PHYTOCHEMICAL PROFILES OF WILD GROWN BLACKBERRY AND MULBERRY IN TURKEY
Meleksen Akin
Oregon State University, Agricultural Faculty, Department of Horticulture, Corvallis, Oregon, USASadiye Peral Eyduran
Igdir University, Agricultural Faculty, Department of Horticulture, Igdir, TurkeySezai Ercisli
Ataturk University, Agricultural Faculty, Department of Horticulture, Erzurum, TurkeyIlker Yilmaz
Piraziz Directorate of District Food, Agriculture and Livestock, Giresun, TurkeyOzlem Cakir
Abstract
Blackberry and mulberry are main berry crops grown in Black Sea region mostly in humid shade forest areas and its important for local people’s diet and also important for the maintenance of their health and prevention of disease. Present study aimed to determine the content of vitamin C, organic acids (citric acid, tartaric acid, oxalic acid, malic acid, succinic acid, fumaric acid), sugars (glucose and fructose) and phenolic compounds (catechin, rutin, quercetin, chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, o-coumaric acid, p-coumaric acid, caffeic acid, syringic acid, vanillic acid, and gallic acid), as well as antioxidant capacity (Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant
Capacity, TEAC assay) in the wild grown blackberry and mulberry fruit. Among phenolic acids, chlorogenic acid was the predominant for all wild grown blackberries, white and black mulberries. The presence of oxalic acid was only detected in the wild blackberry genotype. As a result, the phytochemical recognition of the wild grown blackberry, black and white mulberries might contribute to forthcoming investigations for developing the efficiency of food industry.
Keywords:
Antioxidant, berries, organic acids, phenolic compoundsReferences
Bacvonkralj, M., Jug, T., Komel, E., Fajt, N., Jarni, K., Zivkovic, J., Mujici, I., Trutic, N. (2014). Effects of ripening degree and sample preparation on peach aroma profile characterization by headspace solid-phase microextraction. Turk. J. Agric. For., 38, 676–687.
Bevilacqua, A.E., Califano, A.N. (1989). Determination of organic acids in dairy products by high performance liquid chromatography. J. Food Sci., 54, 1076–1079.
Cemeroglu B. (2007). Gıda analizleri. Gıda Teknol. Derneği Yayinlari, 34, 168–171. Ankara, Turkey.
Connor, A.M., Finn, C.E., Mcghie, T.K., Alspach, P.A. (2005). Genetic and enviromental variation in anthocyanins and their relationship to antioxidant activity in blackberry and hybridberry cultivars. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci., 130(5), 680–687.
Contessa, C., Mellano, M.G., Beccaro, G.L., Giusiano, A., Botta, R. (2013). Total antioxidant capacity and total phenolic and anthocyanin contents in fruit species grown in Northwest Italy. Sci. Hortic., 160, 351–357.
Ercisli, S., Orhan, E. (2007). Some physico-chemical characteristics of black mulberry (Morus nigra L.) genotypes from Northeast Anatolia region of Turkey. Sci. Hortic., 116, 41–46.
Ercisli, S., Tosun, M., Duralija, B., Voca, S., Sengul, M., Turan, M. (2010). Phyochemical content of some black (Morus nigra L.) and purple (Morus rubra L.) mulberry genotypes. Food Technol. Biotechnol., 48(1), 102–106.
Espin, J.C., Garcia-Conesa, M.T., Tomas-Berberan, F.A. (2007). Nutraceuticals: facts and fiction. Phytochem., 68, 2986–3008.
Eyduran, S.P., Akin, M., Ercisli, S., Eyduran, E., Maghradze, D. (2015a). Sugars, organic acids, and phenolic compounds of ancient grape cultivars (Vitis vinifera L.) from Igdir province of Eastern Turkey. Biol. Res., 48, 1–8.
Eyduran, S.P., Akin, M., Ercisli, S., Eyduran, E. (2015b). Phytochemical profiles and antioxidant activity of some grape accessions (Vitis spp.) native to Eastern Anatolia of Turkey. J. Appl. Bot. Food Qual., 88, 5–9.
Eyduran, S.P., Ercisli, S., Akin, M., Beyhan, O., Gecer, M.K., Eyduran, E., Erturk, Y.E. (2015c). Organic acids, sugars, vitamin C, antioxidant capacity and phenolic compounds. J. Appl. Bot. Food Qual., 88, 134–138.
Gundogdu, M., Muradoglu, F., Sensoy, R.I.G., Yilmaz, H. (2011). Determination of fruit chemical properties of Morus nigra L., Morus alba L. and Morus rubra L. by HPLC. Sci. Hortic., 132, 37–41.
