THE ASSESMENT OF TEN APPLE CULTIVARS AND THEIR SUSCEPTIBILITY ON BRUISING AFTER STORAGE AND SHELF-LIFE OF FRUIT TREATED WITH 1-MCP

Tomasz Lipa; Iwona Szot; Bohdan Dobrzański Jr.; Magdalena Kapłan

doi:10.24326/asphc.2019.6.13

Vol. 18 No. 6 (2019)

Articles

THE ASSESMENT OF TEN APPLE CULTIVARS AND THEIR SUSCEPTIBILITY ON BRUISING AFTER STORAGE AND SHELF-LIFE OF FRUIT TREATED WITH 1-MCP

Tomasz Lipa⁺⁻
Iwona Szot⁺⁻
Bohdan Dobrzański Jr.⁺⁻
Magdalena Kapłan⁺⁻

pdf

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24326/asphc.2019.6.13
Submitted: December 17, 2019
Published: 2019-12-17

Abstract

Control fruits and fruits subjected to 1-MCP application were placed in cold storage at 2°C, 90% r.h. for 18 weeks. The susceptibility of ten apple cultivars: ‘Beni Shogun’, ‘Braeburn Hillwell’, ‘Elise’, ‘Gloster’, ‘Golden Delicious’, ‘Idared’, ‘Jonagold Decosta’, ‘Ligol’, ‘Mutsu’ and ‘Šampion’ was tested using an impact test to obtain bruising of fruits. The analyses were performed on fruits immediately after harvest and four times after different period of cold storage (9 and 18 weeks) and shelf-life (7 days). The following analysis and characteristics of apples were determined: soluble solids content, dry matter content, acidity, fruit mass and size, and firmness. Impact test was carried out by dropping a glass ball with a mass of 25.68 g from height of 40 cm, due to which kinetic energy value of 0.1 J was obtained. Slight differences in acidity and soluble solid content were observed. On the other hand, stress noticed at firmness test was significantly higher for fruits treated with 1-MCP. It was also observed that firmness decreases after the shelf-life and after storage of fruit at room temperature. The ‘Beni Shogun’ apples fruits stored for 9 weeks are most susceptible to bruising (volume = 438.26 mm³). After cold storage, less susceptible cultivar was ‘Szampion’, for which the volume of fruit bruise was 145.62 mm³ only. After 9 weeks of cold storage, for most cultivars, there was no significant differences in bruise volume; however, the shelf-life had significant influence by differing the cultivars, and for all studied cultivars, the bruise volume was lower.

