Biostimulants containing amino acids in vegetable crop production

Robert Gruszecki; Aneta Stawiarz

doi:10.24326/asphc.2021.6.6

Tom 20 Nr 6 (2021)

Artykuły

Biostimulants containing amino acids in vegetable crop production

Robert Gruszecki⁺⁻
Aneta Stawiarz⁺⁻

PDF (English)

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24326/asphc.2021.6.6
Przesłane: 20 października 2020
Opublikowane: 2021-12-09

Abstrakt

Amino acids can induce defence reactions and reduce the impact of abiotic stresses on plants, yet their impact on the yield of vegetable crops is varied. For this reason, an analysis of the published research on the effect of biostimulants containing amino acids (BCAA) on the quantity and quality of vegetable crop yield was carried out. The results of the research indicate the multidirectional effect of BCAA on vegetable plants and they also show that the use of these biostimulants may increase yield quantity and quality as well as influence biometric features and chemical composition of plants. BCAA may also affect the amount of losses caused by pests and during the storage of vegetables. However, the variability of the effects is very large and depends on many factors: composition of BCAA, time, dose, number and method of application, cultivation cycle, weather conditions, and plant species or even cultivar. Therefore, the effective use of BCAA requires further research, while their proper application in horticultural practice will require taking into account many factors.

