DETERMINATION OF ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES OF STRAWBERRY TREE (Arbutus unedo L.) FLOWERS AND FRUITS AT DIFFERENT RIPENING STAGES
Sebnem Selen Isbilir
Trakya University in Edirne, TurkeyHakime Hulya Orak
Namık Kemal University in Tekirdağ, TurkeyHulya Yagar
Trakya University in Edirne, TurkeyNeslıhan Ekinci
Çanakkale 18 March University, TurkeyAbstract
In this study, the antioxidant activities of Strawberry tree (Arbutus unedo L.) flowers at flowering period and fruits during ripening period were investigated, along
with some ripening characteristics such as color, reducing sugar and acidity. Antioxidant activity characteristics were investigated using by the methods of DPPH (1,1-Diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl) scavenging activity, β-carotene bleaching, reducing power, metal chelating capacity, superoxide anion scavenging and hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity in water, ethanol and methanol extracts. The total phenolic content of flowers in water extracts was found to be
232.38 ± 7.19 mg GAE . g-1 extract, and the DPPH activity was 81.3 ± 0.49% at 50 μg·ml-1 concentration. In the ripening stages, the fully red fruits were determined higher antioxidant capacity than green and yellow fruits, except H2O2 scavenging activity which was highest in green fruit. In correlation study, the highest relationship was found between total phenolic content with reducing power (r2 = 0.987**, P < 0.01), while the lowest with H2O2 scavenging activity (r2 = 0.519*, P < 0.05).
Keywords:
DPPH scavenging activity, β-carotene bleaching activity, reducing power, correlationsReferences
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Anastasiadi M., Pratsinis H., Kletsas D., Skaltsounis A.L., Haroutounian S.A., 2010. Bioactive non-coloured polyphenols content of grapes, wines and vinification by-products: Evaluation of the antioxidant activities of their extracts. Food Res. Inter. 43, 805–813.
Anonymous, 1982. Mstat, Version 3.00/EM, Package Program. Dept Crop and Soil Sciences, Michigan State University, USA.
Anonymous, (2006). Hunter Lab Users Manuel. Hunter Associates Laboratory.
Ayaz F.A., Kucukkislamoglu M., Reunanen M., 2000. Sugar, non-volatile and phenolic acids composition of strawberry tree (Arbutus unedo L. var. ellipsoidea) fruits. J. Food Compos. Anal. 13, 171–177.
Barros L., Carvalho A.M., Morais J.S., Ferreira I.C.F.R., 2010. Strawberry-tree, blackthorn and rose fruits: Detailed characterization in nutrients and phytochemicals with antioxidant properties. Food Chem. 120, 247−254.
Blois M.S., 1958. Antioxidant determinations by the use of stable free radical. Nature, 26, 1199–1200.
Brouillard R., Dangles O., 1993. Flavonoids and flower colour. In J. B. Harborne (Ed.), The flavonoids: Advances in research since 1986 (pp. 565–588). London: Chapman and Hall.
Cemeroglu B., 2007. Gıda Analizleri, Gıda Teknolojisi Dernegi Yayınları No: 34, Ankara.
Celikel G., Demirsoy L., Demirsoy H., 2008. The strawberry tree (Arbutus unedo L.) selection in Turkey. Sci. Hortic. 118, 115–119.
Dinis T.C.P., Madeia V.M.C., Almeida L.M., 1994. Action of phenolic derivatives (acetaminophen, salicylate, and 5-aminosalicylate) assay inhibitors of membrane lipid peroxidation and assay peroxyl radical scavengers. Archives Biochem. Biophys. 315, 161–169.
Gulcin I., Huyut Z., Elmastas M., Aboul-Enein H. Y., 2010. Radical scavenging and antioxidant activity of tannic acid. Arabian J. Chem., 3, 43–53.
Karadeniz T., Kurt H., Kalkışım O., 1996. Yomra (Trabzon) çevresinde yetişen kocayemiş (Arbutus unedo L.) tiplerinin meyve özellikleri üzerinde çalışmalar, YYÜZF Dergisi 6, 65–70.
Liu X., Zhao M., Wang J., Yang B., Jiang Y., 2008. Antioxidant activity of methanolic extract of emblica fruit (Phyllanthus emblica L.) from six regions in China. J. Food Compos. Anal. 21, 219–228.
Miller N.J., Luiz-Larrea M.B., 2002. Flavonoids and other plant phenols in the diet: Their significance as antioxidants. J. Nutr. Environ. Med. 12, 39–51.
Nishikimi M, Rao NA, Yagi K, 1972. The occurance of superoxide anion in the reaction of reduced phenazine methosulfate and molecular oxygen. Biochem. Biophysical Res. Commun. 46, 849–854.
