EFFECTS OF FOLIAR OF THE APPLICATION CHITOSAN AND REDUCED IRRIGATION ON ESSENTIAL OIL YIELD, TOTAL PHENOL CONTENT AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF EXTRACTS FROM GREEN AND PURPLE BASIL
Abdollah Ghasemi Pirbalouti
Department of Medicinal Plants, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, 88146, Iran,, Medicinal Plants Program, College of Na tural Sciences, Massachusetts University, Amherst, 01003, MA, USAFatemeh Malekpoor
Medicinal Plants Program, College of Na tural Sciences, Massachusetts University, Amherst, 01003, MA, USA, Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biology Science, Kharazmi University, 15719–14911, Tehran, Iran,Azam Salimi
Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biology Science, Kharazmi University, 15719–14911, Tehran, IranAhmadreza Golparvar
Department of Plant Breeding, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, 88146, IranBehzad Hamedi
Department of Medicinal Plants, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, 88146, IranAbstract
Phenolic compounds are naturally occurring substances in plants. Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) belongs to the family Lamiaceae, is a good source of phenolic compounds and natural antioxidants. Elicitors can activate specific genes involved in secondary metabolite biosynthesis. Chitosan, as elicitor, is a natural biopolymer modified from chitin, which is the main structural component of squid pens, cell walls of some fungi and shrimp and crab shells. On the other hand, water deficit stress is one of the most abiotic stress, which effects on the levels of secondary metabolites. To evaluate the effect of chitosan and different irrigation
regimes on essential oil yield, total phenol content and antioxidant activity of extracts from green and purple basil (Ocimum basilicum L.), an experiment was conducted at Shahrekord, southwestern Iran. Treatments comprised control, 0.0, 0.2, and 0.4 g·L–1 chitosan applied to plants under normal irrigation, slight
and mild drought stress conditions. Results indicated that the different levels of chitosan and irrigation had significant effects on the essential oil yield, total phenol content, and the antioxidant activity of the extracts. Foliar-applied chitosan in particular 0.4 g·L–1 increased total phenolic content in the basil as compared to
untreated plants. In conclusion, it is suggested that the foliar application of chitosan as an elicitor could be a promising material used to increase biological activity and pro-health functional value of basil plants.
Keywords:
chitosan, Ocimum basilicum, water deficit stress, total phenolic compoundsReferences
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Ghasemi Pirbalouti, A., Mahdad, E., Craker, L. (2013a). Effects of drying methods on qualitative and quantitative properties of essential oil of two basil landraces.
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Ghasemi Pirbalouti, A., Samani, M.R., Hashemi, M., Zeinali, H. (2013b). Salicylic acid affects growth, essential oil and chemical compositions of thyme (Thymus
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Ghasemi Pirbalouti, A., Rahimmalek, M., Elikaei-Nejhad, L., Hamedi, B. (2014). Essential oil compositions of summer savory under foliar application of jasmonic acid and salicylic acid. J. Essent. Oil Res., 26, 342–347.
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Khazaie, H.R., Nadjafi, F., Bannayan, N. (2008). Effect of irrigation frequency and planting density on herbage biomass and oil production of thyme (Thymusvulgaris)
and hyssop (Hyssopusofficinalis). Ind. Crop Prod., 27, 315–321.
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Kim, H.Y., Chen, F., Wang, Z., Rajapakse, N. (2003). Effect of chitosan on the biological properties of sweet basil. J. Agric. Food Chem., 53, 7749–7759.
Li, H.B., Cheng, K.W., Wong, C.C., Fan, K.W., Chen, F., Jiang, Y. (2007). Evaluation of antioxidant capacity and total phenolic content of different fractions of selected
microalgae. Food Chem., 102, 771–776.
Li, H.B., Wong, C.C., Cheng, K.W., Chen, F. (2008). Antioxidant properties in vitro and total phenolic contents in methanol extracts from medicinal plants.
LWT–Food Sci. Technol., 41, 385–390.
Lupez-Velez, M., Martinez-Martinez, F., Del Valle-Ribes, C. (2003). The study of phenolic compounds as natural antioxidants in wine. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr., 43, 233.
Manukyan, A. (2011). Effect of Growing factors on productivity and Quality of Lemon Catmint, Lemon Balm and Sage under soilless greenhouse production:
I. drought stress. Med. Aromat Plant Sci. Biotechnol., 5, 119–125.
Montesano, M., Brader, G., Palva, E.T. (2003). Pathogen derived elicitors: searching for receptors in plants. Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol., 4, 73–79.