Bibliografia

Abd El-Aal, F.S., Shaheen, A.M., Ahmed, A.A., Mahmoud, R. (2010). The effect of foliar application of urea and amino acids mixtures as antioxidants on the growth and yield and characteristics of squash. Res. J. Agric. Biol. Sci., 6(5), 583–588.
Abdel-Rahim, G.H., Gamie, A.A., Al-Bassuny, M.S.S., Abd Allah, M.A.A. (2019). Response of onion crop to foliar application by amino acids, yeast extract and boron in Upper Egypt. Assiut J. Agric. Sci., 50(1), 149–159. https://doi.org/10.21608/ajas.2019.33496
Abou El Magd, M.M. (2019). Foliar application of amino acids and seaweed extract on the growth and yield of some cruciferous crops. Middle East J. Agric. Res., 8(3), 782–787.
Aly, A., Eliwa, N., Abd El Megid, M.H. (2019). Improvement of growth, productivity and some chemical properties of hot pepper by foliar application of amino acids and yeast extract. Potravinarstvo Slovak J. Food Sci., 13(1), 831–839. https://doi.org/10.5219/1160
Ashraf, M., Foolad, M.R. (2007). Roles of glycinebetaine and proline in improving plant abiotic stress tolerance. Environ. Exp. Bot., 59(2), 206–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2005.12.006
Botta, A. (2013). Enhancing plant tolerance to temperature stress with amino acids: an approach to their mode of action. Acta Hortic., 1009, 29–35. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2013.1009.1
Bulgari, R., Franzoni, G., Ferrante, A. (2019). Biostimulants application in horticultural crops under abiotic stress conditions. Agronomy, 9, 306. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9060306
Calvo, P., Nelson, L., Kloepper, J.W. (2014). Agricultural uses of plant biostimulants. Plant Soil, 383(1/2), 3–41. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-014-2131-8
Castro, B.F., Locascio, S.J., Olson, S.M., (1988). Tomato response to foliar nutrient and biostimulant applications. Proc. Florida State Hort. Soc.,103, 117–119.
Cavani, L., Halle, A.T., Richard, C., Ciavatta, C. (2006). Photosensitizing properties of protein hydrolysate-based fertilizers. J. Agric. Food Chem., 54, 9160–9167. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0624953
Chen, T.H.H., Murata, N. (2011). Glycinebetaine protects plants against abiotic stress: mechanisms and biotechnological applications. Plant Cell Environ., 34,1–20. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.2010.02232.x
Colla, G., Rouphael, Y., Canaguier, R., Svecova, E., Cardarelli, M., (2014). Biostimulant action of a plant-derived protein hydrolysate produced through enzymatic hydrolysis. Front. Plant Sci., 5, 448. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2014.00448
Dar, M.I., Naikoo, M.I., Rehman, F., Naushin, F., Khan, F.A. (2016). Proline accumulation in plants: roles in stress tolerance and plant development. In: Osmolytes and plants acclimation to changing environment: emerging omics technologies, Iqbal, N., Nazar, R., Khan, N.A. (eds). Springer, India, 155–166. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2616-1_9
du Jardin, P. (2015). Plant biostimulants: definition, concept, main categories and regulation. Sci. Hortic., 30(196), 3–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2015.09.021
El-Abagy, H.M., El-Tohamy, W.A., Abdel-Mawgoud, A.M.R., Abou-Hussein, S.D. (2014). Effect of different amino acid sources and application rates on yield and quality of onion in the newly reclaimed lands. Middle East J. Agric. Res., 3(1), 81–88.
El-Nemr, M.A., El-Bassiony, A.M., Tantawy, A.S., Fawzy, Z.F. (2015). Responses of eggplant (Solanum melongena var. esculenta L.) plants to different foliar concentrations of some bio-stimulators. Middle East J. Agric. Res., 4(4), 860–866.
Ertani, A., Cavani, L., Pizzeghello, D., Brandellero, E., Altissimo, A., Ciavatta, C., Nardi S. (2009). Biostimulant activity of two protein hydrolyzates in the growth and nitrogen metabolism of maize seedlings. J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci., 172(2), 237–244. https://doi.org/10.1002/jpln.200800174
Fawzy, Z.F., Abou El-magd, M.M., Li, Y., Zhu, O., Hoda, A.M. (2012). Influence of foliar application by EM “Effective Microorganisms”, amino acids and yeast on growth, yield and quality of two cultivars of onion plants under newly reclaimed soil. J. Agric. Sci., 4(11), 26–39. https://doi.org/10.5539/jas.v4n11p26
Gajc-Wolska, J., Kowalczyk, K., Nowecka, M., Mazur, K., Metera, A. (2012). Effect of organic-mineral fertilizers on the yield and quality of endive (Cichorium endivia L.). Acta Sci. Pol., Hort. Cultus, 11(3), 189–200.
Grabowska, A., Kunicki, E., Sekara, A., Kalisz, A., Wojciechowska, R. (2012). The effect of cultivar and biostimulant treatment on the carrot yield and its quality. Veg. Crops Res. Bull., 77, 37–48.
Ismail, A.Y., Fayed, A.A.M. (2020). Response of dry seed yield of Faba bean “Vicia faba, L.” to spraying with amino acids, organic acids, (NAA) growth regulator and micro nutrients. Alex. J. Agric. Sci., 65(1), 7–16.
Jonytienė, V., Burbulis, N., Kupriene, R., Blinstrubiene, A. (2012). Effect of exogenous proline and de-acclimation treatment on cold tolerance in Brassica napus shoots cultured in vitro. J. Food Agric. Environ., 10, 327–330
Kałużewicz, A., Krzesiński, W., Spiżewski, T., Zaworska, A. (2017). Effect of biostimulants on several physiological characteristics and chlorophyll content in broccoli under drought stress and re-watering. Not. Bot. Horti Agrobot. Cluj-Napoca, 45, 197–202. https://doi.org/10.15835/nbha45110529
Kałużewicz, A., Spiżewski, T., Krzesiński, W., Zaworska, A. (2018). The effect of biostimulants on the yield and quality of broccoli heads during storage. Nauka Przyr. Technol., 12(1), 45–54. https://doi.org/10.17306/J.NPT. 00223
Kavasoğlu, A., Ceyhan, E. (2018). Effects on agricultural characters of application of amino acids in Kınalı bean cultivar Selcuk. J. Agr. Food Sci., 32(1), 43–49. https://doi.org/10.15316/SJAFS.2018.62
Khalel, A.M.S., Sultan, F.I. (2019). Influence of foliar spray and soil application of three aminoacids compounds in growth and yield of onion (Allium cepa L.). Plant Arch., 19(1), 531–534.
Khan, R.I., Hafiz, I.A., Shafique, M., Ahmed, TA, Qureshi, A. (2018). Effect of pre-harvest foliar application of amino acids and seaweed (Ascophylum nodosum) extract on growth, yield, and storage life of different bell pepper (Capsicum annum L.) cultivars grown under hydroponic conditions. J. Plant Nutr. 41(18), 2309–2319. https://doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2018.1504966
Kocira, S., Kocira, A., Szmigielski, M., Piecak, A., Sagan, A., Malaga-Toboła, U. (2015). Effect of an amino acids-containing biostimulator on common bean crop. Przem. Chem., 94(10), 1732–1736. https://doi.org/10.15199/62.2015.10.16
Koukounaras, A., Tsouvaltzis, P., Siomos, A.S. (2013). Effect of root and foliar application of amino acids on the growth and yield of greenhouse tomato in different fertilization levels. J. Food. Agric. Environ., 11(2), 644–648. https://doi.org/10.1234/4.2013.4387
