QUALITY OF SWEET CORN YIELD DEPENDING ON WINTER CATCH CROPS AND WEED CONTROL METHOD
Robert Rosa
Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and HumanitiesAbstract
A special role in improving soil fertility is ascribed to green manures. Organic manuring can also influence on the quantity and quality of vegetable yield. The secondary effect of winter catch crops (VV – hairy vetch, TR – white clover, SC – rye, LM – Italian ryegrass, BRT – turnip rape) and weed control methods on the yielding, biometric parameters of ears and selected components of nutritive value in sweet corn were examined. The effects of an application of green manures were compared to the effect of farmyard manure (FYM ) – 30 t·ha-1 – and control treatment without organic manure (NOM). Two methods of weed control were used: hand weeding and a mixture of herbicides Mustang 306 SE (florasulam + 2.4 D) + Titus 25 WG (rimsulfuron). Cultivation of sweet corn after FYM and VV most beneficially affected the crop’s yield performance, ear weight, kernel weight per ear and sugars content. Ears were the longest when harvested in FYM and VV
plots and NOM whereas ear fulfillment was the best in FYM and TR plots. Ear diameter was the greatest for sweet corn cultivated after FYM, LM and BRT. The highest dry matter content was determined in kernels of corn following LM and protein content after LM, VV and TR. Ascorbic acid content increased after all the catch crops compared with FYM and NOM. When weeds had been chemically controlled, corn produced larger ears which, however, had less kernel rows compared with hand weeded plants.
Keywords:
Zea mays L. var saccharata, ears, green manure, farmyard manure, chemical compositionReferences
Adamavičienė, A., Romaneckas, K., Šarauskis, E., Pilipavičius, V. (2009). Non-chemical weed control in sugar beet crop under an intensive and conservation soil tillage pattern. II. Crop productivity. Agron. Res., 7, 143–148.
Błażewicz-Woźniak, M., Kęsik, T., Wach, D., Konopiński, M. (2008). The influence of conservation tillage on the mineral elements content in soil and chemical composition of onion. Acta Sci. Pol. Hortorum Cultus, 7(2), 61–72
Błażewicz-Woźniak, M., Mitura, R. (2004). Wpływ uprawy konserwującej na zawartość składników mineralnych w glebie i w korzeniach pietruszki. Rocz. AR Poznań, Ogrodnictwo, 356(37), 3–11.
Caporali, F., Campiglia, E., Mancinelli, R., Paolini, R. (2004). Maize performances as influenced by winter cover crop green manuring. Ital. J. Agron., 8(1), 37–45.
Clark, A.J., Meisinger, J.J., Decker, A.M., Mulford, F.R. (2007). Effects of a grass-selective herbicide in a vetchrye cover crop system on corn grain yield and soil moisture. Agron. J., 99, 43–48.
Collins, H.P., Delgado, J.A., Alva, A.K., Follett, R.F. (2007). Use of nitrogen – 15 isotopic techniques to estimate nitrogen cycling from a mustred cover crop to potatoes. Agron. J., 99, 27–35.
Dolijanovic, Z., Momirovic, N., Mihajlovic, V., Simic, M., Oljaca, S., Kovacevic, D., Kaitovic, Z. (2012). Cover crops effects on the yield of sweet corn. Third Int. Sci. Sym. “Agrosym Jahorina 2012”, 104–110.
DuPont, T.S., Ferris, H., Van Horn, M. (2009). Effects of cover crop quality and quantity on nematode-based soil food webs and nutrient cycling. Appl. Soil Ecol., 41, 157–167.
FAO, 2006. World Reference Base for Soil Resources. A Framework for International Classification, Correlation and Communication. World Soil Resources Report, 103. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, 116.
Griffin, T., Liebman, M., Jemison, Jr. J. (2000). Cover crops for sweet corn production in a shortseason environment. Agron. J., 92, 144–151.
Haghighat, A., Shirani Rad, A.H., Seyfzadeh, S., Yousefi, M. (2012). Effect of cattle manure and plant density on sweet corn yield grown different cropping methods. Intl. J. Agron. Plant. Prod., 3(S), 696–699.
