COMPARISON OF Allium aflatunense B. Fedtsch. ‘PURPLE SENSATION’ AND Allium karataviense Regel. ‘IVORY QUEEN’ REGENERATIVE CAPABILITIES IN TISSUE CULTURE
Danuta Kozak
University of Life Sciences in LublinMagdalena Stelmaszczuk
University of Life Sciences in LublinAbstract
Allium aflatunense and Allium karataviense are valuable bulbous plants grown in a garden. Moreover, Allium aflatunense is one of the most decorative species for cut
flowers industry. These plants characterize with a low multiplication rate. Immature inflorescence stem sections and leaf bases isolated from ‘Allium aflatunense ‘Purple Sensation’ and Allium karataviense ‘Ivory Queen’ bulbs in October were used as source of explants for shoot regeneration. The use of a two – step sterilization procedure (2% Cl- – 30 min and 1% Cl- –15 min) gave much better results than a one – step (2% Cl- – 30 min). Inflorescence explants in inverted orientation were cultured on a Murashige and Skoog [1962] medium containing BA in concentration of 2 mg·dm-3 and NAA in concentration of 1 mg·dm-3.
Leaf bases placed in normal and inverted orientation were incubated on MS medium supplemented with: BA 2 mg·dm-3 plus NAA 1 mg·dm-3, BA 5 mg·dm-3 plus NAA 1 mg·dm-3 and TDZ 1 mg·dm-3 plus NAA 1 mg·dm-3. In subsequent experiments clumps consisting of 2 shoots were cultured on MS medium containing BA 0.5, 1, 2 mg·dm-3 with NAA 0.1 mg·dm-3 and BA 2 mg·dm-3 with IAA 0.1 mg·dm-3 for 6 weeks. A multiplication rate during four subcultures on medium with addition of BA 0.5 mg·dm-3 and NAA 0.1 mg·dm-3 was also examined. Explants from young inflorescences and from immature leaf bases were found effective to form shoots. The orientation of leaf explants did not have a significant effect on the number of regenerating shoots. 5.7 to 7.5 shoots were achieved for Allium aflatunense ‘Purple Sensation’ on studied media during 6 weeks of multiplication and 3.5 to 5.1 shoots for Allium karataviense ‘Ivory Queen’. Multiplication rate of 31.3 shoots for Allium aflatunense ‘Purple Sensation’ and 26.6 shoots for Allium karataviense ‘Ivory Queen’ was possible to obtain on medium supplemented with BA 0.5 mg·dm-3 and NAA 0.1 mg·dm-3 after 32 weeks of culture.
Keywords:
ornamental alliums, inflorescence stem, leaf base, polarity explants, shoot multiplicationReferences
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Bach A., 1989. High efficienty of plant regeneration in epidermal cell layer of Hyacinthus orientalis L. Folia Hort. 1(1), 45–53.
Barringer S.A., Mohamed-Yasseen Y., Schloupt R.M., Splittstoesser W.E., 1996. Regeneration of Allium ssp. in vitro by slicing the basal plate. J. Veget. Crop Prod. 2(1), 27–33.
Bockish T., Saranga Y., Altman A., 1997. Garlic micropropagation by somatic embryogenesis. Acta Hort. 447, 241–242.
Chaudhuri D., Sen S., 2002. In vitro response of Scilla sibirica. Sci. Hort. 95, 51–62.
Chen G., Jia.J.F., Hao J.G., 2003. Fertile plant regeneration from tissue culture in Allium mongolicum Regel. Bull. Bot. Res. 01, 012.
Cho Y.C., Moon J.S., Song J.Y., Jeong B.R., 2007. Development of micropropagation methods of shallot (Allium cepa var. ascalonicum Backer). Korean J. Hort. Sci. Tech. 25(4), 322–327.
Chow Y.N., Selby C., Fraser T.W., Harvey B.M.R., 1993. Basal plate tissue in Narcissus bulb and shoot clump cultures: Its structure and role in organogenic potential of single leaf cultures. Ann. Bot. 71(5), 437–443.