Kowalczyk, K., Zielony, T., Gajewski, M. (2008). Effect of aminoplant and asahi on yield and quality of lettuce grown on rockwool. Conference of biostimulators in modern agriculture “Vegetable crops”. 7–8 February 2008, Warsaw, 35–43.
Kunicki, E., Grabowska, A., Sękara, A., Wojciechowska, R. (2010). The effect of cultivar type, time of cultivation, and biostimulant treatment on the yield of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L). Folia Hortic., 22, 9–13. https://doi.org/10.2478/fhort-2013-0153
Lehmann, S., Funck, D., Szabados, L., Rentsch, D. (2010). Proline metabolism and transport in plant development. Amino Acids, 39, 949–962. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-010-0525-3
Łyszkowska, M., Gajc-Wolska, J. Kubić, K. (2008). The influence of biostimulators on yield and quality of leaf and iceberg lettuce grown under field conditions. Conference of biostimulators in modern agriculture “Vegetable crops”. 7–8 February, Warsaw, 28–34.
Maini, P. (2006). The experience of the first biostimulant based on amino acids and peptides: a short retrospective review on the laboratory researches and the practical results. Fertil. Agrorum, 1(1), 29–43.
MarketsAndMarkets (2019). Biostimulants market by active ingredient (humic substances, amino acids, seaweed extracts, microbial amendments), crop type (fruits & vegetables, cereals, turf & ornamentals), application method, form, and region – global forecast to 2025. Available: https://www.marketsandmarkets.com/Market-Reports/biostimulant-market-1081.html
Mattioli, R., Costantino, P., Trovato, M. (2009). Proline accumulation in plants. Not only stress. Plant Signal. Behav., 4(11), 1016–1018. https://doi.org/10.4161/psb.4.11.9797
Mogor, A.F., de Oliveira Amatussi, J., Mogor, G., de Lara, G.B. (2018). Bioactivity of cyanobacterial biomass related to amino acids induces growth and metabolic changes on seedlings and yield gains of organic red beet. Amer. J. Plant Sci., 9, 966–978. https://doi.org/10.4236/ajps.2018.95074
Parrado, J., Bautista, J., Romero, E.F., García-Martínez, A.M., Friaza, V., Tejada, M. (2008). Production of a carob enzymatic extract: potential use as a biofertilizer. Bioresour. Technol., 99, 2312–2318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2007.05.029
Raeisi, M., Farahani, L., Shams, S. (2013). Effects of chemical fertilizers and biostimulants containing amino acid on yield and growth parameters of broad bean (Vicia faba L.). Int. J. Agric. Crop Sci., 5(21), 2618–2621.
Rahimi-Shokooh, A., Dehghani-Meshkani, M.R., Mehrafarin, A., Khalighi-Sigaroodi, F., Naghdi-Badi, H. (2013). Changes in essential oil composition and leaf traits of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) affected by bio-stimulators/fertilizers application. J. Med. Plant., 12(47), 83–92.
Sadak, M.S.H., Abdelhamid, M.T., Schmidhalter, U. (2015). Effect of foliar application of amino acids on plant yield and some physiological parameters in bean plants irrigated with seawater. Acta Biol. Colomb., 20, 141–152. https://doi.org/10.15446/abc.v20n1.42865
Sarojnee, D.Y., Navindra, B., Chandrabose, S. (2009). Effect of naturally occurring amino acid stimulants on the growth and yield of hot peppers (Capsicum annum L.). J. Anim. Plant Sci., 5(1), 414–424.
Shafeek, M.R., Ali, A.H., Mahmoud, A.R., Helmy, Y.I., Omar, N.M. (2018a). Effects of foliar application of amino acid and bio fertilizer on growth and yield of onion plant under newly reclaimed land conditions. Middle East J. Appl. Sci., 8(4), 1197–1206.
Shafeek, M.R., Ali, A.H., Mahmoud, A.R., Helmy, Y.I., Omar, N.M. (2018b). Bio fertilizer doses and foliar application of amino mix to enhance the performance of pea plant under newly reclaimed land conditions. Middle East J. Appl. Sci., 7(2), 254–263.
Shaheen, A.M., El-Samad, E.H.A., Rizk, F.A., Behairy, A.G., Adam, S.M. (2018). Effect of application methods of plant growth stimulants on growth and yield of snap bean. J. Anim. Plant Sci., 28(3), 854–864.
Shaheen, A.M., Fatma, A.R., Hoda. A.M., Habib, A.E., Baky, M.M.H. (2010). Nitrogen soil dressing and foliar spraying by sugar and amino acids as affected the growth, yield and its quality of onion plant. J. Amer. Sci., 6(8), 420–427.
Shaheen, A.M., Fatma, A.R., Omaima, M.S., Bakry, M.O. (2013). Sustaining the quality and quantity of onion productivity throughout complementrity treatments between compost tea and amino acids. Middle East J. Agric. Res., 2(4), 108–115.
Shalaby, T.A., El-Ramady, H. (2014). Effect of foliar application of bio-stimulants on growth, yield, components, and storability of garlic (Allium sativum L.). Austral. J. Crop Sci., 8(2), 271–227.
Shehata, S.A., Abdel-Wahab, A. (2018). Influence of compost, humic acid and amino acids on sweet pepper growth, productivity and storage-ability. Middle East J. Appl. Sci., 8(3), 922–927.
Shehata, S.M., Abdel-Azem, H.S., El-Yazied, A.A., El-Gizawy, A.M. (2011). Effect of foliar spraying with amino acids and seaweed extract on growth chemical constitutes, yield and its quality of celeriac plant. Europ. J. Sci. Res., 58(2), 257–265.
Stawiarz, A., Gruszecki, R. (2016). Effect of Calcorium Liquide on the quality and quantity of Hamburg parsley (Petroselinum crispum ssp. tuberosum) yield. Annales UMCS sec. EEE Horticulturae, 26(1), 13–21.
Tomczyk, A., Andryka, P. (2016). Effectiveness of Swirski-mite (Amblyseius swirskii Athias-Henriot) in control of two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch) on cucumber plants treated with biostimulants. Prog. Plant Prot., 56(2), 175–179. https:doi.org/10.14199/ppp-2016-029
Trawczyński, C. (2014). Wpływ biostymulatorów aminokwasowych – Tecamin- na plon i jakość ziemniaków. Ziemn. Pol., 3, 29–34.
Trovato, M., Forlani, G., Signorelli, S., Funck, D. (2019). Proline Metabolism and Its Functions in Development and Stress Tolerance. In: Osmoprotectant-mediated abiotic stress tolerance in plants, Hossain, M.A., Kumar, V., Burritt, D.J., Fujita, M., Mäkelä, P.S.A. (eds). Recent advances and future perspectives. Springer Nature Switzerland, 41–72. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27423-8_2
Tsouvaltzis, P., Koukounaras, A., Siomos, A.S. (2014). Application of amino acids improves lettuce crop uniformity and inhibits nitrate accumulation induced by the supplemental inorganic nitrogen fertilization. Int. J. Agric. Biol. 16, 951–955. https://doi.org/13-300/2014/16-5-951-955
Van Oosten, M.J., Pepe, O., De Pascale, S., Silletti, S., Maggio, A. (2017). The role of biostimulants and bioeffectors as alleviators of abiotic stress in crop plants. Chem. Biol. Technol. Agric., 4–5. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40538-017-0089-5
Wojdyła, T.A., Sobolewski, J. (2016). Możliwość wykorzystania środków zawierających aminokwasy w ochronie fasoli przed Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Zesz. Nauk. Instyt. Ogrod., 4, 131–140.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Słowa kluczowe

