Abstract
The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of goat breed and the feeding season combined with the lactation stage on basic chemical composition, fat dispersion, fatty acid profile and cholesterol content in milk. The subject of the study included 480 milk samples collected from two groups of goats, i.e. improved with a known origin on the father’s side (203) and various crossbreeds of unknown origin – breedless (277), in three production seasons (lactation stages): winter (beginning of lactation) – 166, spring-summer (middle of lactation) – 161 and autumn (end of lactation) – 153. The following parameters were determined in milk samples: basic chemical composition (content of protein, fat, lactose and dry matter), fat dispersion, fatty acid profile and cholesterol content. It was shown that despite a lower daily milk yield, crossbreeds of goats of unknown origin produced milk both with favourable chemical composition, significantly higher fat dispersion and higher cholesterol content compared to the improved crossbreeds. The highest concentration of dry matter components, including fat and protein, was characteristic of milk collected in the autumn feeding period, at the same time with the lowest daily milk yield. Along with the course of lactation the dispersion state of fat was increasing and so was the concentration of cholesterol. The breed group of goats had an impact on milk fatty acid profile. A significantly lower concentration of saturated fatty acids and higher mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids was found in the milk of goats of unknown origin, and that was generally observed in each season of production. Improved goats produced milk with a significantly higher concentration of odd-chain fatty acids and branched-chain fatty acids. A higher concentration of beneficial fatty acids, including CLA, was found in milk in the spring-summer season (lactation stage II), i.e. when goats were grazing fresh green pasture.
References
Adamska A., Rutkowska J., 2014. Nieparzyste i rozgałęzione kwasy tłuszczowe w tłuszczu mlecznym – charakterystyka i właściwości prozdrowotne. Postępy Hig. Med. Dośw. 68, 957–966.
AOCS 2000. Official method Ce 2-66. Preparation of Methyl Esters of Fatty Acids. Campaign, IL: American Oil Chemists’ Society.
Attaie R., Richter R.L., 2000. Size distribution of fat globules in goat milk. J. Dairy Sci. 83, 940– 944.
Barłowska J., Litwińczuk Z., 2009. Właściwości odżywcze i prozdrowotne tłuszczu mleka. Med. Weter. 65 (3), 171–174.
Barłowska J., Szwajkowska M., Litwińczuk Z., Grodzicki T., Wolanciuk A., 2011. Właściwości fizykochemiczne i przydatność technologiczna mleka kóz różnych ras z uwzględnieniem sezonu produkcji. Zesz. Nauk. UE Pozn. 196, 188–195.
Bernacka H., 2005. Effect of breed and feeding season on the nutritive quality of goat’s milk. Folia Biol. (Kraków) 53, Suppl. 1, 99–102.
Bernacka H., 2008. Analiza produkcyjności kóz ras białej i barwnej uszlachetnionej oraz jakość ich mleka. Rozprawy Uniwersytetu Technologiczno-Przyrodniczego w Bydgoszczy, 127.
Bonczar G., Chrzanowska K., Maciejowski K., Walczycka M., 2011. Zawartość cholesterolu i jego pochodnych w mleku i produktach mleczarskich – uwarunkowania surowcowe i technologiczne. Żywn. Nauka Technol. Jakość 1 (74), 15–27.
Ceballos L.S., Morales E.R., de la Torre Adarve G., Castro J.D., Martínez L.P., Sanz Sampelayo M.R., 2009. Composition of goat and cow milk produced under similar conditions and analyzed by identical methodology. J. Food Comp. Anal. 22, 322–329.
Chilliard Y., Ferlay A., 2004. Dietary lipids and forages interactions on cow and goat milk fatty acid composition and sensory properties. Reprod. Nutr. Develop. 44, 467–492.
D’Urso S., Cutrignelli M.I., Calabrò S., Bovera F., Tudisco R., Piccolo V., Infascelli F., 2008. Influence of pasture on fatty acid profile of goat milk. J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr. 92, 405–410.
El-Zeini H.M., 2006. Microstructure, rheological and geometrical properties of fat globules of milk from different animal species. Pol. J. Food Nutr. Sci. 15/56 (2), 147–154.