Hanly, J.A., Gregg, P.E.H. (2004). Green-manure impacts on nitrogen availability to organic sweetcorn (Zea mays). New Zeal. J. Crop Hort., 32(3), 295–307.
Ismail, A., Fun, CS. (2003). Determination of vitamin C, ß-carotene and riboflavin contents in five green vegetables organically and conventionally grow. Malaysian J. Nutr., 9(1), 31–39.
Jabłońska-Ceglarek, R., Franczuk, J., Zaniewicz-Bajkowska, A., Rosa, R. (2002). The effect of summer catch crops on yielding and chosen elements of nutritious value of onion and red beet. Folia Hort., 14(2), 11–23.
Jabłońska-Ceglarek, R., Rosa, R. (2003). Forecrop green manures and the size and quality of white cabbage yield. EJPAU, Horticulture, 6, 1.
Jabłońska-Ceglarek, R., Rosa, R. (2005). The effect of forecrop green fertilizers on the yielding and growth of sugar maize ‘Landmark F1’. EJPAU, Horticulture, 8, 4.
Jabłońska-Ceglarek, R., Rosa, R., Franczuk, J., Zaniewicz-Bajkowska, A. (2005). Wpływ przedplonowych nawozów zielonych na zawartość suchej masy i cukrów w kukurydzy cukrowej ‘Comanche F1’. Zesz. Nauk. AR Wrocław, Rolnictwo, 515(86), 203–210.
Janušauskaitė, D., Arlauskienė, A., Maikštėnienė, S. (2013). Soil mineral nitrogen and microbial parameters as influenced by catch crops and straw management. Zemdirbyste-Agriculture, 100, 1, 9–18.
Jensen, L.S., Salo, T., Palamson, F., Breland, T.A., Henriksen, T.M., Stenberg, B., Pedersen, A., Lundström, C., Esala, M. (2005). Influence of biochemical quality on C and N mineralisation from a broad variety of plant materials in soil. Plant Soil, 273, 307–326.
Jędrszczyk, E., Poniedziałek, M. (2007). The impact of the living mulch on plant growth and selected features of sweet corn yield. Folia Hort., 19(1), 3–13.
Kramberger, B., Gselman, A., Kristl, J., Lešnik, M., Šuštar, V., Muršec, M., Podvršnik, M. (2014). Winter cover crop: the effects of grass-clover mixture proportion and biomass management on maize and the apparent residual N in the soil. Europ. J. Agronomy, 55, 63–71.
Kwabiah, A.B. (2004). Growth and yield of sweet corn (Zea mays L.) cultivars in response to planting date and plastic mulch in a short-season environment. Sci. Hortic. (Amsterdam), 102, 147–166.
Lawson, A., Fortuna, A.M., Cogger, C., Bary, A., Stubbs, T. (2013). Nitrogen contribution of rye–hairy vetch cover crop mixtures to organically grown sweet corn. Renewable Agric. Food Systems, 28, 59–69.
Lee, S.K., Kader, A.A. (2000). Preharvest and postharvest factors influencing vitamin C content of horticultural crops. Postharv. Biol. Technol., 20, 207–220.
Marshall, S.W., Tracy, W.F. (2003). Sweet corn. In: Corn chemistry and technology. American Association of Cereal Chemists, Ramstad ,P.E., White, P. (eds). Minneapolis, 537–569.
Michałojć, Z., Nurzyński, J., Kossowski, J.M. (1996). Wpływ nawożenia azotowo-potasowego na plonowanie i skład chemiczny kukurydzy cukrowej. Annales UMCS, sec. EEE, Horticultura, 4(13), 95–103.
O’Reilly, K.A., Robinson, D.E., Vyn, R.J., Van Eerd, L.L. (2011). Weed populations, sweet corn yield, and economics following fall cover crops. Weed Technol., 25, 374–384.
Raimbault, B.A., Vyn, T.J., Tollenaar, M. (1990). Corn response to rye cover crop management and spring tillage systems. Agron. J., 82(6), 1088–1093.
