DETERMINING OF THE FRUIT CHARACTERISTICS OF PISTACHIO GRAFTED ON WILD Pistacia terebinthus L. UNDER THE CENTRAL KELKIT BASIN (TURKEY) ECOLOGICAL CONDITIONS
Erdal Ağlar
Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Suşehri Timur Karabal Vocational School, Sivas, Turkeyhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-4199-5716
Ahmet Sümbül
Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Suşehri Timur Karabal Vocational School, Sivas, Turkeyhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-9510-0992
Orhan Karakaya
Ordu University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, Ordu, Turkeyhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-0783-3120
Burhan Ozturk
Ordu University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, Ordu, Turkeyhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-0867-3942
Abstract
The study was carried out to determine fruit quality characteristics in 'Uzun' pistachio cultivar grafted on terebinth rootstock (P. terebinthus L.) in Suşehri under Central Kelkit Basin (Turkey) ecological conditions in 2017. In the study, it was determined that the ratio of the split fruit was 80%; the blank fruit ratio was 8%; nut weight was 0.93 g; kernel weight was 0.50 g and kernel ratio was 53.8%. As a result of analyses, it was assessed that the fruit consists of 19.39% protein, 3.74% moisture, 2.38% ash, 53.30% fat, 7182.45 mg kg–1 potassium, 4046.79 mg kg–1 phosphorus, 1592.96 mg kg–1 calcium, 974.35 mg kg–1 magnesium, 16.14 mg kg–1 iron, 4.42 mg kg–1 manganese, 11.38 mg kg–1 copper and 27.05 mg kg–1 zinc. It was determined that the total phenolic content was 1989.8 mg GAE kg–1 dw, the total flavonoid content was 363.0 mg QE kg–1 dw; DPPH was 30.9 mmol TE kg–1 dw; FRAP was 36.2 mmol TE kg–1 dw.
Keywords:
Suşehri, antioxidant activity, phenolic content, rootstock, mineral contentReferences
AACC (2002). Approved methods of the American Association of Cereal Chemistry. Method 44.19.01. General pasting method for wheat or rye flour or starch, 11th ed. American Association of Cereal Chemists, St. Paul, MN, USA.
Agar, I.T., Sarmiento, C., Garces, R., Kaska, N., Kafkas, S., Ak, B.E. (1995a). Compositional changes of fatty acids during the development of embryo in Pistacia vera. Acta Hortic. 419, 405–410. DOI: 10.17660/ActaHortic.1995.419.67
Agar, I.T., Kafkas, S., Kaska, N. (1995b). Effect of different ecologies on the fat content and fatty acid composition of different Pistacia vera varieties grown in different parts of Turkey. Acta Hortic. 419, 411–415. DOI: 10.17660/ActaHortic.1995.419.68
Ak, B.E. (1997). The Yield, Fruit Quality of Pistacia vera L. Siirt Grown at Ceylanpınar State Farm. The Second International Symposium on Pistachios and Almonds. Acta Hortic. 470, 510–515. DOI: 10.17660/ActaHortic.1998.470.72
Ak, B.E., Açar, İ., Kaşka, N. (1999). Dünyada ve Gap Bölgesinde Antepfıstığı (Pistacia vera L.) Üretimi, Yetiştirme ve İşleme Yöntemlerinin Karşılaştırılması. GAP I Tarım Kongresi, 26–28.05.1999, Şanlıurfa, 19–28.
Anderson, K.A., Smith, B.W. (2005). Use of profiling to differentiate geographic growing origin of raw pistachios. J. Agric. Food Chem., 53, 410–418. DOI: 10.1021/jf048907u
Arcan, I., Yemenicioglu, A. (2009). Antioxidant activity and phenolic content of fresh and dry nuts with or without the seed coat. J. Food Composition Anal., 22, 184–188. DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2008.10.016
Ayfer, M. (1973). Bazı önemli Pistacia türlerinin meyvelerinde yağ miktarı ve yağ asitlerinin çeşit ve oranları ve bunlardan biyokimyasal sistematikte yararlanma olanakları üzerinde araştırmalar. Ankara Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Yıllığı, 23(1–2), 126–140.