Herrera, E., Jimenez, R., Aruoma, O.I., Hercberg, S., Sanchez-Garcia, I., Fraga, C. (2009). Aspects of antioxidant foods and supplements in health and disease. Nutr. Rev., 67(1), 140–144.
Huang, W.Y., Zhang, H.C., Liu, W.X., Li, C.Y. (2012). Survey of antioxidant capacity and phenolic composition of blueberry, blackberry, and strawberry in Nanjing. Biomed. Biotechnol., 13(2), 94–102.
Iqbal, M., Mir, K., Munir, M. (2010). Physico-chemical characteristics of different Mulberry cultivars grown under agro-climatic conditions of Miran Shah, North Waziristan (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa). Pak. J. Agric. Res., 48(2), 209–217.
Kafkas, E., Kosar, M., Turemis, N., Baser, K.H.C. (2006). Analysis of sugars, organic acids and vitamin C contents of blackberry genotypes from Turkey. Food Chem., 97(4), 732–736.
Koca, I., Karadeniz, B. (2009). Antioxidant properties of blackberry and blueberry fruits grown in the Black Sea Region of Turkey. Sci. Hortic., 121, 447–450.
Koyuncu, F. (2004). Organic acid composition of native black mulberry fruit. Chem. Nat. Compd., 40(4), 367–368.
Melgarejo, P., Salazar, D.M., Artes, F. (2000). Organic acids and sugars composition of harvested pomegranate fruits. Eur. Food Res. Technol., 211, 185–190.
Mikulic-Petkovsek, M., Schitzer, V., Slatnar, A., Stampar, F., Veberic, R. (2012). Composition of sugars, organic acids, and total phenolics in 25 wild or cultivated berry species. J. Food Sci., 77, 1064–1070.
Ochmian, I., Grajkowski, J., Skupien, K. (2009). Influence of substrate on yield and chemical composition of highbush blueberry fruit cv. ‘Sierra’. J. Fruit Ornament. Plant Res. 17 (1), 89–100.
Ozgen, M., Serce, S., Kaya, C. (2009). Phytochemical and antioxidant properties of anthocyaninrich Morus nigra and Morus rubra fruits. Sci. Hortic., 119, 275–279.
Ozturk, I., Ercisli, S., Kalkan, F., Demir, B. (2009). Some chemical and physico-mechanical properties of pear cultivars Afr. J. Biotech., 8(4), 687–693.
Rodriguez-Delgado, M.A., Malovana, S., Perez, J.P., Borges, T., Garcia-Montelongo, F.J. (2001). Separation of phenolic compounds by high-performance liquid chromatography with absorbance and fluorimetric detection. J. Chroma., 912, 249–257.
Rop, O., Ercisli, S., Mlcek, J., Jurikova, T., Hoza, I. (2014). Antioxidant and radical scavenging activities in fruits of 6 sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) cultivars. Turk. J. Agric. For., 38, 224–232.
Sanchez, E.M., Calin-Sanchez, A., Carbonell-Barrachina, A.A., Melgarejo, P., Hernandez, F., Martinez-Nicolas, J.J. (2014). Physico-chemical characterization of eight Spanish mulberry clones: Processing and fresh market aptitudes. Int. J. Food Sci. Technol., 49, 477–483.
Sellappan, S., Akoh, C.C., Krewer, G. (2012). Phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity of Georgia-Grown bluberries and blackberries. J. Agric. Food Chem., 50, 2432–2438.
de Souza, V.R., Pereira, P.A.P., da Silva, T.L.T., Lima, L.C.D., Pio, R., Queiroz, F. (2014). Determination of the bioactive compounds, antioxidant activity and chemical composition of Brazilian blackberry, red raspberry, strawberry, blueberry and sweet cherry fruits. Food Chem.,156, 362–368.
Stajcic, S.M., Tepic, A.N., Djilas, S.M., Sumic, Z.M., Canadanovic-Brunet, J.M., Cetkovic, G.S., Vulic, J.J., Tumbas, V.T. (2012). Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of berry fruits. APTEFF, 43, 93–105.
Yildiz, H., Sengul, M., Celik, F., Hegedus, A., Ercisli, S., Tosun, M. (2010). Some phytochemical and antioxidant characteristics of wild and cultivated blackberry (Rubus caucasicus) fruits. J. Food Agric. Environ., 8, 156–159.
Yilmaz, K.U., Ercisli, S., Zengin, S., Sengul, M., Kafkas, E.Y. (2009). Preliminary characterization of cornelian cherry (Cornus mas L.) genotypes for their physic-chemical properties. Food Chem., 114, 408–412.