Romaneckas, K., Adamavičienė, A., Pilipavičius, V., Šarauskis, E., Avižienytė, D., Buragienė, S. (2012). Interaction of maize and living mulch. Crop weediness and productivity. Žemdirbystė–Agricult., 99(1), 23–30.
Rosa, R. (2014). The structure and yield level of sweet corn depending on the type of winter catch crops and weed control method. J. Ecol. Eng., 15(4), 118–130.
Rosa, R., Jabłońska-Ceglarek, R. (2009). The effect of green fertilizers in the form of forecrops on the content of selected elements of nutritional value in leek (Allium ampeloprasum ssp. porrum) cv. ‘Blizzard’. Electron. J. Pol. Agric. Univ., Horticulture, 12, 1.
Rosa, R., Zaniewicz-Bajkowska, A., Kosterna, E., Franczuk, J. (2012). Phacelia and amaranth catch crops in sweet corn cultivation. Part I. Corn yields. Acta Sci. Pol., Hortorum Cultus, 11(1), 145–159.
Salama, Z.A., El Baz, F.K., Gaafar, A.A., Zaki, M.F. (2014). Antioxidant activities of phenolics, flavonoids and vitamin C in two cultivars of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) in responses to organic and bio-organic fertilizers. J. Saudi. Soc. Agric. Sci., in press, corrected proof, DOI: 10.1016/j.jssas.2013.10.004.
Salmerón, M., Isla, R., Cavero J., 2011. Effect of winter cover crop species and planting methods on maize yield and N availability under irrigated Mediterranean conditions. Field Crops Res., 123, 89–99.
Shewfelt, R.L. (1990). Sources of variation in the nutrient content of agricultural commodities from the farm to the consumer. J. Food Qual., 13(1), 37–54.
Stone, P.J, Sorensen, I.B. Jamieson, P.D. (1999). Effect of soil temperature on phenology, canopy, development, biomass and yield of maize in a cool-temperate climate. Field Crops Res., 63(1), 169–178.
Teasdale, J.R., Abdul-Baki, A.A., Bong Park, Y. (2008). Sweet corn production and efficiency of nitrogen use in high cover crop residue. Agron. Sustain. Dev., 28, 559–565.
Tejada, M., Gonzales, J.L., García-Martínez, A.M., Parado, J. (2008). Effects of different green manures on soil biological properties and maize yield. Biores. Technol., 99, 1758–1767.
Thorup-Kristensen, K. (2006). Effect of deep and shallow root systems on the dynamics of soil inorganic N during 3-year crop rotations. Plant Soil, 288. 233–248.
Turgut, I., Bilgili, U., Duman, A., Acikgoz, E. (2005). Effect of green manuring on the yield of sweet corn. Agron. Sustain. Dev., 25, 433–438.
Vos J., van der Putten, P.E.L. (2001). Field observations on nitrogen catch crops. III. Transfer of nitrogen to the succeeding main crop. Plant Soil, 236, 263–273.
Waligóra, H., Skrzypczak, W., Szulc, P., Idziak, R. (2010). Jakość surowca wybranych odmian kukurydzy cukrowej w zależności od sposobu odchwaszczania. J. Res. Appl. Agricult. Engine., 55(4), 169–172.
Warman, P.R., Havard, K.A. (1998). Yield, vitamin and mineral contents of organically and conventionally grown potatoes and sweet corn. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ., 68(3), 207–216.
Williams, M.M. (2010). Biological significance of low weed population densities on sweet corn. Agron. J., 102, 464–468.
Willumsen, J., Thorup-Kristensen, K. (2001). Effects of green manure crops on soil mineral nitrogen available for organic production of onion and white cabbage in two contrasting years. Biol. Agric. Hortic., 18(4), 365–384.
Worthington, V. (2001). Nutritional quality of organic versus conventional fruits, vegetables and grains. J. Altern. Compl. Med., 7(2), 161–173.
Zaniewicz-Bajkowska, A., Rosa, R., Kosterna, E., Franczuk, J. (2011). Serradella and faba bean catch crops as a kind of organic manuring in sweet corn cultivation. In: Nowoczesne metody analizy surowców rolniczych. Puchalski, Cz., Bartosz, G. (eds). Wyd. UR, Rzeszów.
