Rodzaj Thymus L. – walory aromatyczne i lecznicze. Przegląd wybranych gatunków

Aouam I., El Atki Y., Taroq A., El Kamari F., Oumokhtar B., Lyoussi B., Abdellaoui A. 2018. Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of the essential oil of Thymus citriodorus L. growing wild in Morocco: Preventive approach against nosocomial infections. Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res. 51(1), 72–75.

Afonso A.F., Pereira O.R., Válega M., Silva A.M.S., Cardoso S.M., 2018. Metabolites and biologi-cal activities of Thymus zygis, Thymus pulegioides, and Thymus fragrantissimus grown under organic cultivation. Molecules 23, 1514. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23071514

Ahmad A., Khokhar I., Ahmad I., Kashmiri M.A., Adnan A., Ahmad M., 2006. Study of antimi-crobial activity and composition by GC/MS pectroscopic analysis of the essential oli of Thymus serphyllum. Internet J. Food Safety 5, 56–60.

Ambroziak M., Stanowska M., Sikorska-Zimny K., 2020. Tymianek – roślina o wielu zastosowa-niach. Innow. Pielęgniarstwie Nauk. Zdr. 4, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.21784/IwP.2020.006

Aprotosoaie A.C., Miron A., Ciocârlan N., Brebu M., Roşu C.M., Trifan A., Vochiţa G., Gherghel D., Luca S.V., Niţă A., Costache I.I., Mihai C.T., 2019. Essential oils of Moldavian Thymus species: Chemical composition, antioxidant, anti-Aspergillus and antigenotoxic activities. Flavour Fragr. 34, 175–186. https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.3490

Bączek K., Pióro-Jabrucka E.,Kosakowska O., Węglarz Z., 2019. Intraspecific variability of wild thyme (Thymus serpyllum L.) occurring in Poland. J. Appl. Res. Med. Arom. Plants 12, 30–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmap.2018.11.001

Beicu R., Alexa E., Obistioiu D., Cocan I., Imbrea F., Pop G., Circioban D., Moisa C., Lupitu A., Copolovici L., 2021. Antimicrobial potential and phytochemical profile of wild and cultivated populations of Thyme (Thymus sp.) growing in Western Romania. Plants 10, 1833. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10091833

Bozkurt E., Atmaca H., Kisim A., Uzunoglu S., Uslu R., Karaca B., 2012. Effects of Thymus serpyllum extract on cell proliferation, apoptosis and epigenetic events in human breast cancer cells. Nutr. Canc. 64(8), 1245–1250. https://doi.org/10.1080/01635581.2012.719658

Broda B., Mowszowicz J., 1996. Przewodnik do oznaczania roślin leczniczych, trujących i użytko-wych. PZWL, Warszawa.

Budzyńska, A., Różalska B., 2012. Potencjalne wykorzystanie roślinnych olejków eterycznych w zwalczaniu zakażeń z udziałem biofilmów drobnoustrojów. Życie Wet. 87(3), 213–215.

Čabarkapa I., Colovic R., Duragic O., Popovic S., Kokic B., Milanov D., Pezo L., 2019. Anti-biofilm activities of essential oils rich in carvacrol and thymol against Salmonella enteritidis. Biofouling 35, 361–375. https://doi.org/10.1080/08927014.2019.1610169

Czyżewska-Dors E., Dors A., Pomorska-Mól M., 2018. Właściwości biofilmu bakteryjnego warunkujące oporność na antybiotyki oraz metody jego zwalczania. Życie Wet. 93(11), 765–711.

Dauqan E.M.A., Abdullah A., 2017. Medicinal and functional values of thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) herb. J. Appl. Biol. Biotechnol. 5(02), 17–22. https://doi.org/ 10.7324/JABB.2017.50203

De Martino L., Bruno M., Formisano C., De Feo V., Napolitano F., Rosselli S., Senatore F., 2009. Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oils from two species of Thy-mus growing wild in Southern Italy. Molecules 14(11), 4614–4624. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules14114614

European Pharmacopoeia, 2019. 9th ed. Council of Europe, Strasbourg.