Custers J.B.M., Bergervoet J.H.W., 1994. Micropropagation of gloriosa: Towards a practical protocol. Sci. Hort. 57, 323–334.
De Bruyn M.H., Ferreira D.I., Slabbert M.M., Pretorius J., 1992. In vitro propagation of Amaryllis belladonna. Plant Cell Tiss. Organ Cult. 31, 179–184.
Evenor D., Levi-Nissim A., Afgin L., Lilien-Kipnis H., Watad A.A., 1997a. Regeneration of plantlets and bulblets from explants and callus of Allium aflatunense cultivars and selection from indigenous Israeli Allium ampeloprasum. Acta Hort. 430, 325–330.
Evenor D., Lilien-Kipnis H., Watad A.A., Raungian P., 1997b. Micropropagation of ornamental Allium: aflatunense and ampeloprasum. Acta Hort. 447, 135–138.
Fereol L., Chovelon V., Causse S., Michaux-Ferriere N., Kahane R., 2002. Evidence of a somatic embryogenesis process for plant regeneration in garlic (Allium sativum L.). Plant Cell Rep. 21, 197–203.
Gantait S., Mandal N., Bhattacharyya S., Das P.K., 2009. In vitro mass multiplication with genetic clonality in elephant garlic (Allium ampeloprasum L.) J. Crop Weed. 5, 100–104.
Girmen M., Zimmer K., 1988. In vitro – Kultur von Galanthus elwesii. I. Sterilisation, Regeneration, Phytohormone. Gartenbauwissenschaft 53, 26–29.
Hannweg K., Watt M.P., Berjak P., 1996. A simple method for micropropagation of Bowiea volubilis from inflorescence explants. Bot. Bull. Sin. 37, 213–218.
Haque M.S., Wada T., Hattori K., 1998. Efficient plant regeneration in garlic through somatic embryogenesis from root tip explants. Plant Prod. Sci. 1, 216–222.
Haque M., Wada T., Hattori K., 2000. Garlic roots for micropropagation through in vitro bulblet formation. Acta Hort. 520, 45–52.
Hidayat M., 2005. In vitro plant regeneration and bulblet formation of shallots (Allium ascalonicum L.) ‘Sumenep’. Acta Hort. 688, 251–257.
Hosoki T., Asahira T., 1980. In vitro propagation of Narcissus. Hort. Sci. 15(5), 602–603.
Hussey G., 1975. Totipotency in tissue explants and callus of some members of the Liliaceae, Iridaceae and Amaryllidaceae. J. Exp. Bot. 91, 253–262.
Inagaki N., Matsunaga H., Kanechi M., Maekawa S., Terabun M., 1992. In vitro micropropagation of Allium giganteum R. 1. Callus and shoot formation, and regeneration of plantlets through in vitro culture of emerged young leaves. Sci. Rep. Fac. Agric. Kobe Univ. 20(1), 47–53.
Inagaki N., Matsunaga H., Kanechi M., Maekawa S., 1994. Allium giganteum R. 2. Embryoid and plantlet regeneration through the anther culture of Allium giganteum R. Sci. Rep. Fac. Agric. Kobe Univ. 21(1), 23–30.
Izquierdo H., Betancourt J., Disotuar R., Ramirez S., Vazquez C., Bejerano M.J., Peralta E.L., Dalmau E., 1997. A disinfection methodology of Allium sativum L. for its in vitro implantation. Cult. Trop. 18 (3), 76–79.
Kahane R., Rancillac M., Teyssendier de la Serve B., 1992. Long-term multiplication of onion (Allium cepa L.) by cyclic shoot regeneration in vitro. Plant Cell Tiss. Org. Cult. 28(3), 281–288.
Kapoor R., Kumor S., Kanwar J.K., Mahajan P.K., 2008. In vitro bulblet productivity in different explants of hybrid liles. J. Fruit Ornam. Plant Res. 16, 345–352.
