EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT SUBSTRATES AND IBA CONCENTRATIONS ON ADVENTITIOUS ROOTING OF NATIVE Vitex agnus-castus L. CUTTINGS
Esin Ari
Akdeniz University, Antalya, TurkeyAbstract
Vitex agnus-castus L. (chaste tree) is a native plant species carrying valuable ornamental, functional and medicinal properties. It was aimed to determine the most practical and optimum rooting conditions for successful vegetative production of V. agnus-castus. It was focused on definition of optimal cutting collection time, and specification of the effects of different rooting substrates and IBA concentrations on rooting abilities and growth of V. agnus-castus cuttings. Two rooting experiments (Exp.) were performed; at the beginning and end of its deciduous season. Sand and sand:sphagnum peat (1:1 v/v) mixture were tested as substrate in Exp. I, and perlite in addition to former substrates in Exp. II. The hardwood stem cuttings were treated with different concentrations of IBA in both experiments. The results of Exp. II indicated both substrate and concentration, and also their interaction had significant effects on adventitious rooting formation. In addition, it was revealed the maximum rooting ratio (100%) and the most vigorous growth generated in V. agnus-castus cuttings collected at the end of its deciduous season and treated IBA concentrations in perlit medium.
Keywords:
Auxin, cutting, domestication, ornamental plant, substrate, Vitex agnus-castusReferences
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Alkurdi, M.I., Mustafa, S.S., Supuka, J. (2013). Influence of different soil substrates, planting time and stem cuttings type on vegetative propagation and growth characteristics of Vitex agnus-castus L. Acta Hortic. Regiotect., 16(1), 10–13.
Ari, E., Gürbüz E., Sayin, B. (2010). The Perspective of the Landscape Sector in Antalya to The Use of Natural Plants. IV. National Ornamental Plant Congress. 20–22 October 2010, Alata, Mersin, Turkey. Proceeding Book: 348–358 (in Turkish).
Ari, E., Gürbüz, E., Tuğrul, Ay, S. (2014). Seed Germinations of 20 Wild Species Growing in Antalya, Turkey, with Outdoor Ornamental Plant Potential. Fifth International Scientific Agricultural Symposium (AGROSYM 2014). 23–26 November, 2014, Jahorina, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Original scientific paper: 10.7251/AGSY1404439A. Proceedings Book: 439–445.
Belhadj, S., Gerasopoulos, D., Maloupa, E. (1998). Improvement of germination of Vitex agnuscastus L. Seeds with seed pre-treatments. Acta Hortic, 454, 207–211.
Boissier, E. (1963). Flora Orientalis. Vol: IV. Reimpression fac-similee. Asher&Co. Amst.
Brzuszek, R.F., Harkess, R.L., Mulley, S.J. (2007). Landscape architectsʼ use of native plant in the Southern United States. HortTechnol., 17(1), 78–81.
Brzuszek, R.F., Harkess, R.L. (2009). Green industry survey of native plant marketing in the southeastern United States. HortTechnol., 19(1), 168–172.
Brzuszek, R.F., Harkess, R.L., Kelly, L. (2010). Survey of master gardener use of native plants in the southeastern United States. HortTechnol., 20 (2), 462–466.
Calmar, A., De Klerk, G.J. (2002). Effect of sucrose on adventitious root regeneration in apple. Plant Cell Tiss. Organ Cult., 70, 207–121.
Coelho, M.D.F.B., Maia, S.S.S., Oliveira, A.K., Diógenes, F.É.P., Soares, S.R.F. (2011). Vegetative propagation of liamba, a medicinal plant. Horticult. Brasil., 29(3), 418–420.
Ciubotaru, A., Rosea, I. (2011). Vegetative propagation from cutting of cultivar Thuja occidentalis ʼDanicaʼ in plant trays. Rev. Botan., 3(3), 115–121.