Farrukh R., Zargar M., Akhtar A., Tasduq S., Surjeet S., Nissar U., Rakhshanda S., Masood A., Ganie S., Shajrul A., 2012. Antibacterial and antifungal activity of Thymus serpyllum. Bot. Res. Internat. 5(2), 36–39. https://doi.org/10.5829/idosi.bri.2012.5.2.232

Figueiredo A.C., Barroso J.G., Pedro L.G., 2010. Volatiles from Thymbra and Thymus species of the Western Mediterranean Basin, Portugal and Macaronesia. Nat. Prod. Comm. 5(9), 1465–1476. https://doi.org/10.1177/1934578X1000500924

Galovicová L., Borotová P., Valková V., Vukovic, N.L., Vukic M., Terentjeva M., Štefániková J., Dúranová H., Kowalczewski P.Ł., Kacániová M., 2021. Thymus serpyllum essential oil and its biological activity as a modern food preserver. Plants 10, 1959. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10071416

Gedikoğlu A., Sokmen M., Civit A., 2019. Evaluation of Thymus vulgaris and Thymbra spicata essential oils and plant extracts for chemical composition, antioxidant, and antimicrobial proper-ties. Food Sci. Nutr. 7, 1704–1714. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.1007

Grodzińska, K., Szarek-Łukaszewska, G. 2002. Hałdy cynkowo-ołowiowe w okolicach Olkusza – przeszłość, teraźniejszość i przyszłość. Kosmos 51, 2: 127-138.

Hosseinzadeh S., Jafarikukhdan A., Hosseini A., Armand R., 2015. The application of medicinal plants in traditional and modern medicine: A review of Thymus vulgaris. Internat. J. Clin. Med. 6, 635–642. https://doi.org/10.4236/ijcm.2015.69084

Janiak M., Slavova-Kazakova A., Kancheva V., Ivanova M., Tsruchev T., Karamać M., 2017. Effects of γ-irradiation of wild thyme (Thymus serpyllum L.) on the phenolic compounds pro-file of its ethanolic extract. Pol. J. Food Nutr. Sci. 67(4), 309–315. https://doi.org/10.1515/pjfns-2017-0020

Jurevičiūtė R., Ložienė K., Bruno M., Maggio A., Rosselli S., 2018. Composition of essential oil of lemon thyme (Thymus × citriodorus) at different hydrodistillation times. Nat. Prod. Res. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2018.1434642

Kędzia A., Dera-Tomaszewska B., Ziółkowska-Klinkosz M., Kędzia A.W., Kochańska B., Gębska A., 2012. Aktywność olejku tymiankowego (Oleum Thymi) wobec bakterii tlenowych. Post. Fitoter. 2,7–71.

Kirillov V., Stikhareva T., Mukanov B., Chebotko N., Ryazantsev O., Atazhanova G., Adekenov S., 2016. Composition of the essential oil of Thymus serpyllum L. from Northern Kazakhstan. J. Essen. Oil Bear. Plant. 19, 1: 212–222. https://doi.org/10.1080/0972060X.2015.1010600.

Kizil S., Toncer Ö., 2016. Essentional oli and microelement composition of Thymus citriodorus L. and Lippia citriodora H.B.K. Cercetări Agronomice în Moldova XLIX 2, 166, 97–105. https://doi.org/10.1515/cerce-2016-0018

Kosakowska O., Bączek K., Przybył J.L., Pawełczak A., Rolewska K., Węglarz Z., 2020. Morpho-logical and chemical traits as quality determinants of common thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) on the example of ‘Standard Winter’ cultivar. Agronomy 10, 909. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10060909

Kozłowska M., Ścibisz I., 2012. Badanie zawartości polifenoli i aktywności przeciwutleniającej ekstraktów z roślin przyprawowych podczas ich przechowywania. Bromat. Chem. Toksykol. 45(3), 358–363.