Zaniewicz-Bajkowska, A., Rosa, R., Kosterna, E., Franczuk, J. (2012). Phacelia and amaranth catch crops in sweet corn cultivation. Part II. Selected components. Acta Sci. Pol. Hortorum Cultus, 11(1), 161–169.
Zaniewicz-Bajkowska, A., Rosa, R., Kosterna, E., Franczuk, J., Buraczyńska, D. (2010). The effect of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) catch crop on content of selected components of nutritive value of sweet corn (Zea mays L. var. saccharata (Sturtev.) L.H. Bailey). Acta Sci. Pol. Hortorum Cultus, 9(4), 53–62.
Zhang, Y., Gao, L., Zhou, W., Li, Z. (2010). Effects of intercropping clover on yield, quality of sweet corn and soil mineral N in field. Acta Agric. Bor. Sin., S1, 236–238.
Błażewicz-Woźniak, M., Kęsik, T., Wach, D., Konopiński, M. (2008). The influence of conservation tillage on the mineral elements content in soil and chemical composition of onion. Acta Sci. Pol. Hortorum Cultus, 7(2), 61–72
Błażewicz-Woźniak, M., Mitura, R. (2004). Wpływ uprawy konserwującej na zawartość składników mineralnych w glebie i w korzeniach pietruszki. Rocz. AR Poznań, Ogrodnictwo, 356(37), 3–11.
Caporali, F., Campiglia, E., Mancinelli, R., Paolini, R. (2004). Maize performances as influenced by winter cover crop green manuring. Ital. J. Agron., 8(1), 37–45.
Clark, A.J., Meisinger, J.J., Decker, A.M., Mulford, F.R. (2007). Effects of a grass-selective herbicide in a vetchrye cover crop system on corn grain yield and soil moisture. Agron. J., 99, 43–48.
Collins, H.P., Delgado, J.A., Alva, A.K., Follett, R.F. (2007). Use of nitrogen – 15 isotopic techniques to estimate nitrogen cycling from a mustred cover crop to potatoes. Agron. J., 99, 27–35.
Dolijanovic, Z., Momirovic, N., Mihajlovic, V., Simic, M., Oljaca, S., Kovacevic, D., Kaitovic, Z. (2012). Cover crops effects on the yield of sweet corn. Third Int. Sci. Sym. “Agrosym Jahorina 2012”, 104–110.
DuPont, T.S., Ferris, H., Van Horn, M. (2009). Effects of cover crop quality and quantity on nematode-based soil food webs and nutrient cycling. Appl. Soil Ecol., 41, 157–167.
FAO, 2006. World Reference Base for Soil Resources. A Framework for International Classification, Correlation and Communication. World Soil Resources Report, 103. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, 116.
Griffin, T., Liebman, M., Jemison, Jr. J. (2000). Cover crops for sweet corn production in a shortseason environment. Agron. J., 92, 144–151.
Haghighat, A., Shirani Rad, A.H., Seyfzadeh, S., Yousefi, M. (2012). Effect of cattle manure and plant density on sweet corn yield grown different cropping methods. Intl. J. Agron. Plant. Prod., 3(S), 696–699.
Hanly, J.A., Gregg, P.E.H. (2004). Green-manure impacts on nitrogen availability to organic sweetcorn (Zea mays). New Zeal. J. Crop Hort., 32(3), 295–307.
Ismail, A., Fun, CS. (2003). Determination of vitamin C, ß-carotene and riboflavin contents in five green vegetables organically and conventionally grow. Malaysian J. Nutr., 9(1), 31–39.
Jabłońska-Ceglarek, R., Franczuk, J., Zaniewicz-Bajkowska, A., Rosa, R. (2002). The effect of summer catch crops on yielding and chosen elements of nutritious value of onion and red beet. Folia Hort., 14(2), 11–23.
Jabłońska-Ceglarek, R., Rosa, R. (2003). Forecrop green manures and the size and quality of white cabbage yield. EJPAU, Horticulture, 6, 1.
