Abstract
Pot marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) is an annual ornamental plant which is also grown for herbal raw material used in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries.
There are a lot of pot marigold cultivars which differ in colour and in size of inflorescences as well as participation of ligulate flowers. In the field experiment there were five cultivars of pot marigold compared: ’Orange King’, ‘Persimmom Beauty’ ‘Promyk’, ‘Radio’ and ‘Santana’. As far as morphological features are concerned ‘Orange King’ turned out to be the best. It produced the most numerous and shapeliest inflorescences, with the biggest number of ligulate flowers. Raw material yield of compared cultivars oscillated from 849 to 1661 kg·ha-1 of flower heads, and the ligulate flowers themselves from 449 to 1141 kg·ha-1. In both cases the highest yield was obtained by ‘Orange King’, and the lowest by ‘Promyk.’ The content of biologically active compounds in inflorescences of particular
cultivars also varied: flower heads of ‘Persimmom Beauty’ contained the highest amount of essential oil (0.41 ml·100 g-1), whereas ‘Promyk’ contained the highest amount of flavonoids (0.56% – expressed in hyperoside). In all cultivars inflorescence receptacle gathered the highest amount of essential oil and ligulate flowers gathered the least. The opposite tendency appeared in the case of flavonoids.
References
Berti D., Wilckens E., Hevia H., Montecinos L., 2003. Influence of sowing date and seed origin on the yield of capitula of Calendula officinalis L. during two growing seasons in Chillán. Agric. Téc., 63 (1), 3–9.
Biesiada A., Sokół-Łętowska A., Kucharska A., Wołoszczak E., 2006. Wpływ formy i dawki azotu na plonowanie i skład chemiczny koszyczków nagietka (Calendula officinalis L.). Folia Hort., 18, supl.1, 61–65.
Branzila I., 2004. The dynamics of flavonoid and polyphenol content in ontogenesis in Calendula officinalis L. Cercetari in pomicultura 3, 243–251.
Chalchat J.C., Garry R.Ph., Michet A., 1991. Chemical composition of essential oil of Calendula officinalis L. (pot marigold). Flavour Fragr. J., 6 (3), 189–192.
Crnobarac J., Jaćimović G., Marinković B., Mircov V.D., Mrda J., Babić M., 2009. Dynamics of pot marigold yield formation depended by varieties and row distance. Nat. Prod. Commun., 4(1), 35–38.
Dedio I., Kozłowski J., Załęcki R. , 1986. Nagietek lekarski – doświadczenia uprawowe i zastosowanie w lecznictwie. Wiad. Ziel., 5, 1–2.
Farmakopea Polska VIII. 2008. Polskie Towarzystwo Farmaceutyczne, Warszawa, T. V, 1180–1182.
Ganjali H.R., Band A.A., Sharif Abad H.H., Moussavi N.M., 2010. Effects of sowing date, plant density and nitrogen fertilizer on yield, yield components and various traits of Calendula officinalis. American-Eurasian J. Agric. Environ. Sci., 6, 672–679.
Gantait S.S., Chattopadhyay T.K., 2004. Flower and seed yield of pot marigold Calendula officinalis L. (cv. Lemon Queen) under nutritional variability. Orissa J. Hort., 32 (1), 30–34.
Gazim Z.C., Rezende C.M., Fraga S.R., Filho P.B., Nakamura V.C., Cortez A.D., 2008. Analysis of the essential oils from Calendula officinalis growing in Brazil using three different extraction procedures. Rev. Bras. Cienc. Farm., 44 (3), 391–395.
Georgeta P., 2005. The influence of the precursory plant about Calendula officinalis L. flowers yield. Hameiul si Plantele Medicinale 25, (1–2), 175–178.
Gomes H.E., Vieira M.C., Heredia Z.N.A., 2007. Density and plant arrangement on Calendula officinalis L. yield. Rev. Bras. Pl. Med., Botucatu 9 (3), 117–123.
Hojden B., Lamer-Zarawska E., Świąder K., 1990. Przydatność herbicydów w pielęgnacji nagietka lekarskiego (Calendula officinalis L.). Herba Pol., 1/2, 5–7.