Polish Chitin Society (2006). Monograph XI. Reymond, P., Farmer, E.E. (1998). Jasmonate and salicylate as global signals for defense gene expression. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol., 1, 404.
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Simon, J.E., Reiss-Bubenheim, D., Joly, R.J., Charles, D.J. (1992). Water stress-induced alterations in essential oil content and composition of sweet basil. J. Essent. Oil
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Simon, J.E., Morales, M.R., Phippen, W.B., Vieira, R.F., Hao, Z. (1999). Basil: a source of aroma compounds and a popular culinary and ornamental herb. In: Perspectives
on new crops and new uses, Janick, J. (ed.). ASHS Press, Alexandria, VA, 499–505.
Singleton, V.L., Rossi, J.A. (1965). Colorimetry of total phenolics with phosphomolybdic–phosphotungstic acid reagents. Am. J. Enol. Vitic., 16, 144–158.
Solecka, D., Kacperska, A. (2003). Phenylpropanoid deficiency affects the course of plant acclimation to cold. Physiol. Plant., 119, 253–262.
Steyn, W.J., Wand, S.J.E., Holcroft, D.M., Jacobs, G. (2002). Anthocyanins in vegetative tissues: a proposed unified function in photoprotection. New Phytol., 155, 349–361.
Taie, H.A.A., Salman, Z.A.R, Radwan, S. (2010). Potential activity of basil plants as a source of antioxidant and anticancer agents as affected by organic and bioorganic
fertilization. Not. Bot. Horti. Agrobot. Cluj., 38, 119.
Vanderlinden, K., Giraldez, J.V. (2014). Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series. Springer, pp 299–300.
Weidner, S., Kordala, E., Brosowska-Arendt, W., Karamac, M., Kosinska, A., Amarowicz, R. (2009).
Phenolic compounds and properties of antioxidants in grapevine roots followed by recovery. Acta Soc. Bot. Pol., 78, 279–286.
Wiktorowska, E., Dlugosz, M., Janiszowska, W. (2010). Significant enhancement of oleanolic acid accumulation by biotic elicitors in cell suspension cultures of
Calendulaofficinalis L. Enzyme Microb. Technol., 46, 14–20.
Winkel-Shirley, B. (2002). Biosynthesis of flavonoids and effects of stress. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol., 5, 218–223.
Wrobel, M., Karmac, M., Amarowicz, R., Fraczek, E., Weidner, S. (2005). Metabolism of phenolic compounds in Vitis riparia seeds during stratification and during germination under optimal and low temperature stress conditions. Acta Physiol. Plant, 27, 313–320.
Yao, H.J., Tian, S.P. (2005). Effects of pre- and postharvest application of salicylic acid or methyl jasmonate on inducing disease resistance of sweet cherry fruit in storage. Postharv. Biol. Technol., 35, 253–262.
Zheng, W., Wang, S.Y. (2001). Antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds in selected herbs. J. Agr. Food Chem., 49, 5165–5170.
Ali, M.B., Khatun, S., Hahn, E.J., Paek, K.Y. (2006). Enhancement of phenylpropanoid enzymes and lignin in Phalaenopsis orchid and their influence on plant acclimatisation at different levels of photosynthetic photon flux. Plant Grow Regul., 49, 137–146.
Bravo, L. (1998). Polyphenols: Chemistry, dietary sources, metabolism and nutritional significance. Nut. Rev., 56, 317–333.
British Pharmacopoeia, vol. 2. (1988). HMSO, London, 137–138.
Cai, Z., Kastell, A., Mewis, I., Knorr, D., Smetanska, I. (2011). Polysaccharide elicitors enhance anthocyanin and phenolic acid accumulation in cell suspension cultures
of Vitis vinifera. Plant Cell Tiss. Org., 108, 401–409.
Chakraborty, M., Karun, A., Mitra, A. (2009). Accumulation of phenylpropanoid derivatives in chitosan–induced cell suspension culture of Cocos nucifera. J.
Plant Physiol., 166, 63–71.
Chan, E.W.C., Lim, Y.Y., Chew, Y.L. (2007). Antioxidant activity of Camellia sinensis leaves and tea from a lowland plantation in Malaysia. Food Chem., 102, 1214–1222.
Ding, C.K., Wang, C.Y., Gross, K.C., Smith, D.L. (2002). Jasmonate and salicylate induce the expression of pathogenesis–related–protein genes and increase resistance
to chilling injury in tomato fruit. Planta, 214, 895–901.
El Hadrami, A., Adam, L. R., El Hadrami, I., Daayf, F. (2010). Chitosan in plant protection. Mar. Drugs, 8, 968–987.