Jabłońska-Ceglarek, R., Rosa, R. (2005). The effect of forecrop green fertilizers on the yielding and growth of sugar maize ‘Landmark F1’. EJPAU, Horticulture, 8, 4.
Jabłońska-Ceglarek, R., Rosa, R., Franczuk, J., Zaniewicz-Bajkowska, A. (2005). Wpływ przedplonowych nawozów zielonych na zawartość suchej masy i cukrów w kukurydzy cukrowej ‘Comanche F1’. Zesz. Nauk. AR Wrocław, Rolnictwo, 515(86), 203–210.
Janušauskaitė, D., Arlauskienė, A., Maikštėnienė, S. (2013). Soil mineral nitrogen and microbial parameters as influenced by catch crops and straw management. Zemdirbyste-Agriculture, 100, 1, 9–18.
Jensen, L.S., Salo, T., Palamson, F., Breland, T.A., Henriksen, T.M., Stenberg, B., Pedersen, A., Lundström, C., Esala, M. (2005). Influence of biochemical quality on C and N mineralisation from a broad variety of plant materials in soil. Plant Soil, 273, 307–326.
Jędrszczyk, E., Poniedziałek, M. (2007). The impact of the living mulch on plant growth and selected features of sweet corn yield. Folia Hort., 19(1), 3–13.
Kramberger, B., Gselman, A., Kristl, J., Lešnik, M., Šuštar, V., Muršec, M., Podvršnik, M. (2014). Winter cover crop: the effects of grass-clover mixture proportion and biomass management on maize and the apparent residual N in the soil. Europ. J. Agronomy, 55, 63–71.
Kwabiah, A.B. (2004). Growth and yield of sweet corn (Zea mays L.) cultivars in response to planting date and plastic mulch in a short-season environment. Sci. Hortic. (Amsterdam), 102, 147–166.
Lawson, A., Fortuna, A.M., Cogger, C., Bary, A., Stubbs, T. (2013). Nitrogen contribution of rye–hairy vetch cover crop mixtures to organically grown sweet corn. Renewable Agric. Food Systems, 28, 59–69.
Lee, S.K., Kader, A.A. (2000). Preharvest and postharvest factors influencing vitamin C content of horticultural crops. Postharv. Biol. Technol., 20, 207–220.
Marshall, S.W., Tracy, W.F. (2003). Sweet corn. In: Corn chemistry and technology. American Association of Cereal Chemists, Ramstad ,P.E., White, P. (eds). Minneapolis, 537–569.
Michałojć, Z., Nurzyński, J., Kossowski, J.M. (1996). Wpływ nawożenia azotowo-potasowego na plonowanie i skład chemiczny kukurydzy cukrowej. Annales UMCS, sec. EEE, Horticultura, 4(13), 95–103.
O’Reilly, K.A., Robinson, D.E., Vyn, R.J., Van Eerd, L.L. (2011). Weed populations, sweet corn yield, and economics following fall cover crops. Weed Technol., 25, 374–384.
Raimbault, B.A., Vyn, T.J., Tollenaar, M. (1990). Corn response to rye cover crop management and spring tillage systems. Agron. J., 82(6), 1088–1093.
Romaneckas, K., Adamavičienė, A., Pilipavičius, V., Šarauskis, E., Avižienytė, D., Buragienė, S. (2012). Interaction of maize and living mulch. Crop weediness and productivity. Žemdirbystė–Agricult., 99(1), 23–30.
Rosa, R. (2014). The structure and yield level of sweet corn depending on the type of winter catch crops and weed control method. J. Ecol. Eng., 15(4), 118–130.
Rosa, R., Jabłońska-Ceglarek, R. (2009). The effect of green fertilizers in the form of forecrops on the content of selected elements of nutritional value in leek (Allium ampeloprasum ssp. porrum) cv. ‘Blizzard’. Electron. J. Pol. Agric. Univ., Horticulture, 12, 1.
Rosa, R., Zaniewicz-Bajkowska, A., Kosterna, E., Franczuk, J. (2012). Phacelia and amaranth catch crops in sweet corn cultivation. Part I. Corn yields. Acta Sci. Pol., Hortorum Cultus, 11(1), 145–159.