Keller E.R.J., Senula A., 2013. Micropropagation and cryopreservation of garlic (Allium sativum L.). Meth. Mol. Biol. 11013, 353–368.
Khar A., Devi A.A., Lawande K.E., 2005. Callus culture and regeneration from root tip of garlic (Allium sativum L.). J. Spi. Arom. Crops. 14(1), 51–55.
Kozak D., 1991. Shoots regeneration from various part of Narcissus cv. Carlton through tissue culture. Prace Inst. Sad. Kwiac, ser. B, 16, 41–48.
Kozak D., 1999. Badania nad mikrorozmnażaniem gloriozy. Mat. Konf. „Rozmnażanie roślin in vitro” Skierniewice, 14. kwiatnia, 5–8.
Marinangeli P., 2013. Micropropagation of onion (Allium cepa L.) from immature inflorescences. Meth. Mol. Biol. 11013, 319–327.
McCartan S.A., van Staden J., 1998. Micropropagation of the medicinal plant, Scilla natalensis Planch. Plant Growth Reg. 25, 117–180.
Mohamed-Yasseen Y., 2001. In vitro shoot proliferation and plant regeneration from callus derived from inflorescence and flower of Allium ampeloprasum var. kurrat. J. Agric. Sci. 9(1), 387–396.
Mohamed-Yasseen Y., 2002. In vitro callus formation and plant regeneration from several onion (Allium cepa L.) explants. Bull. Fac. Agric. 53(2), 289–298.
Mohamed-Yasseen Y., Splittstoesser W.E., Litz R.E., 1993. In vitro bulb formation and plant recovery from onion inflorescences. Hort. Sci. 28(10), 1052.
Mohamed-Yasseen Y., Splittstoesser W.E., Litz R.E., 1994. In vitro shoot poliferation and production of sets from garlic and shallot. Plant Cell Tiss. Org. Cult. 36 (2), 243–248.
Murashige T., Skoog F., 1962. A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue cultures. Physiol. Plant. 15, 473–479.
Niederwieser J.G., Vcelar B.M., 1990. Regeneration of Lachenalia species from leaf explants. HortSci. 25 (6), 684–687.
Pierik R.L.M., 1997. Factors controlling adventitious root formation on stem explants of rose (Rosa hybrida ‘Montreal’) in vitro. Biol. Root Form. Develop. ed. by Altman and Waisel. Plen. Press, New York 37, 297–307.
Pierik R.L.M., Steegmans H.H.M., 1975. Analysis of adventitious root formation in ‘isolated stem explants of Rhododendron. Sci. Hort. 3, 1.
Pandey R., Chandel K.P.S., Rao R.S., 1992. In vitro propagation of Allium tuberosum Rottl. Ex Spreng. by shoot proliferation. Plant Cell Rep. 11, 211–214.
Podwyszyńska M., Marasek A., 2003. Effects of thidiazuron and paclobutrazol on regeneration potential of Tulip flower stalk explants in vitro and subsequent shoot multiplication. Acta Sci. Bot. Pol. 72(3), 181–190.
Ran Y., Simpson S., 2005. In vitro propagation of the genus Clivia. Plant Cell, Tiss. Organ Cult. 81, 239–242.
Robledo-Paz A., Villalobos-Arambula V.M., Jofre-Garfias A.E., 2000. Efficient plant regeneration of garlic (Allium sativum L.) by root-tip culture. In Vitro Cellular and Develop. Biol.-Plant. 36(5), 416–419.
Seabrook J.E.A., 1994. In vitro propagation and bulb formation of garlic. Acta Hort. 688, 155–158.
Seabrook J.E.A., Cumming B.G., Dionne L.A., 1976. The in vitro induction of adventitious shoot and root apices on Narcissus (daffodil and narcissus) cultivar tissue. Can. J. Bot. 54, 814–819.
Slabbert M.M., de Bruyn M.H., Ferreira D.I., Pretorius J., 1995. Adventitious in vitro plantlet formation from immature floral stems of Crinum macowanii. Plant Cell, Tiss. Organ Cult. 43, 51–57.