Fang, Y., Smith, M.A.L., Peoin, M.F. (1999). The effects of exogenous methyl jasmonate in elicited anthocyanin–producing cell cultures of ohelo (Vacciniumpahalae).
In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol. Plant, 35, 106–113.
Figueiredo, A.C., Barroso, J.G., Pedro, L.G., Scheffer, J.J. (2008). Factors affecting secondary metabolite production in plants: volatile components and essential oils.
Flavour Frag. J., 23, 213–226.
Ghasemi Pirbalouti, A. (2014). Diversity in chemical composition and yield of essential oil from two Iranian landraces of sweet basil. Genetika, 46, 419–426.
Ghasemi Pirbalouti, A., Mahdad, E., Craker, L. (2013a). Effects of drying methods on qualitative and quantitative properties of essential oil of two basil landraces.
Food Chem., 141, 2440–2449.
Ghasemi Pirbalouti, A., Samani, M.R., Hashemi, M., Zeinali, H. (2013b). Salicylic acid affects growth, essential oil and chemical compositions of thyme (Thymus
daenensis Celak.) under reduced irrigation. Plant Growth Regul., 72, 289–301.
Ghasemi Pirbalouti, A., Rahimmalek, M., Elikaei-Nejhad, L., Hamedi, B. (2014). Essential oil compositions of summer savory under foliar application of jasmonic acid and salicylic acid. J. Essent. Oil Res., 26, 342–347.
Govindarajan, R., Singh, D.P., Rawat, A.K.S. (2007). High–performance liquid chromatographic method for the quantification of phenolics in ‘Chyavanprash’ a potent
Ayurvedic drug. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 43, 527.
Hakkim, F.L., Shankar, C.G., Girija, S. (2007). Chemical composition and antioxidant property of holy basil (Ocimumsanctum L.) leaves, stems, and inflorescence
and their in vitro callus cultures. Food Chem. 55, 9109.
Hu, F.L., Lu, R.L., Huang, B., Ming, L. (2004). Free radical scavenging activity of extracts prepared from fresh leaves of selected Chinese medicinal plants. Fitoterapia,
75, 14–23.
Hung, D., Ou, B., Prior, R.L. (2005). The chemistry behind antioxidant capacity assays. J. Agric. Food Chem., 53, 1841–1856.
Hussain, A.I., Anwar, F., Sherazi, S.T.H., Przybylski, R. (2008). Chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of basil (Ocimumbasilicum) essential
oils depends on seasonal variations. Food Chem., 108, 986.
Islamic Republic of Iran Meteorological Organization (IRIMO) (2012). Climatology methods. Available: http://www.irimo.ir.
Janas, K.M., Cvikrova, M., Palagiewicz, A., Szafranska, K., Posmyk, M.M. (2002). Constitutive elevated accumulation of phenylpropanoids in soybean roots at low
temperature. Plant Sci., 163, 369–373.
Jungmin, L., Carolyn, F.S. (2009). Chicoric acid found in basil (Ocimumbasilicum L.) leaves. Food Chem., 115, 650.
Khazaie, H.R., Nadjafi, F., Bannayan, N. (2008). Effect of irrigation frequency and planting density on herbage biomass and oil production of thyme (Thymusvulgaris)
and hyssop (Hyssopusofficinalis). Ind. Crop Prod., 27, 315–321.
Kim, H.J., Chen, F., Wang, X., Rajapakse, N.C. (2006). Effect of methyl jasmonate on secondary metabolites of sweet basil (Ocimumbasilicum L.). J. Agric. Food Chem., 54, 2327–2332.
Kim, H.Y., Chen, F., Wang, Z., Rajapakse, N. (2003). Effect of chitosan on the biological properties of sweet basil. J. Agric. Food Chem., 53, 7749–7759.
Li, H.B., Cheng, K.W., Wong, C.C., Fan, K.W., Chen, F., Jiang, Y. (2007). Evaluation of antioxidant capacity and total phenolic content of different fractions of selected
microalgae. Food Chem., 102, 771–776.
Li, H.B., Wong, C.C., Cheng, K.W., Chen, F. (2008). Antioxidant properties in vitro and total phenolic contents in methanol extracts from medicinal plants.
LWT–Food Sci. Technol., 41, 385–390.
Lupez-Velez, M., Martinez-Martinez, F., Del Valle-Ribes, C. (2003). The study of phenolic compounds as natural antioxidants in wine. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr., 43, 233.
Manukyan, A. (2011). Effect of Growing factors on productivity and Quality of Lemon Catmint, Lemon Balm and Sage under soilless greenhouse production:
I. drought stress. Med. Aromat Plant Sci. Biotechnol., 5, 119–125.
Montesano, M., Brader, G., Palva, E.T. (2003). Pathogen derived elicitors: searching for receptors in plants. Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol., 4, 73–79.