Benzie, I.F.F., Strain, J.J. (1996). The Ferric Reducing Ability of Plasma (FRAP) as a measure of ‘antioxidant power’: the FRAP assay. Anal. Biochem., 239, 70–76. DOI: 10.1006/abio.1996.0292
Blois, M.S. (1958). Antioxidant Determinations by the Use of a Stable Free Radical. Nature, 181, 1199–1200. DOI: 10.1038/1811199a0
Blomhoff, R., Carlsen, M.H., Andersen, L.F., Jacobs Jr., D.R. (2006). Health benefits of nuts: potential role of antioxidants. Br. J. Nutr. 96 (S2), S52–S60. DOI: 10.1017/bjn20061864
Bremner, J.M. (1965). Total nitrogen. In: Methods of soil analysis, Black, C.A., Evans, D.D., White, I.L., Ensminger, L.E., Clark, F.E. (eds.). American Society of Agronomy, Madison, 1149–1178.
Brufau, G., Boatella, J., Rafecas, M. (2006). Nuts: source of energy and macronutrients. Brit. J. Nutr., 96, S24–S28. DOI: 10.1017/BJN20061860
Chang, C.C., Yang, M.Y., Wen, H.M., Chern, J.C., (2002). Estimation of total flavonoid content in propolis by two complementary colorimetric methods. J. Food Drug Anal., 10, 178–182. DOI: 10.38212/2224-6614.2748
Crane, J.C. (1975). The Role of Seed Abortion and Parthenocarpy in the Production of Blank Pistachio Nuts as Affected by Rootstock. J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci., 100(3), 270–367.
Crane, J.C., Iwakiri, B.T. (1980). Xenia and metaxenia in pistachios. HortScience, 15(2), 184–185.
Çağlar, S. (1992). Senir (İÇEL) Yöresinde Yetişen Melengiçlerin Antepfıstıklarına Çevrilmesi ve Mevcut Ağaçlarda Verimliliğin Artırılması (Tez Projesi), 1992 Yılı Gelişme Raporu, Mersin, Türkiye.
Fabani, M.P., Luna, L., Baroni, M.V., Monferran, M.V., Ighani, M., Tapia, A., Wunderlinb, D.A., Feresin, G.E. (2013). Pistachio (Pistacia vera var Kerman) from Argentinean cultivars. A natural product with potential to improve human health. J. Funct. Foods, 5, 1347–1356. DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2013.05.002
FAOSTAT (2018). FAO production year book.
Ferguson, L., Sanden, B., Grattan, S., Epstein, L., Krueger, B. (2005). Pistachio rootstocks. In: Pistachio Production Manual, 4th ed., Ferguson L., Beede, R.H., Freeman, M.W., Haviland, D.R., Holtz, B.A., Kallsen, C.E. (eds.). Fruit and Nut Research and Information Center, University of California, Davis, 67–73.
Goldhamer, D.A., Phene, B.C., Beede, R., Sherlin, L., Mahan, S., Rose, D. (1987). Effects of sustained deficit irrigation on pistachio tree performance. In: Annual Report. Crop Year 1986–1987. California Pistachio Industry, Fresno, 61–66.
Grace, M.H., Esposito, D., Timmers, A.M., Xiong, J., Yousef, G., Komarnytsky, S., Lila, M.A. (2016). Chemical composition, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of pistachio hull extracts. Food Chem., 210, 85–95. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.04.088
Gündoğdu, M. (2019). Effect of rootstocks on phytochemical properties of apricot fruit. Turk. J. Agric. For., 43, 1–10. DOI: 10.3906/tar-1803-99
ICC (1982). Standart No: 104. International Association for Cereal Chemistry.
IUPAC (1987). Standard methods for analysis of oils, fats and derivates, IUPAC Method 2.301, 7th ed. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Blackwell Scientific Publications.
İsfendiyaroğlu, M., Özeker, E. (2001). The relations between phenolic compounds and seed dormancy in Pistacia spp. Cah. Options Méditerr., 56, 227–232.
Kacar, B. (1972). Bitki ve Toprağın Kimyasal Analizleri. II. Bitki Analizleri. A.Ü. Ziraat Fakültesi Yayınları, 453, Uygulama Kılavuzu, 155, A.Ü. Basımevi, Ankara.