yield
plant growth
biometrical features
chemical composition

Prawa autorskie

Inne teksty tego samego autora

Renata Nurzyńska-Wierdak, Robert Gruszecki, Maria Kosior, DOES PRESERVATION MODIFY THE ESSENTIAL OIL CONTENT AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF LEAF CELERY (Apium graveolens L. var. secalinum Alef.)? , Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Hortorum Cultus: Tom 17 Nr 6 (2018)
Andrzej Sałata, Robert Gruszecki, Jan Dyduch, MORPHOLOGICAL AND QUALITATIVE CHARACTERIZATION OF GLOBE ARTICHOKE (Cynara scolymus L.) CULTIVARS ‘SYMPHONY’ AND ‘MADRIGAL’ ON DEPENDING OF THE HEADS GROWTH , Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Hortorum Cultus: Tom 11 Nr 5 (2012)
Andrzej Sałata, Robert Gruszecki, THE QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF POLIPHENOLIC COMPOUNDS IN DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE ARTICHOKE (cynara scolymus L.) DEPENDING ON GROWTH STAGE OF PLANTS , Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Hortorum Cultus: Tom 9 Nr 3 (2010)
Ewa Dorota Zalewska, Grażyna Zawiślak, Rafał Papliński, Magdalena Walasek-Janusz, Robert Gruszecki, Antifungal effects of some essential oils on selected allergenic fungi in vitro , Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Hortorum Cultus: Tom 21 Nr 6 (2022)
Robert Gruszecki, Andrzej Sałata, EFFECT OF WINTER HARDINESS ON HAMBURG PARSLEY (Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Nyman ex A. W. Hill var. tuberosum (Bernh.) Mart. Crov.) YIELD QUALITY , Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Hortorum Cultus: Tom 9 Nr 3 (2010)
Robert Gruszecki, Andrzej Borowy, Andrzej Sałata, Grażyna Zawiślak, EFFECT OF LIVING MULCH AND LINURON ON WEEDS AND YIELD OF CARROT UNDER RIDGE CULTIVATION , Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Hortorum Cultus: Tom 14 Nr 6 (2015)
Robert Gruszecki, Barbara Mysiak, Magdalena Walasek-Janusz, Effect of drying temperature on the bioactive compounds content of rose hips (Rosa canina L.) , Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Hortorum Cultus: Tom 23 Nr 3 (2024)