References

Baranowski, P., Lipecki, J., Mazurek, W., Walczak, R.T. (2005). Detekcja uszkodzeń mechanicznych jabłek z wykorzystaniem termografii. Acta Agrophys., 6(1), 19–29.
Baranowski, P., Mazurek, W. (2009). Detection of physiological disorders and mechanical defects in apples using thermography. Int. Agrophys., 23, 9–17.
Barreiro, P.(1999). Detailed procedure for fruit damaging. ASTEQ CA Newsletter, 2, 3–5.
Bieniek-Majka, M. (2015). Zmiany na rynku owoców i warzyw w Polsce po akcesji do Uni Europejskiej. Zesz Nauk., Stud. Pr. Wydz. Nauk Ekonom. Zarz., 4(2) 109–120.
Blahovec, J. (1999). Bruise resistance coefficient and bruise sensivity of apples and cherries. Int. Agrophys., 13(3), 315–322.
Chen, P., Ruitz-Altisent, M. (1996). A low-mass impact sensor for high-speed firmness sensing of fruits. AgEng’96. Int. Conference on Agricultural Engineering. Madrid, Spain. September 23–26, 96F-003.
Chen, P., Ruitz-Altisent, M., Barreiro, P. (1996). Effects of impacting mass on firmness sensing of fruits. Trans. ASAE, 39(3), 1019–1023.
Chen, S., Chen, P., Herrmann, L.R. (1984). Analysis of stresses in fruit during an impact. ASAE, 84–3554.
Chen, P., Tang, S., Chen, S. (1985). Instrument for testing the response of fruits to impact. ASAE, 85–3537.
Chen, P., Sun, Z. (1981). Impact parameters related to bruise injury in apples. ASAE, 81–3041.
Diamond, J. (2002). Evolution, coneguense and future of plant and animal domestication. Nature, 418, 700–707.
Dobrzański, B., Jr. (1997). Opracowanie agrofizycznych podstaw ograniczania strat i poprawy cech jakościowych owoców. Sprawozdanie Merytoryczne. PBZ-51-02. Instytut Agrofizyki im. Bohdana Dobrzańskiego PAN w Lublinie, pp. 394.
Dobrzański, B., Jr., Rybczyński, R. (2001). Mechanical and optical properties of pears as parameters of stage maturity. Acta Agrophys., 45, 61–68.
Dobrzański, B., Jr., Rybczyński, R. (2002). Color change of apples as a result of storage, shelf-life and bruising. Int. Agrophys., 15(1), 13–18.
Dobrzański B., Jr., Rybczyński, R. (2003). The measurement of colour of apple skin as a basic study of bruising. New Methods Means Technol. Appl. Agric. Prod. Agric. Eng. LUA, 1(6), 134–139.
Dobrzański, B., Jr., Rybczyński, R., Puchalski, C. (2003), Właściwości mechaniczne skórki oraz współczynnik tarcia jabłek odmiany Gala przechowywanych w różnych temperaturach. Acta Agrophys., 83, 59–69.
Dobrzański, B., Jr., Rabcewicz, J., Rybczyński, R. (2006). Handling of apple. Centre of Excellence Agrophysics. Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, pp. 234.
Dobrzański, B., Jr., Rybczyński, R., Dobrzańska, A., Wójcik W. (2001). Some physical and nutritional quality parameters of storage apple. Int. Agrophys., 15(1), 13–18.
Dobrzański, B., Lipa, T., Szot, I., Kapłan, M,. Baryła, P. (2018). Detekcja obić jabłek odmiany ‘Szampion Arno’ w zakresie światła widzialnego. Acta Agrophys. 25(4), 461–474.
Gołacki, K., Rowiński, P. (2006). Dynamiczne metody pomiaru właściwości mechanicznych owoców i warzyw. Acta Agrophys., 8(1), 69–82.
Holt, J.E., Schoorl, J. (1977). Bruising and energy dissipation in apples. J. Texture Stud., 7, 421–432.
Jeziorek, K., Tomala, K. (2009). Wpływ 1-MCP i warunków przechowywania na jakość i zdolność przechowalniczą jabłek parchoodpornego klonu U 641. Część I. Jędrność i kwasowość. Zesz. Probl. Post. Nauk Rol., 539, 254–256.
Jeziorek, K., Woźniak, M., Tomala, K. (2010). Response of ‘Golden Delicious’ apples to postharvest application of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) in conditions of normal and controlled atmosphere. J. Fruit Ornam. Plant Res., 18(2), 223–237.
Kapłan, M., Baryła, P., Krawiec, M., Kiczorowski, P. (2013). Effect of N Pro technology and seactiv complex on growth, yield quantity and quality of ‘Szampion’ apple trees. Acta Sci. Pol. Hortorum Cultus, 12(6), 45–56.