Sochacki D., Orlikowska T., 1997. Inicjacja kultur narcyza z różnych eksplantatów. Zesz. Nauk. AR Kraków 318(50), 199–202.
Squires W.M., Langton F.A., 1990. Potential and limitations of Narcissus micropropagation: an experimental evolution. Acta Hort. 266, 67–73.
Subotić A., Jevremović S., Trifunović M., Radojević L., 2006. In vitro regeneration of Allium aflatunense by somatic embryogenesis. Acta Hort. 725(1), 165–167.
Šušek A., Jawornik B., Bohanec B., 2002. Factors affecting direct organogenesis from flower explants of Allium giganteum. Plant Cell. Tiss. Org. Cult. 68, 27–33.
Tubić L., Zdravković-Korać S., Mitić N., Milojević M., Ćalić-Dragosavac Ć., Vinterhalter B., 2011. Plant regeneration from transverse stalk sections of chive plants. Rom. Biotech. Lett. 16(1), 55–59.
Van der Krieken W.M., Breteler H., Visser M.H.M., Mavridou D., 1993. The role of the conversion of IBA into IAA on root regeneration in apple: introduction of a test system. Plant Cell Rep. 12, 203.
Ucman R., Zel J., Ravnikar M., 1998. Thermotherapy in virus elimination from garlic: influences on shoot multiplication from meristems and bulb formation in vitro. Sci. Hort. 73, 193–202.
Xu P., Su Q., Wang X., Li J., 2005. Studies induced adventitious shoots via tissue culture in garlic inflorescence and on the dynamics of endogenous polyamine contents during shooting. Acta Hort. 688, 269–272.
Xu Z., Um Y.C., Kim C.H., Lu G., Guo D.P., Liu H.L., Bah A.A., Mao A., 2008. Effect of plant growth regulators, temperature and sucrose on shoot proliferation from the stem disc of Chinese jiaotou (Allium chinense) and in vitro bulblet formation. Acta Phys. Plant. 30(4), 521–528.
Xu L-F., MA F-W., Liang D., 2009. Plant regeneration from in vitro cultured leaves of Lanzhou lily (Lilium davidii var. unicolor). Sci. Hort. 119, 458–461.
Yan M.M., Xu C., Kim C.H., Um Y.C., Bah A.A., Guo D.P., 2009. Effects of explants type, culture media and growth regulators on callus induction and plant regeneration of Chinese jiaotou (Allium chinense). Sci. Hort. 123(1), 124–128.
Ziv M., Halvey A.H., Shilo R., 1970. Organs and plantlets regeneration of Gladiolus through tissue culture. Ann. Bot. 34, 671–676.
Ziv M., Hertz N., Biran Y., 1983.Vegetative reproduction of Allium ampeloprasum L. in vivo and in vitro. Israel J. Bot. 32, 1–9.
Ziv M., Lilien-Kipnis L.H., 1997. The inflorescence stalk: a source of highly regenerative explants for micropropagation of geophytes. Acta Hort. 447, 107–111.
Ziv M., Lilien-Kipnis L.H., 2000. Bud regeneration from inflorescence explants for rapid propagation of geophytes in vitro. Plant Cell Rep. 19(9), 845–850.
Bach A., 1989. High efficienty of plant regeneration in epidermal cell layer of Hyacinthus orientalis L. Folia Hort. 1(1), 45–53.
Barringer S.A., Mohamed-Yasseen Y., Schloupt R.M., Splittstoesser W.E., 1996. Regeneration of Allium ssp. in vitro by slicing the basal plate. J. Veget. Crop Prod. 2(1), 27–33.
Bockish T., Saranga Y., Altman A., 1997. Garlic micropropagation by somatic embryogenesis. Acta Hort. 447, 241–242.
Chaudhuri D., Sen S., 2002. In vitro response of Scilla sibirica. Sci. Hort. 95, 51–62.
