Abstrakt
Guidelines in European Union for N management in orchards aim to limit fertilizer applications under threshold limits, in order to reduce N losses to the environment,
but at the same time to attain optimum tree growth, high yield and good fruit quality. The experiment was carried out at the Wilanów Research Farm, situated in the postglacial valley
of the Vistula River, on a fertile silty loam alluvial soil. The soil of the field assigned for the experiment was at the depth of 0–20 cm, slightly acid (pHKCl = 6.0), showed high
available Mg (16.6 mg%) and P (6.6 mg%) contents, medium available K (19.6 mg%) and a low K/Mg ratio (1.2). Considering a low ratio of K to the other kations as well as occasionally
appearing K deficiency symptoms in the neighbouring orchard, before tree planting potassium salts were applied at the rate of 200 kg K2O ha-1. Throughout all the years of
studies potassium, magnesium and phosphorus fertilizers as well as liming soil were not applied. 'Jonagored' apple trees on M.9 rootstock were planted in spring 2000, spaced 3.5 × 1.5 m. From spring 2000, five fertiliser treatments were applied: (1) N-0 (check); (2) N-50 (50 kg N ha-1), over the whole orchard area in early spring); (3) N-100 (100 kg N ha-1, over the whole area, in early spring); (4) N-100delayed (100 kg N ha-1, in early spring, starting from the fourth year after planting 2004); (5) N-100sward (100 kg N ha-1, in early spring, starting from the
fourth year after planting, in sward alleyways only). Nitrogen was applied as ammonium nitrate, before the start of vegetative growth. After 10 years, the higher dose, i.e. 100 kg N ha-1
applied from the first year after planting resulted in the smallest trunk cross-sectional area (TCSA), during when the same dose starting from the fourth year after planting resulted in
the highest TCSA. N fertilization did not significance effect on growth of the trees as compared with not fertilized control. The first yield was harvested in the 3rd year after planting
(2002), but in any year neither dose or mode of N fertilisation had any significant effect of yield. The cumulative yield for the years 2002–2009 and fruit size did not depend on N fertilization either. No significant response to nitrogen fertilization was noted on cropping efficiency coefficient for eight years of bearing in relation to the final trunk cross-sectional area.
Bibliografia
Deckers T., Schoofs H., Daemen E. and Missotten C., 2001. Effect of long term soil and leaf nitrogen applications to apple cv. Jonagold and Boskoop on N-min in the soil and on leaf and
fruit quality. Acta Hort. 564, 269–278.
Ernani P.R., Dias J., 1999. Soil nitrogen application in the spring did not increase apple yield. Ciencia Rural 29, 645–649.
Neilsen G.H., Hogue E.J., Meheriuk M., 1999. Nitrogen fertilization and orchard-floor vegetation management affect growth, nutrition and fruit quality of Gala apple. Can. J. Plant. Sci. 79(3),
379–385.
Noe N., Eccher T., Stainer R., Porro D., 1995. Influence of nitrogen, potassium and magnesium fertilization on fruit quality and storability of Golden Delicious apples. Acta Hort. 383, 439–447.
Pacholak E., 1986. Wpływ nawożenia i nawadniania na wzrost i plonowanie jabłoni odmiany James Grieve. Roczniki AR w Poznaniu, Rozpr. Nauk. 160, 1–85.
Pacholak E., 2008. Effect of 25 years of differentiated fertilization with NPK and magnesium on growth and fruit yield of apple ‘Cortland’ and on the content of minerals in soil and leaves.
J. Fruit Ornam. Plant Res. 16, 201–214.
Papp J., 1997. Studies on nitrogen supply to Jonathan apple trees in long-term experiments. Proc. Intl. Seminar „Ecological Aspects of Nutrition and Alternatives for Herbicides in Horticulture”, Warsaw-Ursynów, Poland, June 10–15, 1997, p. 61.
Raese J.T., Drake S.R., Curry E.A., 2007. Nitrogen fertilizer influences fruit quality soil nutrients and cover crops, leaf color and nitrogen content, biennial bearing and cold hardiness of
‘Golden Delicious’. J. Plant Nutrition, 30(10/12), 1585–1604.
Rogachev M.A., 2007. Effect of ammonium nitrate application time on apple productivity, quality and shelf life. Sadovodstvo i Vinogradarstvo 6, 8–9.
Rupp D., 1995. Nitrogen fertilization in apple orchards – relationships between available nitrogen in soil samples, nitrates in water and leaching of nitrogen. Acta Hort. 383, 401–409.
Scudellari D., Marangoni B., Cobianchi D., Faedi W., Maltoni M.L., 1993. Effect of fertilization on apple tree development, yield and fruit quality. [In:] M.A.C. Fragoso, M.L. van Beusichem
and A. Houvers (ed.), Optimization of Plant Nutrition. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht / Boston / London, pp. 357–362.
Tagliavini M., Scudellari D., Marangoni B., Toselli M., 1996. Nitrogen fertilization management in orchards to reconcile productivity and environmental aspects. Fertilizer Res. 43, 93–102.
Tagliavini M., Millard P., 2005. Fluxes of nitrogen within deciduous fruit trees. Acta Sci. Pol., Hortorum Cultus 4(1), 21–30.
Thalheimer M., Paoli N., 2006. Effects of time of nitrogen fertilization of apple trees on fruit quality and soil nitrogen content. Italus Hortus 13, 80–84.
Unuk T., Hribar J., Tojnko S., Simcic M., Pozrl T., Plestenjak A., Vidrih R., 2008. Effect of nitrogen application and crop load on external and internal fruit quality parameters of apples.
Deutsche Lebensmittel-Rundschau 104(3), 127–135.
Widmer A., Stadler W., Krebs C., 2006. Effect of foliar applications of urea and boron on malus domestica and pyrus communis. Acta Hort. 721, 227–233.
Wrona D., Sadowski A., 1999. Efekty nawożenia jabłoni azotem w pierwszych czterech latach po posadzeniu. I Ogólnopolskie. Sympozjum Mineralnego Odżywiania. Roślin Sadowniczych
(Skierniewice, Poland, 1–2.12.1998), pp. 115–127.
Wrona D., 2004. Effect of nitrogen fertilization on growth, cropping and fruit quality of 'Šampion' apple trees during 9 years after planting. Folia Hort. 16/1, 55–60.
Wrona D., 2009. Możliwości ograniczenia stosowania nawożenia azotem w sadzie jabłoniowym. Zesz. Prob. Post. Nauk Rol. 539, 781–787.
Yogaratnam N., Greenham W.P., 1982. The application of foliar sprays containing nitrogen, magnesium, zinc and boron to apple trees. Effects on fruit set and cropping. J. Hort. Sci. 57(2),
151–158.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
