YIELD AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF BASIL HERB DEPENDING ON CULTIVAR AND FOLIAR FEEDING WITH NITROGEN
Renata Nurzyńska-Wierdak
University of Life Sciences in LublinBartłomiej Borowski
University of Life Sciences in LublinKatarzyna Dzida
University of Life Sciences in LublinAbstract
Foliar feeding is an effective method of supplying plants with nutrients, much faster than soil fertilization. The effectiveness of this procedure may result from quick
penetration and transfer of the applied nutrients inside the plant. The aim of foregoing studies was to assess the effect of foliar nitrogen application upon the yield of fresh and air-dry basil herb of the cultivars: ‘Kasia’, ‘Wala’, ‘Genua Star’ and ‘Opal’, grown in an unheated foil tunnel. Foliar feeding was performed dosing 0.5% urea solution until complete wetting of leaf blade surface. The influence of cultivar and urea application upon the yield and chemical composition of basil herb was demonstrated. The highest concentrations of total nitrogen, potassium, calcium and protein, but also nitrates, were characteristic of ‘Opal’ plants. Among green-leaved cultivars, the highest fresh herb weight was that of ‘Genua Star’. The foliar application of nitrogen increased the weight and yield of fresh herb. It also caused increased concentrations of N-NO3 and N-NH4, K, Ca, compared to control plants.
Keywords:
Ocimum basilicum, urea, herb yield, protein, nitrates, macronutrientsReferences
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del Amor F.M., Cuadra-Crespo P., Varo P., Gomez M.C., 2009. Influence of foliar urea on the antioxidant response and fruit color of sweet pepper under limited N supply. J. Sci. Food Agric., 89, 3, 504–510.
Anwar M., Patra D.D., Chand S., Alpesh K., Nagvi A.A., Khanuja S.P.S., 2005. Effect of organic manures and inorganic fertilizer on growth, herb and oil yield, nutrient accumulation, and oil quality of french basil. Comm. Soil Sci. Plant Analys., 36, 1737–1746.
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Biesiada A., Kuś A., 2010. The effect of nitrogen fertilization and irrigation on yielding and nutritional status of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L). Acta Sci. Pol. Hortorum Cultus, 9(2), 3–12.
Borowski E., Michałek S., 2009. The effect of foliar feeding of potassium salts and urea in spinach on gas exchange, leaf yield and quality. Acta Agrobot., 62, 1, 155–162.
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Charbaji T., Arabi M.I.E., Jawhar M. 2008. Urea foliar fertilization affects onion weight and nutrient content. International J. Vegetable Sci., 14, 3, 198–204.
Daneshian A., Gurbuz B., Cosge B., Ipek A., 2009. Chemical components of essential oils from basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) grown at different nitrogen levels. International J. of Natural and Enging Sci., 3, 3, 8–12.
Dzida K., 2010. Nutrients contents in sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) herb depending on calcium carbonate dose and cultivar. Acta Sci. Pol. Hortorum Cultus 9(4), 143–151.
Golcz A., Markiewicz 2002. Effect of increasing nitrogen doses and harvest terms on the quantitative and qualitative parameters of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.). Part. II. Herba Pol., XLVIII, 3, 107–111.
Golcz A., Politycka B., 2005. Nawożenie azotem a plon i zawartość barwników w liściach bazylii wonnej (Ocimum basilicum L .). Herba Pol., Suppl. 1, 91–92.
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Klimánkova E., Holadová K., Hajslová J., Cajka T., Poustka J., Koudela M., 2008. Aroma profiles of five basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) cultivars grown under conventional and organic conditions. Food Chem., 107, 464–472.
Koba K., Poutouli P.W., Raynaud C., Chaumont J.P., Sanda K., 2009. Chemical composition and antimicrobial properties of different basil essentials oils chemotypes from Togo. Bangladesh J. Pharmacol., 4, 1–8.
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Kopsell D.A., Kopsell D.E., Curran-Celentano J., 2005. Carotenoid and chlorophyll pigments in sweet basil grown in the field and greenhouse. HortScience, 40, 5, 1230–1233.