Cossuta, D., Simándi, B., Vági, E., Hohmann, J., Prechl, A., Lemberkovics, É., Keve, T. (2008). Supercritical fluid extraction of Vitex agnus castus fruit. J. Supercrit. Fluids., 47(2), 188–194.
Davis, P.H. (1982). Flora of Turkey and the East Aegan Islands. Vol. 7, Edinburgh Univ. Press, 34–35
Dirr, M.A. (1990). Manual of woody landscape plants: their identification. Ornamental characteristics culture propagation and uses. Champaign, IL, Stipes Publ. Co. 1007 p.
Dirr, M.A., Heuser, C.W. (1987). The reference manual of woody plant propagation. From seed to tissue culture. Varsity Press, Georgia. pg.111.
Dogan, Y., Ugulu, I., Durkan, N., Unver, C., Mert, H.H. (2011). Determination of some ecological characteristics and economical importance of Vitex agnus-castus. Eur-Asian J. BioSci., 5, 10–18.
Eliasson, L., Areblad, K. (1984). Auxin effects on rooting in pea cuttings. Physiol. Plant., 61, 293–297.
Ercisli, S., Güleryüz, M. (1999). A study of the propagation of the hardwood cuttings of some rose hips. Turkish J. Agricult. Forest., 23(Suppl. 2), 305–310.
Esitken, A., Ercisli, S., Sevik, Đ., Sahin, F. (2003). Effect of indole-3-butyric acid and different strains of Agrobacterium rubi on adventive root formation from softwood and semi-hardwood wild sour cherry cuttings. Turkish J. Agricult. Forest., 27(1), 37–42.
Fascella, G., Zizzo, G.V. (2009). Efficient propagation technique of Euphorbia × lomi Thai hybrids. HortSci., 44, 495–498.
Fornes, F., Mendoza-Hernandez, D., Belda, R.M. (2013). Compost versus vermicompost as substrate constituents for rooting shrub cuttings. Spanish J. Agricult. Res., 11(2), 518–528.
Geiss, G., Gutierrez, L., Bellini, C. (2009). Adventitious root formation: new insights and perspectives. Ann. Plant Rev., 37, 127–156.
Gibson, S.I. (2004). Sugar and phytohormone response pathways: navigating a signalling network. J. Exp. Bot., 55, 253–264.
Gibson, S.I. (2005). Control of plant development and gene expression by sugar signalling. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol., 8, 93–102.
Gislerod, H.R. (1983). Physical conditions of propagation media and their influence of the rooting of cuttings. III. The effects of air content and temperature in different propagation media on the rooting of cutting. Plant Soil, 75, 1–14.
Guerrero, J.R., Garrido, G., Acosta, M., Sanchez-Bravo, J. (1999). Influence of 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid and 1-N-naphthylphthalamic acid on indoleacetic acid transportin carnation cuttings: relationship with rooting. J. Plant Growth Reg., 18, 183–190.
Guo, X.F., Fu, X.L., Zang, D.K., Ma, Y. (2009). Eff ect of auxin treatments, cuttings’collection date and initial characteristics on Paeonia ‘Yang Fei Chu Yu’ cutting propagation. Sci. Horticult., 119, 177–181.
Haissig, B.E. (1970). Influence of indole-3-acetic acid on adventitious root primordia of brittle willow. Planta, 95, 27–35.
Hartmann, H.T., Kester, D.E., Davies, Jr F.T., Geneve, R.L. (ed) (2010). Plant propagation: Principles and practices, 8th ed., Prentice Hall, New Jersey, USA, 363–365.
Helfand, G.E., Sik Park, J., Nassauer, J.I., Kosek, S. (2006). The economics of native plants in residential landscape designs. Landsc. Urban Plann., 78 (3), 229–240.
Hershberger, A.J. (2010). Expression of ornamental traits in container versus field plants in a Vitex L. breeding program. HortSci., 45(11), 1630–1633.