Podobne artykuły

Małgorzata Schollenberger, Agnieszka Gadomska-Gajadhur, Ewa Mirzwa-Mróz, Damian Kret, Ewa Skutnik, Elżbieta Paduch-Cichal, Mark Gleason, The influence of plant essential oils on in vitro growth of Pectobacterium and Dickeya spp. bacteria , Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Hortorum Cultus: Tom 20 Nr 6 (2021)
Murat Güneri, Zeynel Dalkılıç, Effects of salicylic acid application on germination, growth and development of rough lemon (Citrus jambhiri Lush.) under salt stress , Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Hortorum Cultus: Tom 22 Nr 2 (2023)
Barbara Anna Abramczyk, Ewa Dorota Król, Ewa Dorota Zalewska, Beata Zimowska, INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE AND FUNGAL COMMUNITY ON GROWTH AND SPORULATION OF Diaporthe FROM FRUIT PLANTS , Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Hortorum Cultus: Tom 19 Nr 5 (2020)
Natalia Skubij, Katarzyna Dzida, INFLUENCE OF NITROGEN DOSE AND HARVESTING DATE ON THE YIELD AND BIOLOGICAL VALUE OF RAW GARDEN SAVORY (Satureja hortensis L.) OF SATURN CV. , Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Hortorum Cultus: Tom 18 Nr 1 (2019)
Jadwiga Żebrowska, Magdalena Dyduch-Siemińska, Jacek Gawroński, Izabella Jackowska, Marzena Justyna Pabich, Pre-breeding study for the enhancement of bioactive fruit attributes in strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) , Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Hortorum Cultus: Tom 20 Nr 6 (2021)
Beyhan Kibar, Onur Karaağaç, Hayati Kar, CORRELATION AND PATH COEFFICIENT ANALYSIS OF YIELD AND YIELD COMPONENTS IN CABBAGE (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) , Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Hortorum Cultus: Tom 13 Nr 6 (2014)
Tao Xue, Er-kui Yue, Er-kun Chao, Yong Su, Wan-jun Zhang, Yan-fang Zhu, Jing-tong Teng, Jian-ping Xue, IDENTIFICATION AND EXPRESSION OF GA-RELATED GENES ASSOCIATED WITH in vitro MICRO-TUBERS FORMATION IN Pinellia ternata , Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Hortorum Cultus: Tom 17 Nr 6 (2018)
Xu Feng, Yongqing Xu, Dan Liu, Lina Peng, Jiamin Dong, Shukuan Yao, Yanzhong Feng, Zhe Feng, Fenglan Li, Baozhong Hu, EFFECTS OF ORGANIC CULTIVATION PATTERN ON TOMATO PRODUCTION: PLANT GROWTH CHARACTERISTICS, QUALITY, DISEASE RESISTANCE, AND SOIL PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES , Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Hortorum Cultus: Tom 19 Nr 1 (2020)
Gustavo E. González-Terán, Fernando C. Gómez-Merino, Libia I. Trejo-Téllez, EFFECTS OF SILICON AND CALCIUM APPLICATION ON GROWTH, YIELD AND FRUIT QUALITY PARAMETERS OF CUCUMBER ESTABLISHED IN A SODIC SOIL , Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Hortorum Cultus: Tom 19 Nr 3 (2020)
Ali Mohammadi Kharkeshi, Elyas Rahimi Petroudi, Fazl Shirdel Shahmiri, Hamidreza Mobasser, Alireza Daneshmand, Variations of yield, biochemical and antioxidative responses in sesame with silicon and cytokinin treatments under drought stress , Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Hortorum Cultus: Tom 22 Nr 6 (2023)

<< < 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 > >>

Możesz również Rozpocznij zaawansowane wyszukiwanie podobieństw dla tego artykułu.

[1] Abd El-Aal, F.S., Shaheen, A.M., Ahmed, A.A., Mahmoud, R. (2010). The effect of foliar application of urea and amino acids mixtures as antioxidants on the growth and yield and characteristics of squash. Res. J. Agric. Biol. Sci., 6(5), 583–588.

[2] Abdel-Rahim, G.H., Gamie, A.A., Al-Bassuny, M.S.S., Abd Allah, M.A.A. (2019). Response of onion crop to foliar application by amino acids, yeast extract and boron in Upper Egypt. Assiut J. Agric. Sci., 50(1), 149–159. https://doi.org/10.21608/ajas.2019.33496

[3] Abou El Magd, M.M. (2019). Foliar application of amino acids and seaweed extract on the growth and yield of some cruciferous crops. Middle East J. Agric. Res., 8(3), 782–787.

