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Tom 22 Nr 1 (2012)

Articles

Ocimum basilicum L. – wartościowa roślina przyprawowa, lecznicza i olejkodajna. Praca przeglądowa

Przesłane: lipca 26, 2019
Opublikowane: 2012-06-04

Abstrakt

Bazylia pospolita (Ocimum basilicum L.) – wartościowa roślina przyprawowa, lecznicza i olejkodajna – pochodzi prawdopodobnie z tropikalnych rejonów Azji. Uprawiana jest obecnie w ciepłych rejonach strefy klimatu umiarkowanego oraz w krajach pod- i międzyzwrotnikowych. W Europie uprawa bazylii koncentruje się głównie w krajach śródziemnomorskich, z uwagi na duże wymagania świetlne i termiczne rośliny. Gatunek ten cechuje duża zmienność morfologiczno-rozwojowa (wczesność, bujność wzrostu, pokrój rośliny, sposób rozgałęzienia pędu, wielkość, kształt oraz zabarwienie liści i kwiatów) oraz składu chemicznego. Opisywanych jest ponad 150 gatunków w obrębie tego rodzaju, przy czym większość podziałów oparta jest na morfologii i barwie liści. Surowcem zielarskim bazylii jest ziele (Basilici herba), zawierające olejek eteryczny (0,5–2,5%), flawonoidy, garbniki, związki fenolowe, saponinowe oraz antocyjany i sole mineralne. Ziele bazylii oraz olejek lotny charakteryzuje wyraźna aktywność biologiczna, głównie w obrębie układu pokarmowego i nerwowego; dowiedziono też właściwości immunomodulacyjnych i antyoksydacyjnych ekstraktów z ziela bazylii. Składnikami dominującymi olejku eterycznego bazylii są: linalol, metylochawikol, eugenol, 1,8-cyneol, garanial, neral i cynamonian metylu, a ich udział pozostaje pod wyraźnym wpływem czynników genetycznych, ontogenetycznych i środowiskowych.

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