Hirobe, C., Qiao, Z.S., Takeya, K., Itokawa, H. (1997). Cytotoxic flavonoids from Vitex agnuscastus. Phytochemistry, 46, 521–524.
Hobbs, C. (1996). Vitex: The women’s herbs (2nd ed.). CA: Botanica Press.
Humair, F., Kueffer, C., Siegrist, M. (2014). Are non-native plants perceived to be more risky? Factors influencing horticulturistsʼ risk perceptions of ornamental plant species. Plos One, 9(7): e102121.
Judd, W.S., Campbell, C.S., Kellogg, E.A., Stevens, P.F., Donoghue, M.J. (2002). Plant systematics: A phylogenetic approach, 3rd ed. Sinauer, Sunderland, Massachusetts.
Karaguzel, O., Girmen, B. (2009). Morphological variations of chaste tree (Vitex agnus-castus) genotypes from southern Anatolia. Turkey. New Zeal. J. Crop Hort., 37(3), 253–261.
Kotis, M., Yupsanis, T.A., Syros, T.D., Economou, A.S. (2009). Peroxidase, acid phosphatase, RNase and DNase activity and isoform patterns during in vitro rooting of Petunia × hybrida microshoots. Biol. Plant., 53(3), 530–38.
Kreen, S., Svensson, M., Rumpunen, K. (2002). Rooting of Clematis microshoots and stem cuttings in different substrates. Sci. Horticult., 96(1), 351–357.
Kurepin, L., Haslam, T., Lopez-Villalobos, A., Oinam, G., Yeung, E. (2011). Adventitious root formation in ornamental plants: II. The role of plant growth regulators. Prop. Ornam. Plants, 11, 161–171.
Kuruüzüm-Uz, A., Ströch, K., Demirezer, L.Ö., Zeeck, A. (2003). Glucosides from Vitex agnuscastus. Phytochemistry, 63(8), 959–964.
Leon, P., Sheen, J. (2003). Sugar and hormone connections. Trend. Plant. Sci., 8(3), 110–116.
Li, M., Leung, D.W.M. (2000). Starch accumulation is associated with adventitious root formation in hypocotyl cuttings of Pinus radiata. J. Plant Growth Reg., 19(4), 423–428.
Ling, W.X., Zhu, G., Zhong, Z. (2013). Effect of IBA on rooting from softwood cuttings of ‘tetraploid locustʼ and associated biochemical changes. Pakistan J. Bot., Karachi, 45(5), 1801–1806.
Lucks, B.C., Sorense, J., Veal, L. (2002). Vitex agnus-castus essential oil and menopausal balance: a self-care survey. Complem. Therap. Nurs. Midw., 8, 148–54.
Meldrum, G.K. (1979). Camellia propagation. Proc. Intern. Plant Prop. Soc., 29, 561–565.
Milewicz, A., Gejdel, E., Sworen, H., Sienkiewicz, K., Jedrzejak, J., Teucher, T., Schmitz, H. (1993). Vitex agnus-castus Extrakt zur Behandlung von Regeltempoanomalien infolge latenter Hyperprolaktinamie. Arzneim. Forsch., 43, 752–756.
Miyamoto, S. (2008). Salt tolerance of landscape plants common to the southwest. Texas Water Resources Institute, Technical Report No. 316, 1–37.
Moura, M., Ribeiro, M.C.C., Benedito, C.P., Oliveira, G.L., Soares, S.R.F. (2009). Vegetative propagation of liamba (Vitex agnus castus) for estaquia in different substratum and ratios. Rev. Ver. Agroecol. Desenvol. Sustent., 4(3), 33–38.
Pacholczak, A., Ilczuk, A., Jacygrad, E., Jagiello-Kubiec, K. (2013). Effect of IBA and biopreparations on rooting performance of Cotinus coggygria Scop. Acta Hort. (ISHS), 990, 383–389.