Zielinski, A.A.F., Goltz, C., Yamato, M.A.C., Avila, S., Hirooka, E.Y., Wosiacki, G., Nogueira, A., Demiate, I.M. (2015). Blackberry (Rubus spp.): influence of ripening and processing on levels of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of ‘Brazos’ and ‘Tupy’ varieties grown in Brazil. Food Technol., 45(4), 744–749.
Bevilacqua, A.E., Califano, A.N. (1989). Determination of organic acids in dairy products by high performance liquid chromatography. J. Food Sci., 54, 1076–1079.
Cemeroglu B. (2007). Gıda analizleri. Gıda Teknol. Derneği Yayinlari, 34, 168–171. Ankara, Turkey.
Connor, A.M., Finn, C.E., Mcghie, T.K., Alspach, P.A. (2005). Genetic and enviromental variation in anthocyanins and their relationship to antioxidant activity in blackberry and hybridberry cultivars. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci., 130(5), 680–687.
Contessa, C., Mellano, M.G., Beccaro, G.L., Giusiano, A., Botta, R. (2013). Total antioxidant capacity and total phenolic and anthocyanin contents in fruit species grown in Northwest Italy. Sci. Hortic., 160, 351–357.
Ercisli, S., Orhan, E. (2007). Some physico-chemical characteristics of black mulberry (Morus nigra L.) genotypes from Northeast Anatolia region of Turkey. Sci. Hortic., 116, 41–46.
Ercisli, S., Tosun, M., Duralija, B., Voca, S., Sengul, M., Turan, M. (2010). Phyochemical content of some black (Morus nigra L.) and purple (Morus rubra L.) mulberry genotypes. Food Technol. Biotechnol., 48(1), 102–106.
Espin, J.C., Garcia-Conesa, M.T., Tomas-Berberan, F.A. (2007). Nutraceuticals: facts and fiction. Phytochem., 68, 2986–3008.
Eyduran, S.P., Akin, M., Ercisli, S., Eyduran, E., Maghradze, D. (2015a). Sugars, organic acids, and phenolic compounds of ancient grape cultivars (Vitis vinifera L.) from Igdir province of Eastern Turkey. Biol. Res., 48, 1–8.
Eyduran, S.P., Akin, M., Ercisli, S., Eyduran, E. (2015b). Phytochemical profiles and antioxidant activity of some grape accessions (Vitis spp.) native to Eastern Anatolia of Turkey. J. Appl. Bot. Food Qual., 88, 5–9.
Eyduran, S.P., Ercisli, S., Akin, M., Beyhan, O., Gecer, M.K., Eyduran, E., Erturk, Y.E. (2015c). Organic acids, sugars, vitamin C, antioxidant capacity and phenolic compounds. J. Appl. Bot. Food Qual., 88, 134–138.
Gundogdu, M., Muradoglu, F., Sensoy, R.I.G., Yilmaz, H. (2011). Determination of fruit chemical properties of Morus nigra L., Morus alba L. and Morus rubra L. by HPLC. Sci. Hortic., 132, 37–41.
Herrera, E., Jimenez, R., Aruoma, O.I., Hercberg, S., Sanchez-Garcia, I., Fraga, C. (2009). Aspects of antioxidant foods and supplements in health and disease. Nutr. Rev., 67(1), 140–144.
Huang, W.Y., Zhang, H.C., Liu, W.X., Li, C.Y. (2012). Survey of antioxidant capacity and phenolic composition of blueberry, blackberry, and strawberry in Nanjing. Biomed. Biotechnol., 13(2), 94–102.
Iqbal, M., Mir, K., Munir, M. (2010). Physico-chemical characteristics of different Mulberry cultivars grown under agro-climatic conditions of Miran Shah, North Waziristan (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa). Pak. J. Agric. Res., 48(2), 209–217.
Kafkas, E., Kosar, M., Turemis, N., Baser, K.H.C. (2006). Analysis of sugars, organic acids and vitamin C contents of blackberry genotypes from Turkey. Food Chem., 97(4), 732–736.
Koca, I., Karadeniz, B. (2009). Antioxidant properties of blackberry and blueberry fruits grown in the Black Sea Region of Turkey. Sci. Hortic., 121, 447–450.
Koyuncu, F. (2004). Organic acid composition of native black mulberry fruit. Chem. Nat. Compd., 40(4), 367–368.
Melgarejo, P., Salazar, D.M., Artes, F. (2000). Organic acids and sugars composition of harvested pomegranate fruits. Eur. Food Res. Technol., 211, 185–190.