Kader, A.A., Heintz, C.M., Labavitch, J.M., Rae, H.L. (1982). Studies related to the description and evaluation of pistachio nut quality. J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci., 107, 812–816.
Karaca, R., Nizamoglu, A. (1995). Quality characteristics of Turkish and Iranian Pistachio cultivars grown in Gaziantep. Acta. Hortic., 419, 307–312. DOI: 10.17660/ActaHortic.1995.419.50
Kashani Nejad, M., Tabil, L.G., Mortazavi, A.S., Kordi, A.S. (2003). Effect of drying methods on quality of pistachio nuts. Drying Technol., 21, 821–838. DOI: 10.1081/DRT-120021688
Kornsteiner, M., Wagner, K., Elmadfa, I. (2006). Tocopherols and total phenolics in 10 different nut types. Food Chem., 98, 381–387. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.07.033
Kuru, C. (1993). Dikimden Hasada Antepfıstığı [Pistachio from planting to harvest]. Ar Ajans, Kahramanmaraş, pp. 102.
Kuru, C., Özsabuncuoğlu, İ.H. (1990). Yabani Pistacia Türlerinin Aşılanmasında Sorunlar ve Çözüm Yolları. Türkiye Birinci Antep Fıstığı Sempozyumu, 11–12.09.1990, Gaziantep, Türkiye, pp. 49.
Miraliakbari, H., Shahidi, F. (2008). Lipid class compositions, tocopherols and sterols of tree nut oils extracted with different solvents. J. Food Lipids, 15, 81–96. DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4522.2007.00104.x
Okay, Y. (2002). The comparison of some pistachio varieties regarding their fat, fatty acids and protein content. Eur. J. Hortic. Sci., 67, 107–113.
Özçağıran, R. (1974). Meyve ağaçlarında anaç ile kalem arasındaki fizyolojik ilişkiler. Ege Üniv. Zir. Fak. Yay., 243, 6–14.
Öztürk, M.A, Ataç, E. (1982). Bazı Pistacia türlerinin anatomisi ve ekolojisi üzerinde bir çalışma. Atatürk Üniversitesi Fen Fakültesi Dergisi, 2, 493–508.
Öztürk, N. (2006). Pervari (Siirt) Yöresinde Yetişen Antepfıstıklarının (Pistacia vera L.) Meyve Özelliklerinin Belirlenmesi. Master thesis, Van Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi, Van, Türkiye.
Ozturk, A., Ozturk, B. (2014). The Rootstock Influences Growth and Development of ‘Deveci’ Pear. Balkan Agriculture Congress, 08–11 Sept., Edirne, Turkey. Turk. J. Agric. Nat. Sci., 1, 1049–1053.
Ozturk, A., Yildiz, K., Ozturk, B., Karakaya, O., Gun, S., Uzun, S., Gundogdu, M. (2019). Maintaining postharvest quality of medlar (Mespilus germanica) fruit using modified atmosphere packaging and methyl jasmonate. LWT-Food Sci. Technol., 111, 117–124. DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2019.05.033
Ozturk, B., Ozer, H. (2019). Effects of grafting and green manure treatments on postharvest quality of tomatoes. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 19(4), 780–792. DOI: 10.1007/s42729-019-00077-0
Ryan, E., Galvin, K., O’Connor, T.P., Maguire, R., O’Brien, N.M. (2006). Fatty acid profile, tocopherol, squalene and phytosterol content of brazil, pecan, pine, pistachio and cashiew nuts. Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr., 57, 219–228. DOI: 10.1080/09637480600768077
Satil, F. (2000). Çanakkale ve Manisa Yörelerinde Farklı Anaçlara Aşılanan Antep Fıstıklarının Ekobiyoloj ileri ve Verimliliklerinin Artırılması Üzerine Araştırmalar. PhD thesis, Balıkesir Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Balıkesir, pp. 116.