Pacurar, D.I., Perrone, I., Bellini, C. (2014). Auxin is a central player in the hormone cross‐talks that control adventitious rooting. Physiol. Plant., 151(1), 83–96.
Potts, L.E., Roll, M.J., Wallner, S.J. (2002). Colorado native plant survey – voices of the green industry. Nat. Plants J., 3(2), 121–125.
Sabatino, L., Fabio, D.A., Iapichino, G. (2014). Cutting type and IBA treatment duration affect Teucrium fruticans adventitious root quality. Not. Bot. Horti. Agrobo., 42(2), 478–481.
Schopmeyer, C.S. (1974). Vitex agnus-castus L. Lilac chaste tree. In: Seeds of Woody Plants in the United States, Schopmeyer CS (ed.). Agric. Handbk. 450. USDA Forest Service Wash. DC: 851–852.
Testolin, R., Avanzato, D., Couvillon, G.A. (1988). Rooting peach by mallet cuttings. Acta Hort., 227, 224–229.
Tilt, K.M., Bilderback, T.E. (1987). Physical properties of propagation media and their effects on rooting of three woody ornamentals. HortSci., 22, 245–247.
Travlos, I.S. (2009). Seed germination of several invasive species potentially useful for biomass production or revegetation purposes under semiarid conditions. Acta Biol. Cracov. Bot., 51, 35–37.
Travlos, I.S., Karamanos, A.J. (2007). Influence of heat on seed germination and seedling emergence of chaste tree (Vitex agnus castus L.). J. Agron., 6(1), 25–28.
Tworkoski, T., Miller, S., Scorza, R. (2006). Relationship of pruning and growth morphology with hormone ratios in shoots of pillar and standard peach trees. J. Plant Growth Reg., 25, 145–155.
Tworkoski, T., Takeda, F. (2007). Rooting response of shoot cuttings from three peach growth habits. Sci. Horticult., 115(1), 98–100.
Wade, G.L., Midcap, J.T., Coder, K.D., Landry, G.W., Tyson, A.W., Weatherly, N., Jr (2010). Xeriscape: a guide to developing a water-wise landscape. Cooperative Extension of The Univ. of Georgia College of Agri. and Environmental Sci. Bulletin, 1073, 40 pp.
Waterstrat, J. (1997). Assessment of the native plant market in the southeastern United States. MS Thesis. Mississippi State University, Starkville, USA.
Zhang, M., Tang, H.R., Wang, D., Ren, S.X., Liu, R.D. (2009). A study of rooting characteristics and anatomical structure of Feijoa cuttings. Agricult. J., 4(2), 86–90.
Alkurdi, M.I., Mustafa, S.S., Supuka, J. (2013). Influence of different soil substrates, planting time and stem cuttings type on vegetative propagation and growth characteristics of Vitex agnus-castus L. Acta Hortic. Regiotect., 16(1), 10–13.
Ari, E., Gürbüz E., Sayin, B. (2010). The Perspective of the Landscape Sector in Antalya to The Use of Natural Plants. IV. National Ornamental Plant Congress. 20–22 October 2010, Alata, Mersin, Turkey. Proceeding Book: 348–358 (in Turkish).
Ari, E., Gürbüz, E., Tuğrul, Ay, S. (2014). Seed Germinations of 20 Wild Species Growing in Antalya, Turkey, with Outdoor Ornamental Plant Potential. Fifth International Scientific Agricultural Symposium (AGROSYM 2014). 23–26 November, 2014, Jahorina, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Original scientific paper: 10.7251/AGSY1404439A. Proceedings Book: 439–445.
Belhadj, S., Gerasopoulos, D., Maloupa, E. (1998). Improvement of germination of Vitex agnuscastus L. Seeds with seed pre-treatments. Acta Hortic, 454, 207–211.
Boissier, E. (1963). Flora Orientalis. Vol: IV. Reimpression fac-similee. Asher&Co. Amst.