Polish Chitin Society (2006). Monograph XI. Reymond, P., Farmer, E.E. (1998). Jasmonate and salicylate as global signals for defense gene expression. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol., 1, 404.
Saniewski, M., Horbowicz, M., Puchalski, J. (2006). Induction of anthocyanins accumulation by methyl jasmonate in shoots of Crassula multicava Lam. Acta Agrobot., 59(2), 43.
Simon, J.E., Reiss-Bubenheim, D., Joly, R.J., Charles, D.J. (1992). Water stress-induced alterations in essential oil content and composition of sweet basil. J. Essent. Oil
Res. 4, 71–75.
Simon, J.E., Morales, M.R., Phippen, W.B., Vieira, R.F., Hao, Z. (1999). Basil: a source of aroma compounds and a popular culinary and ornamental herb. In: Perspectives
on new crops and new uses, Janick, J. (ed.). ASHS Press, Alexandria, VA, 499–505.
Singleton, V.L., Rossi, J.A. (1965). Colorimetry of total phenolics with phosphomolybdic–phosphotungstic acid reagents. Am. J. Enol. Vitic., 16, 144–158.
Solecka, D., Kacperska, A. (2003). Phenylpropanoid deficiency affects the course of plant acclimation to cold. Physiol. Plant., 119, 253–262.
Steyn, W.J., Wand, S.J.E., Holcroft, D.M., Jacobs, G. (2002). Anthocyanins in vegetative tissues: a proposed unified function in photoprotection. New Phytol., 155, 349–361.
Taie, H.A.A., Salman, Z.A.R, Radwan, S. (2010). Potential activity of basil plants as a source of antioxidant and anticancer agents as affected by organic and bioorganic
fertilization. Not. Bot. Horti. Agrobot. Cluj., 38, 119.
Vanderlinden, K., Giraldez, J.V. (2014). Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series. Springer, pp 299–300.
Weidner, S., Kordala, E., Brosowska-Arendt, W., Karamac, M., Kosinska, A., Amarowicz, R. (2009).
Phenolic compounds and properties of antioxidants in grapevine roots followed by recovery. Acta Soc. Bot. Pol., 78, 279–286.
Wiktorowska, E., Dlugosz, M., Janiszowska, W. (2010). Significant enhancement of oleanolic acid accumulation by biotic elicitors in cell suspension cultures of
Calendulaofficinalis L. Enzyme Microb. Technol., 46, 14–20.
Winkel-Shirley, B. (2002). Biosynthesis of flavonoids and effects of stress. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol., 5, 218–223.
Wrobel, M., Karmac, M., Amarowicz, R., Fraczek, E., Weidner, S. (2005). Metabolism of phenolic compounds in Vitis riparia seeds during stratification and during germination under optimal and low temperature stress conditions. Acta Physiol. Plant, 27, 313–320.
Yao, H.J., Tian, S.P. (2005). Effects of pre- and postharvest application of salicylic acid or methyl jasmonate on inducing disease resistance of sweet cherry fruit in storage. Postharv. Biol. Technol., 35, 253–262.
Zheng, W., Wang, S.Y. (2001). Antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds in selected herbs. J. Agr. Food Chem., 49, 5165–5170.
Abdollah Ghasemi Pirbalouti
Department of Medicinal Plants, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, 88146, Iran,, Medicinal Plants Program, College of Na tural Sciences, Massachusetts University, Amherst, 01003, MA, USA
Department of Medicinal Plants, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, 88146, Iran,, Medicinal Plants Program, College of Na tural Sciences, Massachusetts University, Amherst, 01003, MA, USA
Fatemeh Malekpoor
Medicinal Plants Program, College of Na tural Sciences, Massachusetts University, Amherst, 01003, MA, USA, Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biology Science, Kharazmi University, 15719–14911, Tehran, Iran,
Medicinal Plants Program, College of Na tural Sciences, Massachusetts University, Amherst, 01003, MA, USA, Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biology Science, Kharazmi University, 15719–14911, Tehran, Iran,
Azam Salimi
Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biology Science, Kharazmi University, 15719–14911, Tehran, Iran
Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biology Science, Kharazmi University, 15719–14911, Tehran, Iran
Ahmadreza Golparvar
Department of Plant Breeding, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, 88146, Iran
Department of Plant Breeding, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, 88146, Iran
Behzad Hamedi
Department of Medicinal Plants, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, 88146, Iran
Department of Medicinal Plants, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, 88146, Iran
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