Kiczorowski, P., Kiczorowska, B., Krawiec, M., Kapłan, M. (2018). Influence of different rootstocks on basic nutrients, selected minerals, and phenolic compounds of apple CV. ‘Šampion’. Acta Sci. Pol. Hortorum Cultus, 17 (4), 167–180.
Kittemann, D., McCormick, R., Neuwald, D.A. (2015). Effect of high temperature and 1-MCP application or dynamic controlled atmosphere on energy savings during apple storage. Eur. J. Hortic. Sci., 80(1), 33–39.
Kopcke, M. (2015). 1-Methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) and dynamic controlled atmosphere (DCA) applications under elevated storage temperatures: Effects on fruit quality of ‘Elstar’, ‘Jonagold’ and ‘Gloster’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.). Eur. J. Hortic. Sci., 80(1), 25–32.
Labavitch, J.M., Greve, L.C., Mitcham, E. (1998). Fruit bruising: It is more than skin deep. Perishables Handling Quarterly, 95, 7–9.
Lipa, T., Szot, I. (2012). Odmianoznawstwo jabłoni. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Przyrodniczego w Lublinie.
Lipa, T., Szot, I., Dobrzański, B., Jr., Kapłan, M., Baryła P. (2018). Podatność gruszek na obicia po zbiorze i przechowywaniu. Acta Agrophys., 25(4), 475–484.
Makosz, E. (2011). Wielkość zbiorów, potrzeby i opłacalność produkcji jabłek, gruszek, wiśni i czereśni. XXXI Międzynarodowe Seminarium Sadownicze “Prognoza wielkości zbiorów, potrzeby i opłacalność produkcji owoców w kraju w najbliższych latach”, 4–5 marca 2011, Limanowa, Poland.
McCormick, R., Neuwald, D.A., Streif, J. (2012). Commercial apple CA storage temperature regimes with 1-MCP (SmartfreshTM): benefits and risks. Acta Hortic., 934, 263–270.
Milinkovic, M., Lalevic, B., Raicevic, V., Paunovic, S.M. (2018). Application of 1-methylcyclopropene in fruit of five apple cultivars grown in Serbia. J. Appl. Bot. Food Qual., 91, 296–303.
Mohsenin, N.N. (1986). Physical properties of plant and animals materials. 2nd ed. Gordon and Breach Science Publisher, New York.
Official Methods of Analysis (1995). AOAC International, Washington, USA Secs. 942.15.
Omobuwajo, T.O., Akande, A.E., Sanni, L.A. (1999). Selected physical, mechanical and aerodynamic properties African Breadfruit (Treculia africana) seeds. J. Food Eng., 40, 241–244.
Pilch, H., Lewandowski, M. (2007).Wpływ 1-metylocyklopropenu (1-MCP) na mięknięcie i jakość pozbiorczą śliwek odmiany ‘Stanley’ traktowanych i nie traktowanych przed zbiorem etefonem. Rocz. Akad. Rol. Poznaniu, 383, 363–369.
Rutkowski, K.P., Wawrzyńczak, A., Jóźwiak, Z.B. (2007). The influence of storage conditions and 1-MCP treatment on ethylene evolution and fruit quality in Gala apples. Veg. Crops Res. Bull., 66, 187–196.
Sikora, M., Tomala, K. (2008).Wpływ 1-metylocyklopropenu [1-MCP] na jakość i zdolność przechowalnicza jabłek odmiany ‘Melrose’. Post. Tech. Przetw. Spoż., 18, 47–51.
Stropek, Z., Gołacki, K. (2018). Viscoelastic response of apple flesh in a wide range of mechanical loading rates. Int. Agrophys., 32, 335–340.
Tomala, K. (1995). Prognozowanie zdolności przechowalniczej i określenie terminu zbioru jabłek. Fundacja Rozwój SGGW.
Wawrzyńczak, A., Jóźwiak, B., Rutkowski, K.P. (2007). The influence of storage conditions and 1-MCP treatment on ethylene evolution and fruit quality in ‘Gala’ apples. Vege. Crops Res. Bull., 66, 187–196.
WAPA (2018). http://www.wapa-association.org/asp/index.asp
Woźniak, M., Tomala, K., Grzymala, U. (2009). Wpływ 1-MCP i warunków przechowywania na jakość jabłek odmiany Sampion. Zesz. Probl. Post. Nauk Rol., 536.
Xuan, H., Streif, J. (2005). Effect of 1-MCP on the respiration and ethylene production as well as on the formation of aroma volatiles in ‘Jonagold’ apple during storage. Acta Hortic., 682, 1203–1210.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Keywords