Satil, F., Azcan, N., Baser, K.H.C., (2003). Fatty acid composition of pistachio nuts in Turkey. Chem. Nat. Compd., 39, 322–324. DOI: 10.1023/B:CONC.0000003408.63300.b5
Seferoglu, S., Seferoglu, H.G., Tekintas, F.E., Balta, F., (2006). Biochemical composition influenced by different locations in Uzun pistachio cv. (Pistacia vera L.) grown in Turkey. J. Food Compos. Anal. 19, 461–465. DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2006.01.009
Segura, R., Javierre, C., Lizarraga, M.A., Ros, E., (2006). Other relevant components of nuts: Phytosterols, folate and minerals. Br. J. Nutr., 96, 36–44. DOI: 10.1017/BJN20061862
Singleton, V.L., Rossi, J.A., (1965). Calorimetry of total phenolics with phosphomolybdic-phosphotungstic acid reagent. Am. J. Enol. Viticult., 16, 144–158.
Tarango Rivero, S.H. (1993). El cultivo del pistachero. Colección Agropecuaria 1993. Departamento Editorial de la Universidad de Chihuahua, Mexico.
Tekin, H., Akkök, F. (1995). Selection of pistachio nut and their comparison to Turkish Standard varieties. Acta Hortic. 419, 287–292. DOI: 10.17660/ActaHortic.1995.419.47
Tekin, H., Arpacı, S., Atlı, S., Açar, İ., Yaman, A., Yükçeken, Y., Karadağ, S. (2001). Antepfıstığı Yetistiriciliği. Antepfıstığı Arastırma Enstitüsü Müdürlüğü, Gaziantep, Yayın No. 13, pp. 132.
Tsantili, E., Takidelli, C., Christopoulos, M.V., Lambrinea, E., Rouskas, D., Roussos, P.A. (2010). Physical, compositional and sensory differences in nuts among pistachio (Pistachia vera L.) cultivars. Sci. Hortic., 125, 562–568. DOI: 10.1016/j.scienta.2010.04.039
Tsantili, E., Konstantinidis, K., Christopoulos, M.V., Roussos, P.A. (2011). Total phenolics and flavonoids and total antioxidant capacity in pistachio (Pistachia vera L.) nuts in relation to cultivars and storage conditions. Sci. Hortic., 129, 694–701. DOI: 10.1016/j.scienta.2011.05.020
USDA (2010). United State Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference (2010). Release 23. Nutrient Data Laboratory. Available: http://www.ars.usda.gov/ba/bhnrc/ndl [date of access: 01.09.2010].
Venkatachalam, M., Sathe, S.S. (2006). Chemical composition of selected edible nut seeds. J. Agric. Food Chem., 54, 4705–4714. DOI: 10.1021/jf0606959
Whitehouse, W.E., Koch, E.J., Jones, L.E., Long, S.C., Stone (1964). Influence of Pollens From Diverce Pistacio Species on Development of Pistacio Nuts. Proc. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci., 84, 224–229.
Yang, J., Liu, R.H., Halim, L. (2009). Antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of common edible nut seeds. LWT-Food Sci. Technol., 42, 1–8. DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2008.07.007
Yıldız, M. (1999). Ceylanpınar Tarım İşletmesi’nde Yetiştirilen Değişik Antepfıstığı Çeşitlerinde Bazı Özelliklerin Belirlenmesi Üzerinde Bir Araştırma. Master thesis, Harran University, Şanlıurfa, pp. 46.
Yıldız, E., Kaplankıran, M., Uygur, V. (2018). Rootstock Induced Seasonal Changes of N, P and K Nutrient Levels in Satsuma Mandarin cvs. ‘Okitsu’, ‘Clausellina’ and ‘Silverhill’. Erwerbs-Obstbau, 60, 67–73. DOI: 10.1007/s10341-017-0340-z
Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Suşehri Timur Karabal Vocational School, Sivas, Turkey https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4199-5716
Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Suşehri Timur Karabal Vocational School, Sivas, Turkey https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9510-0992
Ordu University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, Ordu, Turkey https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0783-3120
Ordu University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, Ordu, Turkey https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0867-3942
License
Articles are made available under the conditions CC BY 4.0 (until 2020 under the conditions CC BY-NC-ND 4.0).
Submission of the paper implies that it has not been published previously, that it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere.
The author signs a statement of the originality of the work, the contribution of individuals, and source of funding.