Brzuszek, R.F., Harkess, R.L., Mulley, S.J. (2007). Landscape architectsʼ use of native plant in the Southern United States. HortTechnol., 17(1), 78–81.
Brzuszek, R.F., Harkess, R.L. (2009). Green industry survey of native plant marketing in the southeastern United States. HortTechnol., 19(1), 168–172.
Brzuszek, R.F., Harkess, R.L., Kelly, L. (2010). Survey of master gardener use of native plants in the southeastern United States. HortTechnol., 20 (2), 462–466.
Calmar, A., De Klerk, G.J. (2002). Effect of sucrose on adventitious root regeneration in apple. Plant Cell Tiss. Organ Cult., 70, 207–121.
Coelho, M.D.F.B., Maia, S.S.S., Oliveira, A.K., Diógenes, F.É.P., Soares, S.R.F. (2011). Vegetative propagation of liamba, a medicinal plant. Horticult. Brasil., 29(3), 418–420.
Ciubotaru, A., Rosea, I. (2011). Vegetative propagation from cutting of cultivar Thuja occidentalis ʼDanicaʼ in plant trays. Rev. Botan., 3(3), 115–121.
Cossuta, D., Simándi, B., Vági, E., Hohmann, J., Prechl, A., Lemberkovics, É., Keve, T. (2008). Supercritical fluid extraction of Vitex agnus castus fruit. J. Supercrit. Fluids., 47(2), 188–194.
Davis, P.H. (1982). Flora of Turkey and the East Aegan Islands. Vol. 7, Edinburgh Univ. Press, 34–35
Dirr, M.A. (1990). Manual of woody landscape plants: their identification. Ornamental characteristics culture propagation and uses. Champaign, IL, Stipes Publ. Co. 1007 p.
Dirr, M.A., Heuser, C.W. (1987). The reference manual of woody plant propagation. From seed to tissue culture. Varsity Press, Georgia. pg.111.
Dogan, Y., Ugulu, I., Durkan, N., Unver, C., Mert, H.H. (2011). Determination of some ecological characteristics and economical importance of Vitex agnus-castus. Eur-Asian J. BioSci., 5, 10–18.
Eliasson, L., Areblad, K. (1984). Auxin effects on rooting in pea cuttings. Physiol. Plant., 61, 293–297.
Ercisli, S., Güleryüz, M. (1999). A study of the propagation of the hardwood cuttings of some rose hips. Turkish J. Agricult. Forest., 23(Suppl. 2), 305–310.
Esitken, A., Ercisli, S., Sevik, Đ., Sahin, F. (2003). Effect of indole-3-butyric acid and different strains of Agrobacterium rubi on adventive root formation from softwood and semi-hardwood wild sour cherry cuttings. Turkish J. Agricult. Forest., 27(1), 37–42.
Fascella, G., Zizzo, G.V. (2009). Efficient propagation technique of Euphorbia × lomi Thai hybrids. HortSci., 44, 495–498.
Fornes, F., Mendoza-Hernandez, D., Belda, R.M. (2013). Compost versus vermicompost as substrate constituents for rooting shrub cuttings. Spanish J. Agricult. Res., 11(2), 518–528.
Geiss, G., Gutierrez, L., Bellini, C. (2009). Adventitious root formation: new insights and perspectives. Ann. Plant Rev., 37, 127–156.
Gibson, S.I. (2004). Sugar and phytohormone response pathways: navigating a signalling network. J. Exp. Bot., 55, 253–264.
Gibson, S.I. (2005). Control of plant development and gene expression by sugar signalling. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol., 8, 93–102.
Gislerod, H.R. (1983). Physical conditions of propagation media and their influence of the rooting of cuttings. III. The effects of air content and temperature in different propagation media on the rooting of cutting. Plant Soil, 75, 1–14.