[4] Aly, A., Eliwa, N., Abd El Megid, M.H. (2019). Improvement of growth, productivity and some chemical properties of hot pepper by foliar application of amino acids and yeast extract. Potravinarstvo Slovak J. Food Sci., 13(1), 831–839. https://doi.org/10.5219/1160

[5] Ashraf, M., Foolad, M.R. (2007). Roles of glycinebetaine and proline in improving plant abiotic stress tolerance. Environ. Exp. Bot., 59(2), 206–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2005.12.006

[6] Botta, A. (2013). Enhancing plant tolerance to temperature stress with amino acids: an approach to their mode of action. Acta Hortic., 1009, 29–35. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2013.1009.1

[7] Bulgari, R., Franzoni, G., Ferrante, A. (2019). Biostimulants application in horticultural crops under abiotic stress conditions. Agronomy, 9, 306. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9060306

[8] Calvo, P., Nelson, L., Kloepper, J.W. (2014). Agricultural uses of plant biostimulants. Plant Soil, 383(1/2), 3–41. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-014-2131-8

[9] Castro, B.F., Locascio, S.J., Olson, S.M., (1988). Tomato response to foliar nutrient and biostimulant applications. Proc. Florida State Hort. Soc.,103, 117–119.

[10] Cavani, L., Halle, A.T., Richard, C., Ciavatta, C. (2006). Photosensitizing properties of protein hydrolysate-based fertilizers. J. Agric. Food Chem., 54, 9160–9167. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0624953

[11] Chen, T.H.H., Murata, N. (2011). Glycinebetaine protects plants against abiotic stress: mechanisms and biotechnological applications. Plant Cell Environ., 34,1–20. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.2010.02232.x

[12] Colla, G., Rouphael, Y., Canaguier, R., Svecova, E., Cardarelli, M., (2014). Biostimulant action of a plant-derived protein hydrolysate produced through enzymatic hydrolysis. Front. Plant Sci., 5, 448. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2014.00448

[13] Dar, M.I., Naikoo, M.I., Rehman, F., Naushin, F., Khan, F.A. (2016). Proline accumulation in plants: roles in stress tolerance and plant development. In: Osmolytes and plants acclimation to changing environment: emerging omics technologies, Iqbal, N., Nazar, R., Khan, N.A. (eds). Springer, India, 155–166. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2616-1_9

[14] du Jardin, P. (2015). Plant biostimulants: definition, concept, main categories and regulation. Sci. Hortic., 30(196), 3–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2015.09.021

[15] El-Abagy, H.M., El-Tohamy, W.A., Abdel-Mawgoud, A.M.R., Abou-Hussein, S.D. (2014). Effect of different amino acid sources and application rates on yield and quality of onion in the newly reclaimed lands. Middle East J. Agric. Res., 3(1), 81–88.

[16] El-Nemr, M.A., El-Bassiony, A.M., Tantawy, A.S., Fawzy, Z.F. (2015). Responses of eggplant (Solanum melongena var. esculenta L.) plants to different foliar concentrations of some bio-stimulators. Middle East J. Agric. Res., 4(4), 860–866.

[17] Ertani, A., Cavani, L., Pizzeghello, D., Brandellero, E., Altissimo, A., Ciavatta, C., Nardi S. (2009). Biostimulant activity of two protein hydrolyzates in the growth and nitrogen metabolism of maize seedlings. J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci., 172(2), 237–244. https://doi.org/10.1002/jpln.200800174

[18] Fawzy, Z.F., Abou El-magd, M.M., Li, Y., Zhu, O., Hoda, A.M. (2012). Influence of foliar application by EM “Effective Microorganisms”, amino acids and yeast on growth, yield and quality of two cultivars of onion plants under newly reclaimed soil. J. Agric. Sci., 4(11), 26–39. https://doi.org/10.5539/jas.v4n11p26

[19] Gajc-Wolska, J., Kowalczyk, K., Nowecka, M., Mazur, K., Metera, A. (2012). Effect of organic-mineral fertilizers on the yield and quality of endive (Cichorium endivia L.). Acta Sci. Pol., Hort. Cultus, 11(3), 189–200.

[20] Grabowska, A., Kunicki, E., Sekara, A., Kalisz, A., Wojciechowska, R. (2012). The effect of cultivar and biostimulant treatment on the carrot yield and its quality. Veg. Crops Res. Bull., 77, 37–48.

[21] Ismail, A.Y., Fayed, A.A.M. (2020). Response of dry seed yield of Faba bean “Vicia faba, L.” to spraying with amino acids, organic acids, (NAA) growth regulator and micro nutrients. Alex. J. Agric. Sci., 65(1), 7–16.