Kowal T., Kurpińska A., 1979. Produktywność gatunku Thymus pulegioides L. w warunkach naturalnych. Acta Agrobot. 32(1), 81–89. https://doi.org/10.5586/aa.1979.008

Krzyśko-Łupicka T., Walkowiak W., 2014. Evaluation of susceptibility of phytopathogenic Fusari-um culmorum strain on selected essential oils. Ecol. Chem. Eng. A 21(3), 355–366. https://doi.org/10.2428/ecea.2014.21(3)29

Krzyśko-Łupicka T., Mysłek M., Błaszczyk K., 2015. Wrażliwość na olejki eteryczne środowiskowych lekoopornych szczepów Escherichia coli. Procc. ECOpole 9(2), 633–639. https://doi.org/10.2429/proc.2015.9(2)074

Lapczynski A., Bhatia S.P., Foxenberg R.J., Letizia C.S., Api A.M., 2008. Fragrance material review on geraniol. Food Chem. Toxicol. 46, 160–170.

Liu F., Jin P., Gong H., Sun Z., Du L., Wang D., 2020. Antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of thyme oil against foodborne multiple antibiotics-resistant Enterococcus faecalis. Poultry Sci. 99, 5127–5136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2020.06.067

Loziene K., Sakalyte J., Paskevicius A., Venskutonis P.R., 2008. Anti-Candida activity of Thymus pulegioides (Lamiaceae) essential oils depends on the plant chemotype. Herba. Pol. 54(4), 79–92.

Marwicka J., Niemyska K., Podraza S., 2015. Terapeutyczne właściwości aromaterapii. Kosmetol. Estet. 6(4), 525–531.

Mehta E., 2021. Objective review of Thymus vulgaris: A review with latest updates on pharmaco-logical properties and phytoconstituents. Inventi Rapid: Planta Activa 1. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348159485_Review_on_Thymus_Vulgaris

Michet A., Chalchat J., Figueredo G., Thebaud G., Billy F., Petel G., 2008. Chemotypes in the volatiles of wild thyme (Thymus pulegioides L.). J. Essent. Oil Res. 20, 101–103. https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2008.9699964

Musiał K., 2017. Rośliny lecznicze w najwcześniejszych dokumentach wiedzy medycznej. Rozpr. Społ. 11(4), 56–63. https://doi.org/10.29316/rs.2017.39

Najar B., Pistelli L., Ferri B., Angelini L.G., Tavarini S., 2021. Crop yield and essential oil composi-tion of two Thymus vulgaris chemotypes along three years of organic cultivation in a Hilly Ar-ea of Central Italy. Molecules 26, 5109. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26165109

Nieto G., 2020. A review on applications and uses of Thymus in the food industry. Plants 9, 961. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9080961

Nikolić M., Glamočlija J., Ferreira I.C., Calhelha R.C., Fernandes Â., Marković T., Markowić D., Giweli A., Sokowić M., 2014. Chemical composition, antimicrobial, antioxidant and antitumor activity of Thymus serpyllum L., Thymus algeriensis Boiss. and Reut and Thymus vulgaris L. essential oils. Ind. Crops Prod. 52, 183–190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2013.10.006

Nikolić B., Matović M., Mladenović K., Todosijević M., Stanković J., Đorđević I., Marin P.D., Tešević V., 2019. Volatiles of Thymus serpyllum obtained by three different methods. Nat. Prod. Comm. 14. https://doi.org/10.1177/1934578X19856254

Niksic H., Becic F., Koric. E, Gusic I., Omeragic E., Muratovic S., Miladinovic B., Duric K., 2021. Cytotoxicity screening of Thymus vulgaris L. essential oil in brine shrimp nauplii and cancer cell lines. Sci. Report. 11(1), 13178. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-92679-x

Ntalli N., Parlapani A., Tzani K., Samara M.,Boutsis G.,Dimou M., Menkissoglu-Spiroudi U., Monokrousos N., 2020. Thymus Citriodorus (Schreb) botanical products as ecofriendly nemat-icides with bio-fertilizing properties. Plants 9, 202. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9020202

Omidbaigi R., Fattahi F., Alirezalu A., 2009. Essential oil content and constituents of Thymus × citriodorus L. at different phenological stages. J. Essen. Oil Bear. Plant. 12(3), 333–337. https://doi.org/10.1080/0972060X.2009.10643728

Oliveira J.R., Viegas D.J., Martins A.P.R., Carvalho C.A.T., Soares C.P., Camargo S.E.A., Jorge A.O.C., Oliveira L.D., 2017. Thymus vulgaris L. extract has antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects in the absence of cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. Arch. Oral Biol. 82, 271–279.