Chen G., Jia.J.F., Hao J.G., 2003. Fertile plant regeneration from tissue culture in Allium mongolicum Regel. Bull. Bot. Res. 01, 012.
Cho Y.C., Moon J.S., Song J.Y., Jeong B.R., 2007. Development of micropropagation methods of shallot (Allium cepa var. ascalonicum Backer). Korean J. Hort. Sci. Tech. 25(4), 322–327.
Chow Y.N., Selby C., Fraser T.W., Harvey B.M.R., 1993. Basal plate tissue in Narcissus bulb and shoot clump cultures: Its structure and role in organogenic potential of single leaf cultures. Ann. Bot. 71(5), 437–443.
Custers J.B.M., Bergervoet J.H.W., 1994. Micropropagation of gloriosa: Towards a practical protocol. Sci. Hort. 57, 323–334.
De Bruyn M.H., Ferreira D.I., Slabbert M.M., Pretorius J., 1992. In vitro propagation of Amaryllis belladonna. Plant Cell Tiss. Organ Cult. 31, 179–184.
Evenor D., Levi-Nissim A., Afgin L., Lilien-Kipnis H., Watad A.A., 1997a. Regeneration of plantlets and bulblets from explants and callus of Allium aflatunense cultivars and selection from indigenous Israeli Allium ampeloprasum. Acta Hort. 430, 325–330.
Evenor D., Lilien-Kipnis H., Watad A.A., Raungian P., 1997b. Micropropagation of ornamental Allium: aflatunense and ampeloprasum. Acta Hort. 447, 135–138.
Fereol L., Chovelon V., Causse S., Michaux-Ferriere N., Kahane R., 2002. Evidence of a somatic embryogenesis process for plant regeneration in garlic (Allium sativum L.). Plant Cell Rep. 21, 197–203.
Gantait S., Mandal N., Bhattacharyya S., Das P.K., 2009. In vitro mass multiplication with genetic clonality in elephant garlic (Allium ampeloprasum L.) J. Crop Weed. 5, 100–104.
Girmen M., Zimmer K., 1988. In vitro – Kultur von Galanthus elwesii. I. Sterilisation, Regeneration, Phytohormone. Gartenbauwissenschaft 53, 26–29.
Hannweg K., Watt M.P., Berjak P., 1996. A simple method for micropropagation of Bowiea volubilis from inflorescence explants. Bot. Bull. Sin. 37, 213–218.
Haque M.S., Wada T., Hattori K., 1998. Efficient plant regeneration in garlic through somatic embryogenesis from root tip explants. Plant Prod. Sci. 1, 216–222.
Haque M., Wada T., Hattori K., 2000. Garlic roots for micropropagation through in vitro bulblet formation. Acta Hort. 520, 45–52.
Hidayat M., 2005. In vitro plant regeneration and bulblet formation of shallots (Allium ascalonicum L.) ‘Sumenep’. Acta Hort. 688, 251–257.
Hosoki T., Asahira T., 1980. In vitro propagation of Narcissus. Hort. Sci. 15(5), 602–603.
Hussey G., 1975. Totipotency in tissue explants and callus of some members of the Liliaceae, Iridaceae and Amaryllidaceae. J. Exp. Bot. 91, 253–262.
Inagaki N., Matsunaga H., Kanechi M., Maekawa S., Terabun M., 1992. In vitro micropropagation of Allium giganteum R. 1. Callus and shoot formation, and regeneration of plantlets through in vitro culture of emerged young leaves. Sci. Rep. Fac. Agric. Kobe Univ. 20(1), 47–53.
Inagaki N., Matsunaga H., Kanechi M., Maekawa S., 1994. Allium giganteum R. 2. Embryoid and plantlet regeneration through the anther culture of Allium giganteum R. Sci. Rep. Fac. Agric. Kobe Univ. 21(1), 23–30.
Izquierdo H., Betancourt J., Disotuar R., Ramirez S., Vazquez C., Bejerano M.J., Peralta E.L., Dalmau E., 1997. A disinfection methodology of Allium sativum L. for its in vitro implantation. Cult. Trop. 18 (3), 76–79.