[22] Jonytienė, V., Burbulis, N., Kupriene, R., Blinstrubiene, A. (2012). Effect of exogenous proline and de-acclimation treatment on cold tolerance in Brassica napus shoots cultured in vitro. J. Food Agric. Environ., 10, 327–330

[23] Kałużewicz, A., Krzesiński, W., Spiżewski, T., Zaworska, A. (2017). Effect of biostimulants on several physiological characteristics and chlorophyll content in broccoli under drought stress and re-watering. Not. Bot. Horti Agrobot. Cluj-Napoca, 45, 197–202. https://doi.org/10.15835/nbha45110529

[24] Kałużewicz, A., Spiżewski, T., Krzesiński, W., Zaworska, A. (2018). The effect of biostimulants on the yield and quality of broccoli heads during storage. Nauka Przyr. Technol., 12(1), 45–54. https://doi.org/10.17306/J.NPT. 00223

[25] Kavasoğlu, A., Ceyhan, E. (2018). Effects on agricultural characters of application of amino acids in Kınalı bean cultivar Selcuk. J. Agr. Food Sci., 32(1), 43–49. https://doi.org/10.15316/SJAFS.2018.62

[26] Khalel, A.M.S., Sultan, F.I. (2019). Influence of foliar spray and soil application of three aminoacids compounds in growth and yield of onion (Allium cepa L.). Plant Arch., 19(1), 531–534.

[27] Khan, R.I., Hafiz, I.A., Shafique, M., Ahmed, TA, Qureshi, A. (2018). Effect of pre-harvest foliar application of amino acids and seaweed (Ascophylum nodosum) extract on growth, yield, and storage life of different bell pepper (Capsicum annum L.) cultivars grown under hydroponic conditions. J. Plant Nutr. 41(18), 2309–2319. https://doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2018.1504966

[28] Kocira, S., Kocira, A., Szmigielski, M., Piecak, A., Sagan, A., Malaga-Toboła, U. (2015). Effect of an amino acids-containing biostimulator on common bean crop. Przem. Chem., 94(10), 1732–1736. https://doi.org/10.15199/62.2015.10.16

[29] Koukounaras, A., Tsouvaltzis, P., Siomos, A.S. (2013). Effect of root and foliar application of amino acids on the growth and yield of greenhouse tomato in different fertilization levels. J. Food. Agric. Environ., 11(2), 644–648. https://doi.org/10.1234/4.2013.4387

[30] Kowalczyk, K., Zielony, T., Gajewski, M. (2008). Effect of aminoplant and asahi on yield and quality of lettuce grown on rockwool. Conference of biostimulators in modern agriculture “Vegetable crops”. 7–8 February 2008, Warsaw, 35–43.

[31] Kunicki, E., Grabowska, A., Sękara, A., Wojciechowska, R. (2010). The effect of cultivar type, time of cultivation, and biostimulant treatment on the yield of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L). Folia Hortic., 22, 9–13. https://doi.org/10.2478/fhort-2013-0153

[32] Lehmann, S., Funck, D., Szabados, L., Rentsch, D. (2010). Proline metabolism and transport in plant development. Amino Acids, 39, 949–962. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-010-0525-3

[33] Łyszkowska, M., Gajc-Wolska, J. Kubić, K. (2008). The influence of biostimulators on yield and quality of leaf and iceberg lettuce grown under field conditions. Conference of biostimulators in modern agriculture “Vegetable crops”. 7–8 February, Warsaw, 28–34.

[34] Maini, P. (2006). The experience of the first biostimulant based on amino acids and peptides: a short retrospective review on the laboratory researches and the practical results. Fertil. Agrorum, 1(1), 29–43.

[35] MarketsAndMarkets (2019). Biostimulants market by active ingredient (humic substances, amino acids, seaweed extracts, microbial amendments), crop type (fruits & vegetables, cereals, turf & ornamentals), application method, form, and region – global forecast to 2025. Available: https://www.marketsandmarkets.com/Market-Reports/biostimulant-market-1081.html

[36] Mattioli, R., Costantino, P., Trovato, M. (2009). Proline accumulation in plants. Not only stress. Plant Signal. Behav., 4(11), 1016–1018. https://doi.org/10.4161/psb.4.11.9797

[37] Mogor, A.F., de Oliveira Amatussi, J., Mogor, G., de Lara, G.B. (2018). Bioactivity of cyanobacterial biomass related to amino acids induces growth and metabolic changes on seedlings and yield gains of organic red beet. Amer. J. Plant Sci., 9, 966–978. https://doi.org/10.4236/ajps.2018.95074

[38] Parrado, J., Bautista, J., Romero, E.F., García-Martínez, A.M., Friaza, V., Tejada, M. (2008). Production of a carob enzymatic extract: potential use as a biofertilizer. Bioresour. Technol., 99, 2312–2318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2007.05.029

[39] Raeisi, M., Farahani, L., Shams, S. (2013). Effects of chemical fertilizers and biostimulants containing amino acid on yield and growth parameters of broad bean (Vicia faba L.). Int. J. Agric. Crop Sci., 5(21), 2618–2621.

[40] Rahimi-Shokooh, A., Dehghani-Meshkani, M.R., Mehrafarin, A., Khalighi-Sigaroodi, F., Naghdi-Badi, H. (2013). Changes in essential oil composition and leaf traits of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) affected by bio-stimulators/fertilizers application. J. Med. Plant., 12(47), 83–92.