Oliveira A.S., Gaspar J.R.C., Cavaleiro C., Salgueiro L., Oliveira R.P., Ferraz C., Coelho S., Pastorinho M.R., Sousa A.C., Teixeira J.P., Oliveira J.M., Oliveira A.P., 2022. Chemical char-acterization and bioactive potential of Thymus × citriodorus (Pers.) Schreb. preparations for an-ti-acne applications: Antimicrobial, anti-biofilm, anti-inflammatory and safety profiles. J. Ethnopharmacol. 287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2021.114935

Orłowska K., Kowalska T., Sajewicz M., Jesionek W., Choma J.M., Majer-Dziedzic B., Szymczak G., Waksmundzka-Hajnos M., 2015. A comparison of antibacterial activity of selected thyme (Thymus) species by means of the dot blot test with direct bioautographic detection. J. AOAC Int. 98(4), 871–875. https://doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.SGE5-Orlowska

Patil S.M., Ramu R., Shirahatti P.S., Shivamallu C., Amachawadic R.G., 2021. A systematic review on ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry and pharmacological aspects of Thymus vulgaris Linn. Heliyon 7(5), e07054. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07054

Pavel M., Ristić M.S., Stevic T., 2010. Essential oils of Thymus pulegioides and Thymus gla-brescens from Romania: chemical composition and antimicrobial activity. J. Serb. Chem. Soc. 75, 27–34. https://doi.org/10.2298/JSC1001027P

Pereira O., Peres A., Silva A., Domingues M., Cardoso S., 2013. Simultaneous characterization and quantification of phenolic compounds in Thymus x citriodorus using a validated HPLC–UV and ESI–MS combined method. Food Res. Internat. 54(2), 1773–1780. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2013.09.016

Pinto E., Pina-Vaz C., Salgueiro L., Goncalves M.J., Oliveira S.C.d., Cavaleiro C., Palmeira A., Rodrigues A., Oliveira J.M.d., 2006. Antifungal activity of the essential oil of Thymus pulegi-oides on Candida, Aspergillus and dermatophyte species. J. Med. Microbiol. 55, 1367–1373. https://doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.46443-0

Pióro-Jabrucka E., Osinska E., Pawelczak A., 2004. Charakterystyka morfologiczna i fitochemiczna Thymus pulegioides L. ze stanowisk na Podlasiu. Zesz. Probl. Post. Nauk Rol. 497, 503–508.

Pluhár Z., Szabó D., Sárosi S., 2016. Effects of different factors influencing the essential oil proper-ties of Thymus vulgaris L. Plant Sci. Today 3(3), 312–326. https://doi.org/10.14719/pst.2016.3.3.241

Pytko-Polończyk J, Muszyńska B., 2016. Surowce naturalne w stomatologii. Med. Int. Rev. 27(2), 68–75.

Rašković A.L., Kvrgić M.P., Tomas A.D., Stilinović N.P., Čabarkapa V.S., Stojšić-Milosavljević A.D., Kusturica M.N.P., Rakić D.B., 2020. Antinociceptive activity of thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) and interactions with neurotropics and analgesics. Braz. J. Pharm. Sci. 56, 18819. https://doi.org/10.1590/s2175-97902020000318819

Sárosi S., Bernáth J., Bertoli A., Pistelli L., Benvenuti S., 2012. Essential oil polymorphism of Thymus pulegioides collected in Monti Pisani, Italy. Acta Hortic. 955, 59–64. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2012.955.5

Satyal P., Murray B.L., McFeeters R.L., Setzer W.N., 2016. Essential oil characterization of Thymus vulgaris from various geographical locations. Foods 5, 70. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods5040070

Sienkiewicz M., Wasiela M., 2012. Aktywność olejków tymiankowego i lawendowego wobec opornych na antybiotyki szczepów klinicznych Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Post. Fitoter. 3, 139–145.

