Abstract
There is an increasing interest in the commericalization of native fruits for food and medicinal extract utilization. This study was undertaken to determine the antioxidant and chemical properties of selected caucasian whortleberry from the native region of Northeastern Turkey. Caucasian whortleberry (Vaccinium arctostaphylos L.), a close relative to cultivated blueberries, were harvested from various sites of Black sea region of Turkey and were analyzed for their total phenolic (TP), anthocyanin (TA) contents, and their antioxidant capacity by FRAP and TEAC assays. Specific sugar and organic acid composition were also determined by the help of HPLC. ARC-1, and ARC-6 displayed the highest TP contents (5780 and 5754 μg GAE g-1 fw). The TA values were spectrophotometrically
estimated and they were varied between 74.7 (ARC-6) and 194.4 (ARC-4) μg del-3-glu g-1 fresh weight basis. ARC-1 had the highest amount (19.5 and 23.4 μmol
TE g-1 fw) of antioxidant capacity for both TEAC and FRAP assays. Fructose and glucose were found to be predominant sugars in all genotypes analyzed. The concentrations of fructose and glucose were averaged at 45.1 and 41.2 g kg-1 fw respectively. The organic acid distribution of berries was dominated by citric acid (mean of 9.85 g kg-1 fw). These results may provide evidence that Caucasian whortleberry has strong antioxidant capacity. Also, results of this study may be used for utilization of selected genotypes in the breeding studies of close relative vaccinium plants.
References
Ayaz F.A., Ayaz S.H., Gruz J., Novak O., Strnad M., 2005. Separation, characterization, and quantitation of phenolic acids in a little-known blueberry (Vaccinium arctostaphylos L.) fruit by HPLC-MS. J. Agr. Food Chem. 53, 8116–8122.
Bartolome A.P., Ruperez P., Fuster C., 1995. Pineapple fruit: Morphological characteristics, chemical composition and sensory analysis of Red Spanish and Smooth Cayenne cultivars. Food Chem. 53, 75–79.
Benzie I.F.F., Strain J.J., 1996. The ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) as a measure of “antioxidant power”: The FRAP assay. Anal. Biochem. 239, 70–76.
Bomser J., Madhavi D.L, Singletary K., Smith M.A.L., 1996. In vitro anticancer activity of fruit extracts from Vaccinium species. Planta Med. 62, 212–216.
Çelik H., Özgen M., Serçe S., Kaya C., 2008. Phytochemical accumulation and antioxidant capacity at four maturity stages of cranberry fruit. Sci. Hortic. 117, 345–348.
Çelik H., 2009. The performance of some northern highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) varieties in North eastern part of Anatolia. Ana. J. Agric. Sci. 24, 141–146.
Ehlenfeldt M.K., Ballington J.R., 2012. Vaccinium species of section Hemimyrtillus: their value to cultivated blueberry and approaches to utilization. Botany 90, 347–353.
Giusti M.M., Wrolstad R.E., 2005. Characterization and measurement of anthocyanins by uv–visible spectroscopy. Unit F1.2. In: Handbook of food analytical chemistry, Wrolstad R.E, Schwartz, S.J. (eds.). Wiley, New York. 19–31.
Gündüz K., Saraçoğlu O., 2012. Variation in total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of Prunus cerasifera Ehrh. selections from Mediterranean region of Turkey. Sci. Hortic. 134, 88–92.
Hasanloo T., Sepehrifar T., Hajimehdipoor R.H., 2011. Levels of phenolic compounds and their effects on antioxidant capacity of wild Vaccinium arctostaphylos L. (Qare-Qat) collected from different regions of Iran. Turk J. Biol. 35, 371–377.
Latti A.K., Kainulainen P.S., Ayaz S.H., Ayaz F.A., Riihinen K.R., 2009. Characterization of anthocyanins in Caucasian blueberries (Vaccinium arctostaphylos L.) native to Turkey. J. Agr. Food Chem. 57, 5244–5249.
Monavar F.A., Monatasser K.S., Saeed M., 2011. Vaccinium arctostaphylos, a common herbal medicine in Iran: Molecular and biochemical study of its antidiabetic effects on alloxandiabetic Wistar rats. J. Ethnopharmacol. 133, 67–74.
Moyer R.A., Hummer K.E., Finn C.E., Frei B., Wrolstad R.E., 2002. Anthocyanins, phenolics, and antioxidant capacity in diverse small fruits: Vaccinium, Rubus, and Ribes. J. Agr. Food Chem. 50, 519–525.
Nickavar B., Amin G., 2004. Anthocyanins from Vaccinium arctostaphylos berries. Pharm. Biol. 42, 289–291.
Özgen M., Reese R.N., Tulio A.Z., Miller A.R., Scheerens J.C., 2006. Modified 2,2-Azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) method to measure antioxidant capacity of selected small fruits and comparison to ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and 2,20-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) Methods. J. Agr. Food. Chem. 54, 1151–1157.
Özgen M., Serçe S., Kaya C., 2009. Phytochemical and antioxidant properties of anthocyanin-rich Morus nigra and Morus rubra fruits. Sci. Hortic. 119, 275–279.
Prior R.L., Cao G., Martin A., Sofic E., Mcewen J., O’Brien C., Lischner N., Ehlenfeldt M., Kalt W., Krewer G., Mainland C.M., 1998. Antioxidant capacity as influenced by total phenolic and anthocyanin content, maturity, and variety of Vaccinium species. J. Agr. Food Chem. 46, 2686–2693.
Shui G., Leong L.P., 2002. Separation and determination of organic acids and phenolic compounds in fruit juices and drinks by high-performance liquid chromatography. J. Chromatogr. A 977, 89–96.
Singleton V.L., Rossi J.L., 1965. Colorimetry of total phenolics with phosphomolybdicphosphotungstic acid reagents. Am. J. Enol. Viticult. 16, 144–158.
Stintzing F.C., Carle R., Frei B., Wrolstad R.E., 2002. Color and antioxidant properties of cyanidin-based anthocyanin pigments. J. Agric. Food Chem. 50, 6172–618.
Sun J., Chu Y.F., Wu X., Liu R.H., 2002. Antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of common fruits. J. Agr. Food Chem. 50, 7449–7454.
Zafra-Stone S., Yasmin T., Bagchi M., Chatterjee A., Vinson J.A., Bagchi D., 2007. Berry anthocyanins as novel antioxidants in human health and disease prevention. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 51, 675–683.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