apple
impact test
bruising
firmness
storage
shelf-life

Copyright Notice

Most read articles by the same author(s)

Iwona Szot, Tomasz Lipa, INFLUENCE OF BETOKSON SUPER AND FERTILIZERS ON CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF FRUITS AND LEAVES OF BLUE HONEYSUCKLE , Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Hortorum Cultus: Vol. 11 No. 5 (2012)
Andrzej Borowy, Magdalena Kapłan, Evaluating chemical and thermal weed suppression in lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.) cultivation , Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Hortorum Cultus: Vol. 21 No. 1 (2022)
Małgorzata Kostecka, Iwona Szot, Tomasz Czernecki, Paweł Szot, VITAMIN C CONTENT OF NEW ECOTYPES OF CORNELIAN CHERRY (Cornus mas L.) DETERMINED BY VARIOUS ANALYTICAL METHODS , Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Hortorum Cultus: Vol. 16 No. 4 (2017)
Tomasz Lipa, NUTRITION LEVEL OF MOTHER PLANTATIONS OF VEGETATIVE APPLE-TREE ROOTSTOCKS M.9 AND M.26 , Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Hortorum Cultus: Vol. 10 No. 3 (2011)
Andrzej Borowy, Mirosława Chwil, Magdalena Kapłan, BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE COMPOUNDS AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF BORAGE (Borago officinalis L.) FLOWERS AND LEAVES , Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Hortorum Cultus: Vol. 16 No. 5 (2017)
Iwona Szot, Alina Basak, Tomasz Lipa, Paweł Krawiec, THINNING OF APPLE FLOWERS WITH POTASSIUM BICARBONATE (ARMICARB®) IN ORGANIC ORCHARD , Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Hortorum Cultus: Vol. 15 No. 3 (2016)
Justyna Wieniarska, Elżbieta Szember, Iwona Szot, Danuta Murawska, The comparison of quality of three cultivars of hazelnut Corylus avellane L. , Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Hortorum Cultus: Vol. 3 No. 1 (2004)
Mirosław Korzeniowski, Anna Chmielowiec-Korzeniowska, Magdalena Ptaszek, Tomasz Lipa, Piotr Baryła, POSSIBILITIES OF USING CHEMICALS IN THE PROTECTION OF LAVENDER (Lavandula angustifolia) AGAINST Phytophthora citrophthora , Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Hortorum Cultus: Vol. 15 No. 6 (2016)
Piotr Kiczorowski, Bożena Kiczorowska, Marcela Krawiec, Magdalena Kapłan, INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT ROOTSTOCKS ON BASIC NUTRIENTS, SELECTED MINERALS, AND PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS OF APPLE CV. ‘ŠAMPION’ , Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Hortorum Cultus: Vol. 17 No. 4 (2018)
Janusz Lipecki, Iwona Szot, Tomasz Lipa, THE EFFECT OF CULTIVAR ON THE GROWTH AND RELATIONS BETWEEN GROWTH CHARACTERS IN “KNIP-BOOM” APPLE TREES , Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Hortorum Cultus: Vol. 13 No. 6 (2014)