Skotnicka M., Golan M., Szmukała N., 2017. Rola naturalnych przeciwutleniaczy pochodzenia roślinnego w profilaktyce nowotworowej. Ann. Acad. Med. Gedan. 47, 119–127.

Smolik M., Jadczak D., Korzeneniewska S., 2009. Assessment of morphological and genetic variability in some Thymus accessions using molecular markers. Not. Bot. Hort. Agrobot. Cluj 37(2), 234–240. https://doi.org/10.15835/nbha3723139

Soković, M.D., Vukojevic, J., Marin, P.D., Brkic, D.D., Vajs, V., van Griensven L.J.L.D., 2009. Chemical composition of essential oils of Thymus and Mentha species and their antifungal activities. Molecules 14, 238–249. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules14010238

Strzelecka H., Kowalski J., 2000. Encyklopedia zielarstwa i ziołolecznictwa. Wyd. Nauk. PWN, Warszawa.

Szilvássy B., Gábor Raka G., Sárosib S., Novákb I., Zsuzsanna Pluhárb Z., Abrankóa L., 2013. Polyphenols in the aqueous extracts of garden thyme (Thymus vulgaris) chemotypes cultivated in Hungary. Nat. Prod. Comm. 8(5), 605–608. https://doi.org/10.1177/1934578X1300800516

Szlauer W., Obłąk E., Paluch E., Baldy-Chudzik K., 2019. Biofilm i metody jego eradykacji. Post. Hig. Med. Dosw. 73, 397–413.

Taghouti M., Martins-Gomesa C., Félixa L., Schäferc J., Santosa J., Bunzelc M., Nunesb F., Silvaa A., 2020. Polyphenol composition and biological activity of Thymus citriodorus and Thymus vulgaris: Comparison with endemic Iberian Thymus species. Food Chem. 331, 127362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127362

Tatrai Z., Sanoubar R., Pluhar Z., Mancarella S., Orsini F., Gnquinto G., 2016. Morphological and physiological plant responses to drought stress in Thymus citriodorus. Int. J. Agron. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/4165750

Tazabayeva K., Sylibayeva B., 2018. Chemical compositiom of the essentional oli and flavonoids of Thymus serpyllum L., growing on terriroty of East Kazakhstan. Acta Pol. Pharm. – Drug Res. 75(6), 1329–1337. https://doi.org/10.32383/appdr/92132

Toncer O., Karaman S., Diraz E., Sogut T., Kizil S., 2017. Essential oil composition of Thymus × citriodorus (Pers.) Schreb. at different harvest stages. Not. Bot. Hort. Agrobot. Cluj 45(1), 185–189. https://doi.org/10.15835/nbha45110672

Tucker A.O, DeBaggio T., 2009. The Encyclopedia of Herbs: A Comprehensive Reference to Herbs of Flavor and Fragrance. Timber Pess, Portland.

Tzima K., Bunton N.P., Rai D.K., 2018. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of polyphenols in Lamiaceae plants- A review. Plants 7, 25. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants7020025

Vaičiulytė V., Butkienė R., Ložienė K., 2016. Variation of essential oil composition of Thymus pulegioides in relation to soil chemistry. Ind. Crops Prod. 95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2016.10.052

Vaičiulytė V., Ložienė K., Švedienė J., Raudonienė V., Paškevičius A., 2021. α-Terpinyl acetate: occurrence in essential oils bearing Thymus pulegioides, phytotoxicity, and antimicrobial ef-fects. Molecules 26(4), 1065. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26041065

Varga E., Bardocz A., Belak A., Maraz A., Boros B., Felinger A., Böszörményi A., Horváth G., 2015. Antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of thyme essential oils and the polyphe-nolic content of different Thymus extracts. Farmacia 63(3), 357–361.

Wesołowska A., Jadczak D., Grzeszczuk M., 2012. Influence of distillation time on the content and composition of essential oil isolated from wild thyme (Thymus serpyllum L.). Herba Pol. 58(4), 40–50.