Salama, Z.A., El Baz, F.K., Gaafar, A.A., Zaki, M.F. (2014). Antioxidant activities of phenolics, flavonoids and vitamin C in two cultivars of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) in responses to organic and bio-organic fertilizers. J. Saudi. Soc. Agric. Sci., in press, corrected proof, DOI: 10.1016/j.jssas.2013.10.004.
Salmerón, M., Isla, R., Cavero J., 2011. Effect of winter cover crop species and planting methods on maize yield and N availability under irrigated Mediterranean conditions. Field Crops Res., 123, 89–99.
Shewfelt, R.L. (1990). Sources of variation in the nutrient content of agricultural commodities from the farm to the consumer. J. Food Qual., 13(1), 37–54.
Stone, P.J, Sorensen, I.B. Jamieson, P.D. (1999). Effect of soil temperature on phenology, canopy, development, biomass and yield of maize in a cool-temperate climate. Field Crops Res., 63(1), 169–178.
Teasdale, J.R., Abdul-Baki, A.A., Bong Park, Y. (2008). Sweet corn production and efficiency of nitrogen use in high cover crop residue. Agron. Sustain. Dev., 28, 559–565.
Tejada, M., Gonzales, J.L., García-Martínez, A.M., Parado, J. (2008). Effects of different green manures on soil biological properties and maize yield. Biores. Technol., 99, 1758–1767.
Thorup-Kristensen, K. (2006). Effect of deep and shallow root systems on the dynamics of soil inorganic N during 3-year crop rotations. Plant Soil, 288. 233–248.
Turgut, I., Bilgili, U., Duman, A., Acikgoz, E. (2005). Effect of green manuring on the yield of sweet corn. Agron. Sustain. Dev., 25, 433–438.
Vos J., van der Putten, P.E.L. (2001). Field observations on nitrogen catch crops. III. Transfer of nitrogen to the succeeding main crop. Plant Soil, 236, 263–273.
Waligóra, H., Skrzypczak, W., Szulc, P., Idziak, R. (2010). Jakość surowca wybranych odmian kukurydzy cukrowej w zależności od sposobu odchwaszczania. J. Res. Appl. Agricult. Engine., 55(4), 169–172.
Warman, P.R., Havard, K.A. (1998). Yield, vitamin and mineral contents of organically and conventionally grown potatoes and sweet corn. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ., 68(3), 207–216.
Williams, M.M. (2010). Biological significance of low weed population densities on sweet corn. Agron. J., 102, 464–468.
Willumsen, J., Thorup-Kristensen, K. (2001). Effects of green manure crops on soil mineral nitrogen available for organic production of onion and white cabbage in two contrasting years. Biol. Agric. Hortic., 18(4), 365–384.
Worthington, V. (2001). Nutritional quality of organic versus conventional fruits, vegetables and grains. J. Altern. Compl. Med., 7(2), 161–173.
Zaniewicz-Bajkowska, A., Rosa, R., Kosterna, E., Franczuk, J. (2011). Serradella and faba bean catch crops as a kind of organic manuring in sweet corn cultivation. In: Nowoczesne metody analizy surowców rolniczych. Puchalski, Cz., Bartosz, G. (eds). Wyd. UR, Rzeszów.
Zaniewicz-Bajkowska, A., Rosa, R., Kosterna, E., Franczuk, J. (2012). Phacelia and amaranth catch crops in sweet corn cultivation. Part II. Selected components. Acta Sci. Pol. Hortorum Cultus, 11(1), 161–169.
Zaniewicz-Bajkowska, A., Rosa, R., Kosterna, E., Franczuk, J., Buraczyńska, D. (2010). The effect of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) catch crop on content of selected components of nutritive value of sweet corn (Zea mays L. var. saccharata (Sturtev.) L.H. Bailey). Acta Sci. Pol. Hortorum Cultus, 9(4), 53–62.
Zhang, Y., Gao, L., Zhou, W., Li, Z. (2010). Effects of intercropping clover on yield, quality of sweet corn and soil mineral N in field. Acta Agric. Bor. Sin., S1, 236–238.
Robert Rosa
Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities
Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities
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