Markiewicz B., Golcz A., Kozik E., 2002. Effect of nitrogen fertilization and of harvest term on the yield, content of essentials oil and nitrogen in the herb of two cultivars of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.). Rocz. AR Pozn., 341, Ogrodn., 35, 19–24.
Nguyen P.M., Niemeyer E.D., 2008. Effects of nitrogen fertilization on the phenolic composition and antioxidant properties of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.). J Agric. Chem., 56, 18, 8685–91.
Noguchi A., Ichimura M., 2004. Effects of environmental factors on growth, flowering and essentials oil concentration and composition in sweet basil and spearmint. Hort. Res. (Japan), 3, 1, 67–70.
Nurzyńska-Wierdak R., 2001. Analiza zawartości i składu chemicznego dwóch form bazylii wonnej (Ocimum basilicum L.). Annales UMCS, EEE, Horticultura, 9, 189–193.
Nurzyńska-Wierdak R., 2007a. Evaluation of morphological and developmental variability and essentials oil composition of selected basil cultivars. Herba Pol., 53, 3, 255–261.
Nurzyńska-Wierdak R., 2007b. Comparing the growth and flowering of selected basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) varieties. Acta Agrobot., 60, 2, 127–131.
Omer E.A., Elsayed A.G.A., El-Lathy A., Khattab M.E., Sabra A.S., 2008. Effect of the nitrogen fertilizer forms and time of their application on the yield of herb and essential oil of Ocimum americanum L. Herba Pol., 54, 1, 34–46.
Phuong M., Nguyen, Kwee E. M., Niemeyer E.D., 2010. Potassium rate alters the antioxidant capacity and phenolic concentration of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.). Food Chem., 123, 1235–1241.
Refaat A.M., Saleh M.M., 1998. The combined effect of irrigation intervals and nutrition on sweet basil plants. Hortic. Abstr. 68, 6, 515–526.
Seidler-Łożykowska K., Król D., 2008. The content of essential oil in ten sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) cultivars and its composition. Herba Pol., 54, 3, 7–12
Sifola M.I., Barbieri G., 2006. Growth, yield and essentials oil content of three cultivars of basil grown under different levels of nitrogen in the field. Sci. Hort., 108, 408–413.
Silva M.G.V., Matos F.J.A., Machado M.I.L., Craveiro A.A., 2003. Essential oils of Ocimum basilicum L., O. basilicum var. minimum L. and O. basilicum var. purpurascens Benth. grown in north-eastern Brasil. Flavour Fragr. J., 18, 13–14.
Smoleń S., Sady W. 2007. Wpływ formy azotu i dokarmiania dolistnego na zawartość karotenoidów, cukrów rozpuszczalnych i związków fenolowych w marchwi. Rocz. AR Pozn. 383, Ogrodnictwo, 41, 619–623.
Szura A., Kowalska I., Sady W., 2009. Wpływ sposobu nawożenia azotem na dynamikę zmian NH4+ i NO3- w liściach i korzeniach buraka ćwikłowego. Annales UMCS, E, Agricultura, 64, 1, 37–45.
Wojciechowska R., Rożek S., Rydz A., 2005. Broccoli yield and its quality in spring growing cycle as dependent on nitrogen fertilization. Folia Hort., 17/2, 141–152.
Wojciechowska R., Smoleń S., Sady W., Kołton A., 2006. Redukcja azotanów w liściach marchwi w zależności od dokarmiania dolistnego i różnych form azotu nawozowego. Acta Agrophysica, 7, 3, 763–774.
Wójcik P., 2004. Uptake of mineral nutrients from foliar fertilization. J Fruit Orn. Plant Res. Spec. ed., 12, 201–218.
Zheljazkov V.I., Cantrell C.L., Ebelhar M.W., Rowe D.E., Coker C., 2008. Productivity, oil content and oil composition of sweet basil as a function of nitrogen and sulphur fertilization. HortScience, 43, 5, 1415–1422.
Yildirim E., Guvenc I., Turan M., Karatas A., 2007. Effect of foliar urea application on quality, growth, mineral uptake and yield of broccoli (Brassica oleracea L., var. italica). Plant Soil Environ., 53, 3, 120–128.
del Amor F.M., Cuadra-Crespo P., Varo P., Gomez M.C., 2009. Influence of foliar urea on the antioxidant response and fruit color of sweet pepper under limited N supply. J. Sci. Food Agric., 89, 3, 504–510.