Kahane R., Rancillac M., Teyssendier de la Serve B., 1992. Long-term multiplication of onion (Allium cepa L.) by cyclic shoot regeneration in vitro. Plant Cell Tiss. Org. Cult. 28(3), 281–288.
Kapoor R., Kumor S., Kanwar J.K., Mahajan P.K., 2008. In vitro bulblet productivity in different explants of hybrid liles. J. Fruit Ornam. Plant Res. 16, 345–352.
Keller E.R.J., Senula A., 2013. Micropropagation and cryopreservation of garlic (Allium sativum L.). Meth. Mol. Biol. 11013, 353–368.
Khar A., Devi A.A., Lawande K.E., 2005. Callus culture and regeneration from root tip of garlic (Allium sativum L.). J. Spi. Arom. Crops. 14(1), 51–55.
Kozak D., 1991. Shoots regeneration from various part of Narcissus cv. Carlton through tissue culture. Prace Inst. Sad. Kwiac, ser. B, 16, 41–48.
Kozak D., 1999. Badania nad mikrorozmnażaniem gloriozy. Mat. Konf. „Rozmnażanie roślin in vitro” Skierniewice, 14. kwiatnia, 5–8.
Marinangeli P., 2013. Micropropagation of onion (Allium cepa L.) from immature inflorescences. Meth. Mol. Biol. 11013, 319–327.
McCartan S.A., van Staden J., 1998. Micropropagation of the medicinal plant, Scilla natalensis Planch. Plant Growth Reg. 25, 117–180.
Mohamed-Yasseen Y., 2001. In vitro shoot proliferation and plant regeneration from callus derived from inflorescence and flower of Allium ampeloprasum var. kurrat. J. Agric. Sci. 9(1), 387–396.
Mohamed-Yasseen Y., 2002. In vitro callus formation and plant regeneration from several onion (Allium cepa L.) explants. Bull. Fac. Agric. 53(2), 289–298.
Mohamed-Yasseen Y., Splittstoesser W.E., Litz R.E., 1993. In vitro bulb formation and plant recovery from onion inflorescences. Hort. Sci. 28(10), 1052.
Mohamed-Yasseen Y., Splittstoesser W.E., Litz R.E., 1994. In vitro shoot poliferation and production of sets from garlic and shallot. Plant Cell Tiss. Org. Cult. 36 (2), 243–248.
Murashige T., Skoog F., 1962. A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue cultures. Physiol. Plant. 15, 473–479.
Niederwieser J.G., Vcelar B.M., 1990. Regeneration of Lachenalia species from leaf explants. HortSci. 25 (6), 684–687.
Pierik R.L.M., 1997. Factors controlling adventitious root formation on stem explants of rose (Rosa hybrida ‘Montreal’) in vitro. Biol. Root Form. Develop. ed. by Altman and Waisel. Plen. Press, New York 37, 297–307.
Pierik R.L.M., Steegmans H.H.M., 1975. Analysis of adventitious root formation in ‘isolated stem explants of Rhododendron. Sci. Hort. 3, 1.
Pandey R., Chandel K.P.S., Rao R.S., 1992. In vitro propagation of Allium tuberosum Rottl. Ex Spreng. by shoot proliferation. Plant Cell Rep. 11, 211–214.
Podwyszyńska M., Marasek A., 2003. Effects of thidiazuron and paclobutrazol on regeneration potential of Tulip flower stalk explants in vitro and subsequent shoot multiplication. Acta Sci. Bot. Pol. 72(3), 181–190.
Ran Y., Simpson S., 2005. In vitro propagation of the genus Clivia. Plant Cell, Tiss. Organ Cult. 81, 239–242.
Robledo-Paz A., Villalobos-Arambula V.M., Jofre-Garfias A.E., 2000. Efficient plant regeneration of garlic (Allium sativum L.) by root-tip culture. In Vitro Cellular and Develop. Biol.-Plant. 36(5), 416–419.