<< < 1 2 3 > >>

Similar Articles

Erdal Aglar, Effects of harpin and modified atmosphere packaging (map) on quality traits and bioactive compounds of sweet cherry fruits throughout cold storage and shelf life , Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Hortorum Cultus: Vol. 17 No. 4 (2018)
Ewa Ropelewska, Mariusz Lewandowski, A comparative study of distinguishing apple cultivars and a clone based on features of selected fruit parts and leaves using image processing and artificial intelligence , Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Hortorum Cultus: Vol. 23 No. 2 (2024)
Saadet Koc Guler, Orhan Karakaya, Medeni Karakaya, Burhan Ozturk, Erdal Aglar, Tarık Yarılgac, Sefa Gün, COMBINED TREATMENTS OF MODIFIED ATMOSPHERE PACKAGING WITH AMINOETHOXYVINYLGLYCINE MAINTAINED FRUIT QUALITY IN SWEET CHERRY THROUGHOUT COLD STORAGE AND SHELF LIFE , Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Hortorum Cultus: Vol. 18 No. 5 (2019)
Muhammad Umair Shafique, Adnan Younis, Muhammad Asif, Ahsan Akram, Tahira Naseem, Usman Tariq, Muhammad Ahsan, Nasir Ahmad Khan, Muhammad Nadeem, POST-HARVEST IMPACT OF PACKAGING MATERIAL AND STORAGE DURATION ON CUT Narcissus tazetta , Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Hortorum Cultus: Vol. 20 No. 4 (2021)
Piotr Żurawik, Paulina Kukla, Agnieszka Żurawik, Post-harvest longevity and ornamental value of cut inflorescences of Crocosmia ×crocosmiiflora ‘Lucifer’ depending on flower food and storage conditions , Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Hortorum Cultus: Vol. 18 No. 4 (2019)
Yan-Fang Zhu, Hong-Hong Fan, Da-Hui Li, Qing Jin, Chuan-Ming Zhang, Li-Qin Zhu, Cheng Song, Yong-Ping Cai, Yi Lin, MOLECULAR CLONING, BIOINFORMATION ANALYSIS AND EXPRESSION OF THE STRICTOSIDINE SYNTHASE IN Dendrobium officinale , Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Hortorum Cultus: Vol. 19 No. 3 (2020)
Katarzyna Kowalczyk, Janina Gajc-Wolska, Dawid Bujalski, Małgorzata Mirgos, Monika Niedzińska, Katarzyna Mazur, Paweł Żołnierczyk, Dariusz Szatkowski, Maciej Cichoń, Nina Łęczycka, THE EFFECT OF SUPPLEMENTAL ASSIMILATION LIGHTING WITH HPS AND LED LAMPS ON THE CUCUMBER YIELDING AND FRUIT QUALITY IN AUTUMN CROP , Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Hortorum Cultus: Vol. 17 No. 4 (2018)
Elżbieta Pogroszewska, Paweł Szot, Katarzyna Rubinowska, Aleksandra Konopińska-Mamej, Alicja Świstowska, Adam Zdybel, Marzena Parzymies, Wojciech Durlak, THE EFFECT OF SILICON ON MORPHOLOGICAL TRAITS AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF POLYGONATUM MULTIFLORUM (L.) ALL. ‘VARIEGATUM’ CUT SHOOTS , Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Hortorum Cultus: Vol. 17 No. 4 (2018)
Xu Feng, Yongqing Xu, Dan Liu, Lina Peng, Jiamin Dong, Shukuan Yao, Yanzhong Feng, Zhe Feng, Fenglan Li, Baozhong Hu, EFFECTS OF ORGANIC CULTIVATION PATTERN ON TOMATO PRODUCTION: PLANT GROWTH CHARACTERISTICS, QUALITY, DISEASE RESISTANCE, AND SOIL PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES , Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Hortorum Cultus: Vol. 19 No. 1 (2020)
Elżbieta Paduch-Cichal, Tomasz Krupa, Ewa Mirzwa-Mróz, Marek Stefan Szyndel, Karol Staniszewski, Wojciech Kukuła, Elżbieta Mielniczuk, Marcin Wit, Wojciech Wakuliński, Effect of virus infection on the fruit quality of sour cherry cultivar Łutówka , Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Hortorum Cultus: Vol. 23 No. 2 (2024)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 > >>

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.

[1] Baranowski, P., Lipecki, J., Mazurek, W., Walczak, R.T. (2005). Detekcja uszkodzeń mechanicznych jabłek z wykorzystaniem termografii. Acta Agrophys., 6(1), 19–29.

[2] Baranowski, P., Mazurek, W. (2009). Detection of physiological disorders and mechanical defects in apples using thermography. Int. Agrophys., 23, 9–17.

[3] Barreiro, P.(1999). Detailed procedure for fruit damaging. ASTEQ CA Newsletter, 2, 3–5.

[4] Bieniek-Majka, M. (2015). Zmiany na rynku owoców i warzyw w Polsce po akcesji do Uni Europejskiej. Zesz Nauk., Stud. Pr. Wydz. Nauk Ekonom. Zarz., 4(2) 109–120.

[5] Blahovec, J. (1999). Bruise resistance coefficient and bruise sensivity of apples and cherries. Int. Agrophys., 13(3), 315–322.

[6] Chen, P., Ruitz-Altisent, M. (1996). A low-mass impact sensor for high-speed firmness sensing of fruits. AgEng’96. Int. Conference on Agricultural Engineering. Madrid, Spain. September 23–26, 96F-003.

[7] Chen, P., Ruitz-Altisent, M., Barreiro, P. (1996). Effects of impacting mass on firmness sensing of fruits. Trans. ASAE, 39(3), 1019–1023.