Guerrero, J.R., Garrido, G., Acosta, M., Sanchez-Bravo, J. (1999). Influence of 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid and 1-N-naphthylphthalamic acid on indoleacetic acid transportin carnation cuttings: relationship with rooting. J. Plant Growth Reg., 18, 183–190.
Guo, X.F., Fu, X.L., Zang, D.K., Ma, Y. (2009). Eff ect of auxin treatments, cuttings’collection date and initial characteristics on Paeonia ‘Yang Fei Chu Yu’ cutting propagation. Sci. Horticult., 119, 177–181.
Haissig, B.E. (1970). Influence of indole-3-acetic acid on adventitious root primordia of brittle willow. Planta, 95, 27–35.
Hartmann, H.T., Kester, D.E., Davies, Jr F.T., Geneve, R.L. (ed) (2010). Plant propagation: Principles and practices, 8th ed., Prentice Hall, New Jersey, USA, 363–365.
Helfand, G.E., Sik Park, J., Nassauer, J.I., Kosek, S. (2006). The economics of native plants in residential landscape designs. Landsc. Urban Plann., 78 (3), 229–240.
Hershberger, A.J. (2010). Expression of ornamental traits in container versus field plants in a Vitex L. breeding program. HortSci., 45(11), 1630–1633.
Hirobe, C., Qiao, Z.S., Takeya, K., Itokawa, H. (1997). Cytotoxic flavonoids from Vitex agnuscastus. Phytochemistry, 46, 521–524.
Hobbs, C. (1996). Vitex: The women’s herbs (2nd ed.). CA: Botanica Press.
Humair, F., Kueffer, C., Siegrist, M. (2014). Are non-native plants perceived to be more risky? Factors influencing horticulturistsʼ risk perceptions of ornamental plant species. Plos One, 9(7): e102121.
Judd, W.S., Campbell, C.S., Kellogg, E.A., Stevens, P.F., Donoghue, M.J. (2002). Plant systematics: A phylogenetic approach, 3rd ed. Sinauer, Sunderland, Massachusetts.
Karaguzel, O., Girmen, B. (2009). Morphological variations of chaste tree (Vitex agnus-castus) genotypes from southern Anatolia. Turkey. New Zeal. J. Crop Hort., 37(3), 253–261.
Kotis, M., Yupsanis, T.A., Syros, T.D., Economou, A.S. (2009). Peroxidase, acid phosphatase, RNase and DNase activity and isoform patterns during in vitro rooting of Petunia × hybrida microshoots. Biol. Plant., 53(3), 530–38.
Kreen, S., Svensson, M., Rumpunen, K. (2002). Rooting of Clematis microshoots and stem cuttings in different substrates. Sci. Horticult., 96(1), 351–357.
Kurepin, L., Haslam, T., Lopez-Villalobos, A., Oinam, G., Yeung, E. (2011). Adventitious root formation in ornamental plants: II. The role of plant growth regulators. Prop. Ornam. Plants, 11, 161–171.
Kuruüzüm-Uz, A., Ströch, K., Demirezer, L.Ö., Zeeck, A. (2003). Glucosides from Vitex agnuscastus. Phytochemistry, 63(8), 959–964.
Leon, P., Sheen, J. (2003). Sugar and hormone connections. Trend. Plant. Sci., 8(3), 110–116.
Li, M., Leung, D.W.M. (2000). Starch accumulation is associated with adventitious root formation in hypocotyl cuttings of Pinus radiata. J. Plant Growth Reg., 19(4), 423–428.
Ling, W.X., Zhu, G., Zhong, Z. (2013). Effect of IBA on rooting from softwood cuttings of ‘tetraploid locustʼ and associated biochemical changes. Pakistan J. Bot., Karachi, 45(5), 1801–1806.
Lucks, B.C., Sorense, J., Veal, L. (2002). Vitex agnus-castus essential oil and menopausal balance: a self-care survey. Complem. Therap. Nurs. Midw., 8, 148–54.