FAOSTAT 2017. Food and Agriculture Organization of The United Nations, Statistics Division, http://faostat.fao.org.
Haenlein G.F.W., 2004. Goat milk in human nutrition. Small Rumin. Res. 51, 155–163.
Kalač P., Samková E., 2010. The effects of feeding varius forages on fatty acid composition of bovine milk fat: A review. Czech J. Anim. Sci. 55, 521–537.
Litwińczuk A., Kędzierska-Matysek M., Barłowska J., 2007. Wydajność i jakość mleka kóz o różnych genotypach αs1-kazeiny z rejonu Wielkopolski i Podkarpacia. Med. Weter. 63 (2), 192–195.
Mancilla-Leytón J.M., Martín Vicente A., Delgado-Pertíñez M., 2013. Summer diet selection of dairy goats grazing in a Mediterranean shrubland and the quality of secreted fat. Small Rumin. Res. 113, 437–445.
Nałęcz-Tarwacka T., Zdanowska-Sąsiadek Ż., 2011. Wpływ żywienia na zawartość skoniugowanego kwasu linolowego (CLA) w mleku przeżuwaczy. Przegl. Hod. 3, 19–22.
PN-EN ISO 12966-1:2015-01. Oleje i tłuszcze roślinne oraz zwierzęce – Chromatografia gazowa estrów metylowych kwasów tłuszczowych – Część 1: Przewodnik do nowoczesnej chromatografii gazowej estrów metylowych kwasów tłuszczowych.
PN-EN ISO 5508:1996. Oleje i tłuszcze roślinne oraz zwierzęce. Analiza estrów metylowych kwasów tłuszczowych metodą chromatografii gazowej.
Raynal-Ljutovac K., Lagriffoul G., Paccard P., Guillet I., Chilliard Y., 2008. Composition of goat and sheep milk products: An update. Small Rumin. Res. 79, 57–72.
Renna M., Cornale P., Lussiana C., Malfatto V., Mimosi A., Battaglini L.M., 2012a. Fatty acid profile of milk from goats fed diets with different levels of conserved and fresh forages. Int. J. Dairy Technol. 65 (2), 201–207.
Renna M., Lussiana C., Cornale P., Fortina R., Mimosi A., 2012b. Changes in goat milk fatty acids abrupt transition from indoor to pasture diet. Small Ruminant Res. 108, 12–21.
Rutkowska J., Adamska A., Białek M., 2012. Fatty acid profile of the milk of cows reared in the mountain region of Poland. J. Dairy Res. 79, 469–476.
Sanz Sampelayo M.R., Chilliard Y., Schmidely Ph., Boza J., 2007. Influence of type of diet on the fat constituents of goat and sheep milk. Small Rumin. Res. 68, 42–63.
Strzałkowska N., Bagnicka E., Jóźwik A., Krzyżewski J., 2006. Concentration of total cholesterol in milk of Polish White Improved goats during the whole lactation. Arch. Tierz. 49, 166–173.
Strzałkowska N., Jóźwik A., Bagnicka E., Krzyżewski J., Horbańczuk K., Pyzel B., Horbańczuk J.O., 2009. Chemical composition, physical traits and fatty acid profile of goat milk as related to the stage of lactation. Anim. Sci. Pap. Rep. 27 (4), 311–320.
Strzałkowska N., Jóźwik A., Bagnicka E., Poławska E., Krzyżewski J., Pyzel B., Horbańczuk J.O., 2012. Profil kwasów tłuszczowych, koncentracja cholesterolu i podatność na lipolizę frakcji tłuszczowej mleka koziego. Med. Weter. 68 (1), 40–44.
Talpur F.N., Bhanger M.I., Memon N.N., 2009. Milk fatty acid composition of indigenous goat and ewe breed from Sindh, Pakistan. J. Food Comp. Anal. 22, 59–64.
Wolanciuk A., Barłowska J., Pastuszka R., Topyła B., 2013. Podstawowy skład chemiczny i wybrane parametry tłuszczu mleka koziego z okresu żywienia letniego i jesienno-zimowego. Rocz. Nauk. PTZ 9 (2), 63–70.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