[41] Sadak, M.S.H., Abdelhamid, M.T., Schmidhalter, U. (2015). Effect of foliar application of amino acids on plant yield and some physiological parameters in bean plants irrigated with seawater. Acta Biol. Colomb., 20, 141–152. https://doi.org/10.15446/abc.v20n1.42865

[42] Sarojnee, D.Y., Navindra, B., Chandrabose, S. (2009). Effect of naturally occurring amino acid stimulants on the growth and yield of hot peppers (Capsicum annum L.). J. Anim. Plant Sci., 5(1), 414–424.

[43] Shafeek, M.R., Ali, A.H., Mahmoud, A.R., Helmy, Y.I., Omar, N.M. (2018a). Effects of foliar application of amino acid and bio fertilizer on growth and yield of onion plant under newly reclaimed land conditions. Middle East J. Appl. Sci., 8(4), 1197–1206.

[44] Shafeek, M.R., Ali, A.H., Mahmoud, A.R., Helmy, Y.I., Omar, N.M. (2018b). Bio fertilizer doses and foliar application of amino mix to enhance the performance of pea plant under newly reclaimed land conditions. Middle East J. Appl. Sci., 7(2), 254–263.

[45] Shaheen, A.M., El-Samad, E.H.A., Rizk, F.A., Behairy, A.G., Adam, S.M. (2018). Effect of application methods of plant growth stimulants on growth and yield of snap bean. J. Anim. Plant Sci., 28(3), 854–864.

[46] Shaheen, A.M., Fatma, A.R., Hoda. A.M., Habib, A.E., Baky, M.M.H. (2010). Nitrogen soil dressing and foliar spraying by sugar and amino acids as affected the growth, yield and its quality of onion plant. J. Amer. Sci., 6(8), 420–427.

[47] Shaheen, A.M., Fatma, A.R., Omaima, M.S., Bakry, M.O. (2013). Sustaining the quality and quantity of onion productivity throughout complementrity treatments between compost tea and amino acids. Middle East J. Agric. Res., 2(4), 108–115.

[48] Shalaby, T.A., El-Ramady, H. (2014). Effect of foliar application of bio-stimulants on growth, yield, components, and storability of garlic (Allium sativum L.). Austral. J. Crop Sci., 8(2), 271–227.

[49] Shehata, S.A., Abdel-Wahab, A. (2018). Influence of compost, humic acid and amino acids on sweet pepper growth, productivity and storage-ability. Middle East J. Appl. Sci., 8(3), 922–927.

[50] Shehata, S.M., Abdel-Azem, H.S., El-Yazied, A.A., El-Gizawy, A.M. (2011). Effect of foliar spraying with amino acids and seaweed extract on growth chemical constitutes, yield and its quality of celeriac plant. Europ. J. Sci. Res., 58(2), 257–265.

[51] Stawiarz, A., Gruszecki, R. (2016). Effect of Calcorium Liquide on the quality and quantity of Hamburg parsley (Petroselinum crispum ssp. tuberosum) yield. Annales UMCS sec. EEE Horticulturae, 26(1), 13–21.

[52] Tomczyk, A., Andryka, P. (2016). Effectiveness of Swirski-mite (Amblyseius swirskii Athias-Henriot) in control of two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch) on cucumber plants treated with biostimulants. Prog. Plant Prot., 56(2), 175–179. https:doi.org/10.14199/ppp-2016-029

[53] Trawczyński, C. (2014). Wpływ biostymulatorów aminokwasowych – Tecamin- na plon i jakość ziemniaków. Ziemn. Pol., 3, 29–34.

[54] Trovato, M., Forlani, G., Signorelli, S., Funck, D. (2019). Proline Metabolism and Its Functions in Development and Stress Tolerance. In: Osmoprotectant-mediated abiotic stress tolerance in plants, Hossain, M.A., Kumar, V., Burritt, D.J., Fujita, M., Mäkelä, P.S.A. (eds). Recent advances and future perspectives. Springer Nature Switzerland, 41–72. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27423-8_2

[55] Tsouvaltzis, P., Koukounaras, A., Siomos, A.S. (2014). Application of amino acids improves lettuce crop uniformity and inhibits nitrate accumulation induced by the supplemental inorganic nitrogen fertilization. Int. J. Agric. Biol. 16, 951–955. https://doi.org/13-300/2014/16-5-951-955

[56] Van Oosten, M.J., Pepe, O., De Pascale, S., Silletti, S., Maggio, A. (2017). The role of biostimulants and bioeffectors as alleviators of abiotic stress in crop plants. Chem. Biol. Technol. Agric., 4–5. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40538-017-0089-5

[57] Wojdyła, T.A., Sobolewski, J. (2016). Możliwość wykorzystania środków zawierających aminokwasy w ochronie fasoli przed Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Zesz. Nauk. Instyt. Ogrod., 4, 131–140.