Anwar M., Patra D.D., Chand S., Alpesh K., Nagvi A.A., Khanuja S.P.S., 2005. Effect of organic manures and inorganic fertilizer on growth, herb and oil yield, nutrient accumulation, and oil quality of french basil. Comm. Soil Sci. Plant Analys., 36, 1737–1746.
Arabaci O., Bayram E., 2004. The effect of nitrogen fertilization and different plant densites on some agronomic and technologic characteristic of Ocimum basilicum L. (Basil). J. Agron. 3, 4, 255–262.
Biesiada A., Kuś A., 2010. The effect of nitrogen fertilization and irrigation on yielding and nutritional status of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L). Acta Sci. Pol. Hortorum Cultus, 9(2), 3–12.
Borowski E., Michałek S., 2009. The effect of foliar feeding of potassium salts and urea in spinach on gas exchange, leaf yield and quality. Acta Agrobot., 62, 1, 155–162.
Borowski E., Michałek S., 2010. The effect of foliar nutrition of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) with magnesium salts and urea on gas exchange, leaf yield and quality. Acta Agrobot., 63, 1, 77–85.
Charbaji T., Arabi M.I.E., Jawhar M. 2008. Urea foliar fertilization affects onion weight and nutrient content. International J. Vegetable Sci., 14, 3, 198–204.
Daneshian A., Gurbuz B., Cosge B., Ipek A., 2009. Chemical components of essential oils from basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) grown at different nitrogen levels. International J. of Natural and Enging Sci., 3, 3, 8–12.
Dzida K., 2010. Nutrients contents in sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) herb depending on calcium carbonate dose and cultivar. Acta Sci. Pol. Hortorum Cultus 9(4), 143–151.
Golcz A., Markiewicz 2002. Effect of increasing nitrogen doses and harvest terms on the quantitative and qualitative parameters of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.). Part. II. Herba Pol., XLVIII, 3, 107–111.
Golcz A., Politycka B., 2005. Nawożenie azotem a plon i zawartość barwników w liściach bazylii wonnej (Ocimum basilicum L .). Herba Pol., Suppl. 1, 91–92.
Golcz A., Politycka B., Seidler-Łożykowska K., 2006. The effect of nitrogen fertilization and stage of plant development on the mass and quality of sweet basil leaves (Ocimum basilicum L.). Herba Pol., 52, ½, 22–30.
Golcz A., Seidler-Łożykowska K., Markiewicz B., 2002. Effect of increasing nitrogen doses and harvest terms on the growth and development of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.). Part. I. Herba Pol., XLVIII, 2, 55–60.
Grayer R.J., Kite G.C., Goldstone F.J., Bryan S.E., Paton A., Putievsky E., 1996. Infraspecific taxonomy and essential oil chemotypes in sweet basil, Ocimum basilicum. Phytochem., 43, 5, 1033–1039.
Klimánkova E., Holadová K., Hajslová J., Cajka T., Poustka J., Koudela M., 2008. Aroma profiles of five basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) cultivars grown under conventional and organic conditions. Food Chem., 107, 464–472.
Koba K., Poutouli P.W., Raynaud C., Chaumont J.P., Sanda K., 2009. Chemical composition and antimicrobial properties of different basil essentials oils chemotypes from Togo. Bangladesh J. Pharmacol., 4, 1–8.
Kołota E., Osińska E., 2001. Efficiency of foliar nutrition of field vegetables grown at different nitrogen rates. Acta Hort., 563, 83–86.
Kopsell D.A., Kopsell D.E., Curran-Celentano J., 2005. Carotenoid and chlorophyll pigments in sweet basil grown in the field and greenhouse. HortScience, 40, 5, 1230–1233.
Markiewicz B., Golcz A., Kozik E., 2002. Effect of nitrogen fertilization and of harvest term on the yield, content of essentials oil and nitrogen in the herb of two cultivars of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.). Rocz. AR Pozn., 341, Ogrodn., 35, 19–24.
