Binghamton, pp. 213.
Daubeny, H.A. (1996). Brambles. In: Fruit Breeding. Vol. 2: Vines and Small Fruits, Janick, J., Moore, J.N. (eds.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley Inc., USA.
Demirsoy, H. (1999). Studies on breeding green plum (Prunus cerasifera Ehrh.) by selection breeding method in Çarşamba plain and determining usability of some of types as clonal rootstocks for peach and plum. PhD Thesis, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey.
Demirsoy, L., Demirsoy, H., Bilgener, Ş., Öztürk, A., Ersoy, B., Çelikel, G., Balcı, G. (2006). Blackberry adaptation studies in Samsun. In: II. National Berry Fruits Symposium, 14–16 September, Gerçekçioğlu, R. (ed.). Tokat.
Finn, C.E. (2008). Blackberries, Temperate fruit crop breeding: Germplasm to genomics, Hancock, J.F. (ed.). Springer, New York, 83–114.
Foster, T., Johnston, R., Seleznyova, A. (2003). A morphological and quantitative characterization of early floral development in apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.). Ann. Bot., 92(2), 199–206. DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcg120
Galletta, G., Draper, A., Maas, J. (1998). ‘Chester Thornless’ blackberry. Fruit Var. J., 53, 188–122.
Gerçekçioğlu, R., Esmek, I. (2005). Comparison of Different Blackberry (Rubus fructicosus L.) Cultivars in Tokat, Turkey. J. Appl. Sci., 5, 1347–1377. DOI: 10.3923/jas.2005.1374.1377
Hummer, K.E., Janick, J. (2007) Rubus iconography: Antiquity to the Renaissance. Acta Hortic., 759, 89–106. DOI: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2007.759.6
Hussain, I., Roberto, S.R., Fonseca, I.C.B., Assis, A.M., Koyama, R., Antunes, L.E.C. (2016). Phenology of ‘Tupy’ and ‘Xavante’ blackberries grown in a subtropical area. Sci. Hortic., 201, 78–83. DOI: 10.1016/j.scienta.2016.01.036
Johansen, D.A. (1940). Plant Microtechnique. McGraw-Hill Book Co, Inc. New York, 126–154.
Keep, E. (1969). Accessory buds in the genus Rubus with particular reference to R. idaeus L. Ann. Bot., 33, 191–204.
Lopez-Medina, J., Moore, J.N. (1999). Chilling enhances cane elongation and flowering in primocane-fruiting blackberries. HortScience, 34, 638–640. DOI: 10.21273/HORTSCI.34.4.638
Mathers, B.A. (1952). A study of fruit-bud development in Rubus idaeus. J. Hortic. Sci., 27, 266.
Moore, J.N., Skirvin, R.M. (1990). Blackberry management. In: Small Fruit Crop Management, Galletta, G.J., Himelrick, D.G. (eds.). Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 214–244.
Paydaş, S. (1988). Researches on strawberry effects of day length, temperature and nitrogen levels on flower bud formation. PhD Thesis, Çukurova University, Institute of Science, Adana, Turkey.
Poling, E.B. (1997). ‘Blackberries’. J. Small Fruit Vitic., 4, 33–69.
Robertson, M. (1957). Further investigation of flower bud development in the genus Rubus. J. Hortic. Sci., 32, 265–273.
Takeda, F. (1987). Some factors associated with fruit maturity range in cultivars of the semi-erect, tetraploid thornless blackberry. HortScience, 22, 405–408.
Takeda, F., Wisniewski, M. (1989). Organogenesis and patterns of floral bud development in two eastern thornless blackberry cultivars. J. Amer. Soc. Hortic. Sci., 114(4), 528–531.
Takeda, F. (1993). Chilling affects flowering of primocane-fruiting ‘Heritage’ red raspberry. Acta Hortic., 352, 247–252.
Takeda, F., Strik, B.C., Clark, J.R. (1996). Flower bud organogenesis and development in blackberry cultivars. HortScience, 31, 682–683.
Takeda, F., Strik, B.C., Peacock, D., Clark, J.R. (2002). Cultivar differences and the effect of winter temperature on flower bud development in blackberry. J. Amer. Soc. Hortic. Sci., 127, 495–501.
Takeda, F., Strik, B.C., Peacock, D., Clark, J.R. (2003). Patterns of floral bud development in canes of erect and trailing blackberries. J. Amer. Soc. Hortic. Sci., 128, 3–7.
UMass Extension, Center for Agriculture (2017). Massachusetts Berry Notes, January 2017, Vol. 29, No. 1.
Waldo, G.F. (1933). Fruit bud formation in brambles. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hortic. Sci., 30, 263–267.
Warmund, M.R, George, M.F., Cumbie, B.G. (1988). Supercoolling in Darrow blackberry buds. J. Amer. Soc. Hortic. Sci., 113, 418–422.
Warmund, M.R., George, M.F. (1990). Freezing survival and supercooling in primary and secondary buds of Rubus spp. Can. J. Plant Sci., 70, 893–904.
Warmund, M.R., Takeda, F., Davis, G.A. (1992). Supercooling and Extracellular Ice Formation in Differentiating Buds of Eastern Thornless Blackberry. J. Amer. Soc. Hortic. Sci., 117, 941–945.
Warmund, M.R., Guinan, P., Fernandez, G., (2008). Temperatures and cold damage to small fruit crops across The Eastern United States associated with the april 2007 freeze. HortScience, 43(6), 1643–1647. DOI: 10.21273/HORTSCI.43.6.1643
Amasya university suluova vocational school
Department of Horticulture, University of Ondokuz Mayıs, Samsun, Turkey
Department of Horticulture, University of Ondokuz Mayıs, Samsun, Turkey
License
Articles are made available under the conditions CC BY 4.0 (until 2020 under the conditions CC BY-NC-ND 4.0).
Submission of the paper implies that it has not been published previously, that it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere.
The author signs a statement of the originality of the work, the contribution of individuals, and source of funding.