Korakhashvili A., Kacharava T., Kiknavelidze N., 2007. Biochemical structure of Calendula officinalis. Georgian Med. News 148–149, 70–73.
Khalid A. A., Teixeira de Silva J., 2010. Yield, essential oil and pigment content of Calendula officinalis L. flower heads cultivated under salt stress conditions. Sci. Hort., 126 (2), 297–305.
Khalid, A.A., Zaghloul S.M., 2006. Effect of soil solarization and cattle manure on the growth, essential oil and chemical composition of Calendula officinalis L. Plants J. Appl. Scien. Res., 2 (30), 142–152.
Król B., 2011a. Yield and the chemical composition of flower heads of pot marigold (Calendula officinalis L. cv. Orange King) depending on nitrogen fertilization. Acta Sci. Pol., Hortorum Cultus 10 (2), 235–243.
Król B., 2011b. The effect of different nitrogen fertilization rates on yield and quality of marigold (Calendula officinalis L. ‘Tokaj’) raw material. Acta Agrobot. 64 (3), 29–34.
Kurkin V.A., Sharova O.V., 2007. Flavonoids from Calendula officinalis flowers. Chem. Nat. Comp., 43 (2), 216–217.
Lastra V.H., Piquet G.R., 1999. Calendula officinalis. Rev. Cubana Farm., 33 (3), 188–94.
Marcal G., Cserjsi Z., Hethelyi E., Petri G., 1987. Data on the essential content and composition of Calendula officinalis L. Herbs Hung., 26, 179–189.
Martin R.J., Deo B., 2000. Effect of plant population on calendula (Calendula officinalis L.) flower production. N. Z. J. Crop Hort. Scien., 28, 37–44.
Ocioszyńska I., Nartowska J., Strzelecka H., 1977. Badania chemizmu kwiatostanów nagietka. Herba Pol., 3, 191–199.
Okoh O.O., Sadimenko A.P., Asekun O.T., Afolayan A.J., 2008. The effects of drying on the chemical components of essential oils of Calendula officinalis L. Afr. J. Biotech., 7 (10), 1500–1502.
Ożarowski A., Jaroniewski W., 1989. Rośliny lecznicze i ich praktyczne zastosowanie. IWZZ, Warszawa, 266–269.
Paim L.F., Fontana M., Winckler M., Grando A.A., Muneron T.L., Roman W.A., 2010. Assessment of plant development, morphology and flavonoid content in different cultivation treatments of Calendula officinalis L., Asteraceae, Brazilian J. Pharmac., 20 (6), 974–980.
Petrovic L., Lepojevic Z., Sovilj V., Adamovic D., Tesevic V., 2010. Composition of essential oil obtained from tubular, head and ligulate flowers of Calendula officinalis L. by steam distillation of plant material and CO2 extracts. J. Essent. Oil Res., 22 (2), 143–146.
Piccaglia R., Marotti M., Chiavari G., Gandini N., 1997. Effects of harvesting date and climate on the flavonoid and carotenoid contents of marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) Flavour Fragr. J., 12, 85–90.
Raal A., Kirsipuu K., 2011. Total flavonoid content in varieties of Calendula officinalis L. originating from different countries and cultivated in Estonia. Nat. Prod. Res., 25 (6), 658–662.
Radulescu V., Doneanu C., Loloiu T.C., 2000. Investigation of chemical composition of Calendula officinalis. Rev. Roumaine de Chimie 45, 271–275.
Rumińska A., 1983. Rośliny lecznicze. PWN. Warszawa, 348–352.
Taczanowska R., Hołderna-Kędzia E., 1998. Nagietek lekarski – właściwości i zastosowanie Wiad. Ziel., 7/8, 11–13.
Tyszyńska-Kownacka D., 1973. Uprawa nagietka lekarskiego na surowiec leczniczy. Wiad. Ziel., 4, 5–6.
Vidal-Ollivier E., Elias R., Faure F., Babadjamian A., Crespin F., Balansard G., Boudon G., 1989. Flavonol glycosides from Calendula officinalis flowers. Planta Medica 55, 73–74.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