Nguyen P.M., Niemeyer E.D., 2008. Effects of nitrogen fertilization on the phenolic composition and antioxidant properties of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.). J Agric. Chem., 56, 18, 8685–91.
Noguchi A., Ichimura M., 2004. Effects of environmental factors on growth, flowering and essentials oil concentration and composition in sweet basil and spearmint. Hort. Res. (Japan), 3, 1, 67–70.
Nurzyńska-Wierdak R., 2001. Analiza zawartości i składu chemicznego dwóch form bazylii wonnej (Ocimum basilicum L.). Annales UMCS, EEE, Horticultura, 9, 189–193.
Nurzyńska-Wierdak R., 2007a. Evaluation of morphological and developmental variability and essentials oil composition of selected basil cultivars. Herba Pol., 53, 3, 255–261.
Nurzyńska-Wierdak R., 2007b. Comparing the growth and flowering of selected basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) varieties. Acta Agrobot., 60, 2, 127–131.
Omer E.A., Elsayed A.G.A., El-Lathy A., Khattab M.E., Sabra A.S., 2008. Effect of the nitrogen fertilizer forms and time of their application on the yield of herb and essential oil of Ocimum americanum L. Herba Pol., 54, 1, 34–46.
Phuong M., Nguyen, Kwee E. M., Niemeyer E.D., 2010. Potassium rate alters the antioxidant capacity and phenolic concentration of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.). Food Chem., 123, 1235–1241.
Refaat A.M., Saleh M.M., 1998. The combined effect of irrigation intervals and nutrition on sweet basil plants. Hortic. Abstr. 68, 6, 515–526.
Seidler-Łożykowska K., Król D., 2008. The content of essential oil in ten sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) cultivars and its composition. Herba Pol., 54, 3, 7–12
Sifola M.I., Barbieri G., 2006. Growth, yield and essentials oil content of three cultivars of basil grown under different levels of nitrogen in the field. Sci. Hort., 108, 408–413.
Silva M.G.V., Matos F.J.A., Machado M.I.L., Craveiro A.A., 2003. Essential oils of Ocimum basilicum L., O. basilicum var. minimum L. and O. basilicum var. purpurascens Benth. grown in north-eastern Brasil. Flavour Fragr. J., 18, 13–14.
Smoleń S., Sady W. 2007. Wpływ formy azotu i dokarmiania dolistnego na zawartość karotenoidów, cukrów rozpuszczalnych i związków fenolowych w marchwi. Rocz. AR Pozn. 383, Ogrodnictwo, 41, 619–623.
Szura A., Kowalska I., Sady W., 2009. Wpływ sposobu nawożenia azotem na dynamikę zmian NH4+ i NO3- w liściach i korzeniach buraka ćwikłowego. Annales UMCS, E, Agricultura, 64, 1, 37–45.
Wojciechowska R., Rożek S., Rydz A., 2005. Broccoli yield and its quality in spring growing cycle as dependent on nitrogen fertilization. Folia Hort., 17/2, 141–152.
Wojciechowska R., Smoleń S., Sady W., Kołton A., 2006. Redukcja azotanów w liściach marchwi w zależności od dokarmiania dolistnego i różnych form azotu nawozowego. Acta Agrophysica, 7, 3, 763–774.
Wójcik P., 2004. Uptake of mineral nutrients from foliar fertilization. J Fruit Orn. Plant Res. Spec. ed., 12, 201–218.
Zheljazkov V.I., Cantrell C.L., Ebelhar M.W., Rowe D.E., Coker C., 2008. Productivity, oil content and oil composition of sweet basil as a function of nitrogen and sulphur fertilization. HortScience, 43, 5, 1415–1422.
Yildirim E., Guvenc I., Turan M., Karatas A., 2007. Effect of foliar urea application on quality, growth, mineral uptake and yield of broccoli (Brassica oleracea L., var. italica). Plant Soil Environ., 53, 3, 120–128.
Renata Nurzyńska-Wierdak
University of Life Sciences in Lublin
University of Life Sciences in Lublin
Bartłomiej Borowski
University of Life Sciences in Lublin
University of Life Sciences in Lublin
Katarzyna Dzida
University of Life Sciences in Lublin
University of Life Sciences in Lublin
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