Oliveira I., Baptista P., Malheiro Casal R.S.A.B., Pereira J.A., 2011. Influence of strawberry tree (Arbutus unedo L.) fruit ripening stage on chemical composition and antioxidant activity. Food Res. Int. 44, 1401–1407.
Oyaizu M., 1986. Studies on product of browning reaction prepared from glucose amine. Japan J. Nutr. 44, 307–315.
Ozcan M.M., Haciseferogullari H., 2007. The strawberry (Arbutus unedo L.) fruits: Chemical composition, physical properties and mineral contents. J. Food Enginering, 78, 1022–1028.
Ozgen M., Torun A.A., Ercisli S., Serce S., 2009. Changes in chemical composition, antioxidant activities and total phenolic content of Arbutus andrachne fruit at different maturation stages. Italian J. Food Sci. 21, 65–72.
Pallauf K., Rivas-Gonzalo J.C., Castillo M.D., Cano M.P., Pascual-Teresa S., 2008. Characterization of the antioxidant composition of strawberry tree (Arbutus unedo L.) fruits. J. Food Compos. Anal. 21, 273–281.
Ross A.F., 1959. Dinitrophenol Method for Reducing Sugars, 1st ed. The Avi.Publishing Company, Westport, pp. 469–470.
Ruch R.J., Chung S.U., Klaunig J.E., 1984. Spin trapping of superoxide and hydroxyl radicals. Methods in Enzymol. 105, 198–209.
Serce S., Özgen M., Torun A.A., Ercisli S., 2010. Chemical composition, antioxidant activities and total phenolic content of Arbutus andrachne L. (Fam. Ericaceae) (the Greek strawberry tree) fruits from Turkey. J. Food Comp. Anal. 23, 619–623.
Seker M., Yücel Z., Nurdan E., 2004. Canakkale yöresi dogal florasında bulunan kocayemis (Arbutus unedo L.) populasyonunun morfolojik ve pomolojik özelliklerinin incelenmesi. Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi. 10, 422–427.
Seker M., Toplu C., 2009. Determination and comparison of chemical characteristics of Arbutus unedo L. and Arbutus andrachnae L. (fam: Ericaceae) fruits. J. Medicinal Food. 13, 1013–1018.
Slinkard K., Singleton V.L., 1977. Total phenol analyses: Automation and comparison with manual methods. Am. J. Enol. Viticult. 28:49–55.
Su M-S., Chien P-J., 2007. Antioxidant activity, anthocyanins, and phenolics of rabbiteye blueberry (Vaccinium ashei) fluid products as affected by fermentation. Food Chem. 104, 182–187.
Sun J., Yao J., Huang S.X. L. X., Wang J., García-García E., 2009. Antioxidant activity of polyphenol and anthocyanin extracts from fruits of Kadsura coccinea (Lem.) A.C. Smith. Food Chem. 117, 276–281.
Tahraoui A., El-Hilali J., Israili Z.H., Lyoussi B., 2007. Ethnopharmacological survey of plants used in the traditional treatment of hypertension and diabetes in the south-eastern Morocco (Errachidia province). J. Ethnopharmacol. 110, 105–117.
Vani T, Rajani M, Sarkar S, Shishoo CJ, 1997. Antioxidant properties of the ayurvedic formulation triphala and its constituents. Int. J Pharmacognosy. 35, 313–317.
Wang J., Yuan X., Jin Z., Tian Y., Song H., 2007. Free radical and reactive oxygen species scavenging activities of peanut skins extract. Food Chem. 104, 242–250.
Wang S.Y., 2010. Correlation of antioxidants and antioxidant enzymes to oxygen radical scavenging activities in berries. Berries and cancer prevention. Part 2, 79–97, DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-7554-6-4.
Zhang Y., Li X., Wang Z., 2010. Antioxidant activities of leaf extract of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge and related phenolic constituents. Food Chem. Toxicol. 48, 2656–2662.
Ziyyat A., Legssyer A., Mekhfi H., Dassouli A., Serhrouchni M., Benjelloun W., 1997. Phytotherapy of hypertension and diabetes in oriental Morocco. J. Ethnopharmacol. 58, 45–54.
Sebnem Selen Isbilir
Trakya University in Edirne, Turkey
Trakya University in Edirne, Turkey
Hakime Hulya Orak
Namık Kemal University in Tekirdağ, Turkey
Namık Kemal University in Tekirdağ, Turkey
Hulya Yagar
Trakya University in Edirne, Turkey
Trakya University in Edirne, Turkey
Neslıhan Ekinci
Çanakkale 18 March University, Turkey
Çanakkale 18 March University, Turkey
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