Seabrook J.E.A., 1994. In vitro propagation and bulb formation of garlic. Acta Hort. 688, 155–158.
Seabrook J.E.A., Cumming B.G., Dionne L.A., 1976. The in vitro induction of adventitious shoot and root apices on Narcissus (daffodil and narcissus) cultivar tissue. Can. J. Bot. 54, 814–819.
Slabbert M.M., de Bruyn M.H., Ferreira D.I., Pretorius J., 1995. Adventitious in vitro plantlet formation from immature floral stems of Crinum macowanii. Plant Cell, Tiss. Organ Cult. 43, 51–57.
Sochacki D., Orlikowska T., 1997. Inicjacja kultur narcyza z różnych eksplantatów. Zesz. Nauk. AR Kraków 318(50), 199–202.
Squires W.M., Langton F.A., 1990. Potential and limitations of Narcissus micropropagation: an experimental evolution. Acta Hort. 266, 67–73.
Subotić A., Jevremović S., Trifunović M., Radojević L., 2006. In vitro regeneration of Allium aflatunense by somatic embryogenesis. Acta Hort. 725(1), 165–167.
Šušek A., Jawornik B., Bohanec B., 2002. Factors affecting direct organogenesis from flower explants of Allium giganteum. Plant Cell. Tiss. Org. Cult. 68, 27–33.
Tubić L., Zdravković-Korać S., Mitić N., Milojević M., Ćalić-Dragosavac Ć., Vinterhalter B., 2011. Plant regeneration from transverse stalk sections of chive plants. Rom. Biotech. Lett. 16(1), 55–59.
Van der Krieken W.M., Breteler H., Visser M.H.M., Mavridou D., 1993. The role of the conversion of IBA into IAA on root regeneration in apple: introduction of a test system. Plant Cell Rep. 12, 203.
Ucman R., Zel J., Ravnikar M., 1998. Thermotherapy in virus elimination from garlic: influences on shoot multiplication from meristems and bulb formation in vitro. Sci. Hort. 73, 193–202.
Xu P., Su Q., Wang X., Li J., 2005. Studies induced adventitious shoots via tissue culture in garlic inflorescence and on the dynamics of endogenous polyamine contents during shooting. Acta Hort. 688, 269–272.
Xu Z., Um Y.C., Kim C.H., Lu G., Guo D.P., Liu H.L., Bah A.A., Mao A., 2008. Effect of plant growth regulators, temperature and sucrose on shoot proliferation from the stem disc of Chinese jiaotou (Allium chinense) and in vitro bulblet formation. Acta Phys. Plant. 30(4), 521–528.
Xu L-F., MA F-W., Liang D., 2009. Plant regeneration from in vitro cultured leaves of Lanzhou lily (Lilium davidii var. unicolor). Sci. Hort. 119, 458–461.
Yan M.M., Xu C., Kim C.H., Um Y.C., Bah A.A., Guo D.P., 2009. Effects of explants type, culture media and growth regulators on callus induction and plant regeneration of Chinese jiaotou (Allium chinense). Sci. Hort. 123(1), 124–128.
Ziv M., Halvey A.H., Shilo R., 1970. Organs and plantlets regeneration of Gladiolus through tissue culture. Ann. Bot. 34, 671–676.
Ziv M., Hertz N., Biran Y., 1983.Vegetative reproduction of Allium ampeloprasum L. in vivo and in vitro. Israel J. Bot. 32, 1–9.
Ziv M., Lilien-Kipnis L.H., 1997. The inflorescence stalk: a source of highly regenerative explants for micropropagation of geophytes. Acta Hort. 447, 107–111.
Ziv M., Lilien-Kipnis L.H., 2000. Bud regeneration from inflorescence explants for rapid propagation of geophytes in vitro. Plant Cell Rep. 19(9), 845–850.
Danuta Kozak
University of Life Sciences in Lublin
University of Life Sciences in Lublin
Magdalena Stelmaszczuk
University of Life Sciences in Lublin
University of Life Sciences in Lublin
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