[8] Chen, S., Chen, P., Herrmann, L.R. (1984). Analysis of stresses in fruit during an impact. ASAE, 84–3554.

[9] Chen, P., Tang, S., Chen, S. (1985). Instrument for testing the response of fruits to impact. ASAE, 85–3537.

[10] Chen, P., Sun, Z. (1981). Impact parameters related to bruise injury in apples. ASAE, 81–3041.

[11] Diamond, J. (2002). Evolution, coneguense and future of plant and animal domestication. Nature, 418, 700–707.

[12] Dobrzański, B., Jr. (1997). Opracowanie agrofizycznych podstaw ograniczania strat i poprawy cech jakościowych owoców. Sprawozdanie Merytoryczne. PBZ-51-02. Instytut Agrofizyki im. Bohdana Dobrzańskiego PAN w Lublinie, pp. 394.

[13] Dobrzański, B., Jr., Rybczyński, R. (2001). Mechanical and optical properties of pears as parameters of stage maturity. Acta Agrophys., 45, 61–68.

[14] Dobrzański, B., Jr., Rybczyński, R. (2002). Color change of apples as a result of storage, shelf-life and bruising. Int. Agrophys., 15(1), 13–18.

[15] Dobrzański B., Jr., Rybczyński, R. (2003). The measurement of colour of apple skin as a basic study of bruising. New Methods Means Technol. Appl. Agric. Prod. Agric. Eng. LUA, 1(6), 134–139.

[16] Dobrzański, B., Jr., Rybczyński, R., Puchalski, C. (2003), Właściwości mechaniczne skórki oraz współczynnik tarcia jabłek odmiany Gala przechowywanych w różnych temperaturach. Acta Agrophys., 83, 59–69.

[17] Dobrzański, B., Jr., Rabcewicz, J., Rybczyński, R. (2006). Handling of apple. Centre of Excellence Agrophysics. Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, pp. 234.

[18] Dobrzański, B., Jr., Rybczyński, R., Dobrzańska, A., Wójcik W. (2001). Some physical and nutritional quality parameters of storage apple. Int. Agrophys., 15(1), 13–18.

[19] Dobrzański, B., Lipa, T., Szot, I., Kapłan, M,. Baryła, P. (2018). Detekcja obić jabłek odmiany ‘Szampion Arno’ w zakresie światła widzialnego. Acta Agrophys. 25(4), 461–474.

[20] Gołacki, K., Rowiński, P. (2006). Dynamiczne metody pomiaru właściwości mechanicznych owoców i warzyw. Acta Agrophys., 8(1), 69–82.

[21] Holt, J.E., Schoorl, J. (1977). Bruising and energy dissipation in apples. J. Texture Stud., 7, 421–432.

[22] Jeziorek, K., Tomala, K. (2009). Wpływ 1-MCP i warunków przechowywania na jakość i zdolność przechowalniczą jabłek parchoodpornego klonu U 641. Część I. Jędrność i kwasowość. Zesz. Probl. Post. Nauk Rol., 539, 254–256.

[23] Jeziorek, K., Woźniak, M., Tomala, K. (2010). Response of ‘Golden Delicious’ apples to postharvest application of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) in conditions of normal and controlled atmosphere. J. Fruit Ornam. Plant Res., 18(2), 223–237.

[24] Kapłan, M., Baryła, P., Krawiec, M., Kiczorowski, P. (2013). Effect of N Pro technology and seactiv complex on growth, yield quantity and quality of ‘Szampion’ apple trees. Acta Sci. Pol. Hortorum Cultus, 12(6), 45–56.

[25] Kiczorowski, P., Kiczorowska, B., Krawiec, M., Kapłan, M. (2018). Influence of different rootstocks on basic nutrients, selected minerals, and phenolic compounds of apple CV. ‘Šampion’. Acta Sci. Pol. Hortorum Cultus, 17 (4), 167–180.

[26] Kittemann, D., McCormick, R., Neuwald, D.A. (2015). Effect of high temperature and 1-MCP application or dynamic controlled atmosphere on energy savings during apple storage. Eur. J. Hortic. Sci., 80(1), 33–39.