Mikulic-Petkovsek, M., Schitzer, V., Slatnar, A., Stampar, F., Veberic, R. (2012). Composition of sugars, organic acids, and total phenolics in 25 wild or cultivated berry species. J. Food Sci., 77, 1064–1070.
Ochmian, I., Grajkowski, J., Skupien, K. (2009). Influence of substrate on yield and chemical composition of highbush blueberry fruit cv. ‘Sierra’. J. Fruit Ornament. Plant Res. 17 (1), 89–100.
Ozgen, M., Serce, S., Kaya, C. (2009). Phytochemical and antioxidant properties of anthocyaninrich Morus nigra and Morus rubra fruits. Sci. Hortic., 119, 275–279.
Ozturk, I., Ercisli, S., Kalkan, F., Demir, B. (2009). Some chemical and physico-mechanical properties of pear cultivars Afr. J. Biotech., 8(4), 687–693.
Rodriguez-Delgado, M.A., Malovana, S., Perez, J.P., Borges, T., Garcia-Montelongo, F.J. (2001). Separation of phenolic compounds by high-performance liquid chromatography with absorbance and fluorimetric detection. J. Chroma., 912, 249–257.
Rop, O., Ercisli, S., Mlcek, J., Jurikova, T., Hoza, I. (2014). Antioxidant and radical scavenging activities in fruits of 6 sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) cultivars. Turk. J. Agric. For., 38, 224–232.
Sanchez, E.M., Calin-Sanchez, A., Carbonell-Barrachina, A.A., Melgarejo, P., Hernandez, F., Martinez-Nicolas, J.J. (2014). Physico-chemical characterization of eight Spanish mulberry clones: Processing and fresh market aptitudes. Int. J. Food Sci. Technol., 49, 477–483.
Sellappan, S., Akoh, C.C., Krewer, G. (2012). Phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity of Georgia-Grown bluberries and blackberries. J. Agric. Food Chem., 50, 2432–2438.
de Souza, V.R., Pereira, P.A.P., da Silva, T.L.T., Lima, L.C.D., Pio, R., Queiroz, F. (2014). Determination of the bioactive compounds, antioxidant activity and chemical composition of Brazilian blackberry, red raspberry, strawberry, blueberry and sweet cherry fruits. Food Chem.,156, 362–368.
Stajcic, S.M., Tepic, A.N., Djilas, S.M., Sumic, Z.M., Canadanovic-Brunet, J.M., Cetkovic, G.S., Vulic, J.J., Tumbas, V.T. (2012). Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of berry fruits. APTEFF, 43, 93–105.
Yildiz, H., Sengul, M., Celik, F., Hegedus, A., Ercisli, S., Tosun, M. (2010). Some phytochemical and antioxidant characteristics of wild and cultivated blackberry (Rubus caucasicus) fruits. J. Food Agric. Environ., 8, 156–159.
Yilmaz, K.U., Ercisli, S., Zengin, S., Sengul, M., Kafkas, E.Y. (2009). Preliminary characterization of cornelian cherry (Cornus mas L.) genotypes for their physic-chemical properties. Food Chem., 114, 408–412.
Zielinski, A.A.F., Goltz, C., Yamato, M.A.C., Avila, S., Hirooka, E.Y., Wosiacki, G., Nogueira, A., Demiate, I.M. (2015). Blackberry (Rubus spp.): influence of ripening and processing on levels of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of ‘Brazos’ and ‘Tupy’ varieties grown in Brazil. Food Technol., 45(4), 744–749.
Meleksen Akin
Oregon State University, Agricultural Faculty, Department of Horticulture, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
Oregon State University, Agricultural Faculty, Department of Horticulture, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
Sadiye Peral Eyduran
Igdir University, Agricultural Faculty, Department of Horticulture, Igdir, Turkey
Igdir University, Agricultural Faculty, Department of Horticulture, Igdir, Turkey
Sezai Ercisli
Ataturk University, Agricultural Faculty, Department of Horticulture, Erzurum, Turkey
Ataturk University, Agricultural Faculty, Department of Horticulture, Erzurum, Turkey
Ilker Yilmaz
Piraziz Directorate of District Food, Agriculture and Livestock, Giresun, Turkey
Piraziz Directorate of District Food, Agriculture and Livestock, Giresun, Turkey
Ozlem Cakir
License
Articles are made available under the conditions CC BY 4.0 (until 2020 under the conditions CC BY-NC-ND 4.0).
Submission of the paper implies that it has not been published previously, that it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere.
The author signs a statement of the originality of the work, the contribution of individuals, and source of funding.