Meldrum, G.K. (1979). Camellia propagation. Proc. Intern. Plant Prop. Soc., 29, 561–565.
Milewicz, A., Gejdel, E., Sworen, H., Sienkiewicz, K., Jedrzejak, J., Teucher, T., Schmitz, H. (1993). Vitex agnus-castus Extrakt zur Behandlung von Regeltempoanomalien infolge latenter Hyperprolaktinamie. Arzneim. Forsch., 43, 752–756.
Miyamoto, S. (2008). Salt tolerance of landscape plants common to the southwest. Texas Water Resources Institute, Technical Report No. 316, 1–37.
Moura, M., Ribeiro, M.C.C., Benedito, C.P., Oliveira, G.L., Soares, S.R.F. (2009). Vegetative propagation of liamba (Vitex agnus castus) for estaquia in different substratum and ratios. Rev. Ver. Agroecol. Desenvol. Sustent., 4(3), 33–38.
Pacholczak, A., Ilczuk, A., Jacygrad, E., Jagiello-Kubiec, K. (2013). Effect of IBA and biopreparations on rooting performance of Cotinus coggygria Scop. Acta Hort. (ISHS), 990, 383–389.
Pacurar, D.I., Perrone, I., Bellini, C. (2014). Auxin is a central player in the hormone cross‐talks that control adventitious rooting. Physiol. Plant., 151(1), 83–96.
Potts, L.E., Roll, M.J., Wallner, S.J. (2002). Colorado native plant survey – voices of the green industry. Nat. Plants J., 3(2), 121–125.
Sabatino, L., Fabio, D.A., Iapichino, G. (2014). Cutting type and IBA treatment duration affect Teucrium fruticans adventitious root quality. Not. Bot. Horti. Agrobo., 42(2), 478–481.
Schopmeyer, C.S. (1974). Vitex agnus-castus L. Lilac chaste tree. In: Seeds of Woody Plants in the United States, Schopmeyer CS (ed.). Agric. Handbk. 450. USDA Forest Service Wash. DC: 851–852.
Testolin, R., Avanzato, D., Couvillon, G.A. (1988). Rooting peach by mallet cuttings. Acta Hort., 227, 224–229.
Tilt, K.M., Bilderback, T.E. (1987). Physical properties of propagation media and their effects on rooting of three woody ornamentals. HortSci., 22, 245–247.
Travlos, I.S. (2009). Seed germination of several invasive species potentially useful for biomass production or revegetation purposes under semiarid conditions. Acta Biol. Cracov. Bot., 51, 35–37.
Travlos, I.S., Karamanos, A.J. (2007). Influence of heat on seed germination and seedling emergence of chaste tree (Vitex agnus castus L.). J. Agron., 6(1), 25–28.
Tworkoski, T., Miller, S., Scorza, R. (2006). Relationship of pruning and growth morphology with hormone ratios in shoots of pillar and standard peach trees. J. Plant Growth Reg., 25, 145–155.
Tworkoski, T., Takeda, F. (2007). Rooting response of shoot cuttings from three peach growth habits. Sci. Horticult., 115(1), 98–100.
Wade, G.L., Midcap, J.T., Coder, K.D., Landry, G.W., Tyson, A.W., Weatherly, N., Jr (2010). Xeriscape: a guide to developing a water-wise landscape. Cooperative Extension of The Univ. of Georgia College of Agri. and Environmental Sci. Bulletin, 1073, 40 pp.
Waterstrat, J. (1997). Assessment of the native plant market in the southeastern United States. MS Thesis. Mississippi State University, Starkville, USA.
Zhang, M., Tang, H.R., Wang, D., Ren, S.X., Liu, R.D. (2009). A study of rooting characteristics and anatomical structure of Feijoa cuttings. Agricult. J., 4(2), 86–90.
Esin Ari
Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
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