[27] Kopcke, M. (2015). 1-Methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) and dynamic controlled atmosphere (DCA) applications under elevated storage temperatures: Effects on fruit quality of ‘Elstar’, ‘Jonagold’ and ‘Gloster’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.). Eur. J. Hortic. Sci., 80(1), 25–32.

[28] Labavitch, J.M., Greve, L.C., Mitcham, E. (1998). Fruit bruising: It is more than skin deep. Perishables Handling Quarterly, 95, 7–9.

[29] Lipa, T., Szot, I. (2012). Odmianoznawstwo jabłoni. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Przyrodniczego w Lublinie.

[30] Lipa, T., Szot, I., Dobrzański, B., Jr., Kapłan, M., Baryła P. (2018). Podatność gruszek na obicia po zbiorze i przechowywaniu. Acta Agrophys., 25(4), 475–484.

[31] Makosz, E. (2011). Wielkość zbiorów, potrzeby i opłacalność produkcji jabłek, gruszek, wiśni i czereśni. XXXI Międzynarodowe Seminarium Sadownicze “Prognoza wielkości zbiorów, potrzeby i opłacalność produkcji owoców w kraju w najbliższych latach”, 4–5 marca 2011, Limanowa, Poland.

[32] McCormick, R., Neuwald, D.A., Streif, J. (2012). Commercial apple CA storage temperature regimes with 1-MCP (SmartfreshTM): benefits and risks. Acta Hortic., 934, 263–270.

[33] Milinkovic, M., Lalevic, B., Raicevic, V., Paunovic, S.M. (2018). Application of 1-methylcyclopropene in fruit of five apple cultivars grown in Serbia. J. Appl. Bot. Food Qual., 91, 296–303.

[34] Mohsenin, N.N. (1986). Physical properties of plant and animals materials. 2nd ed. Gordon and Breach Science Publisher, New York.

[35] Official Methods of Analysis (1995). AOAC International, Washington, USA Secs. 942.15.

[36] Omobuwajo, T.O., Akande, A.E., Sanni, L.A. (1999). Selected physical, mechanical and aerodynamic properties African Breadfruit (Treculia africana) seeds. J. Food Eng., 40, 241–244.

[37] Pilch, H., Lewandowski, M. (2007).Wpływ 1-metylocyklopropenu (1-MCP) na mięknięcie i jakość pozbiorczą śliwek odmiany ‘Stanley’ traktowanych i nie traktowanych przed zbiorem etefonem. Rocz. Akad. Rol. Poznaniu, 383, 363–369.

[38] Rutkowski, K.P., Wawrzyńczak, A., Jóźwiak, Z.B. (2007). The influence of storage conditions and 1-MCP treatment on ethylene evolution and fruit quality in Gala apples. Veg. Crops Res. Bull., 66, 187–196.

[39] Sikora, M., Tomala, K. (2008).Wpływ 1-metylocyklopropenu [1-MCP] na jakość i zdolność przechowalnicza jabłek odmiany ‘Melrose’. Post. Tech. Przetw. Spoż., 18, 47–51.

[40] Stropek, Z., Gołacki, K. (2018). Viscoelastic response of apple flesh in a wide range of mechanical loading rates. Int. Agrophys., 32, 335–340.

[41] Tomala, K. (1995). Prognozowanie zdolności przechowalniczej i określenie terminu zbioru jabłek. Fundacja Rozwój SGGW.

[42] Wawrzyńczak, A., Jóźwiak, B., Rutkowski, K.P. (2007). The influence of storage conditions and 1-MCP treatment on ethylene evolution and fruit quality in ‘Gala’ apples. Vege. Crops Res. Bull., 66, 187–196.

[43] WAPA (2018). http://www.wapa-association.org/asp/index.asp

[44] Woźniak, M., Tomala, K., Grzymala, U. (2009). Wpływ 1-MCP i warunków przechowywania na jakość jabłek odmiany Sampion. Zesz. Probl. Post. Nauk Rol., 536.

[45] Xuan, H., Streif, J. (2005). Effect of 1-MCP on the respiration and ethylene production as well as on the formation of aroma volatiles in ‘Jonagold’ apple during storage. Acta Hortic., 682, 1203–1210.