SUPPLEMENTAL EFFECTS OF SILICON NUTRITION ON GROWTH, QUALITY AND SOME PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERS OF POTTED CHRYSANTHEMUM GROWN IN GREENHOUSE
Esmat F. Ali
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Taif University, Taif, Saudi ArabiaFahmy A.S. Hassan
Horticulture Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Tanta University, EgyptAbstract
Potted chrysanthemum is one of the most important floriculture plants which commercially produced in greenhouses where silicon (Si) is available in limited concen-tration because of using several substrates as growing media. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the supplemental effects of Si nutrition on growth, flowering, flower longevity as well as shelf life and nutrients content of potted chrysanthemum in re-lation to Si application. Moreover, the effects of Si treatment on some physiological pa-rameters i.e. chlorophyll content, stomatal resistance, membrane stability index (MSI) and total carbohydrates were also investigated. Si application as K2SiO3 was added whether as foliar application at 25, 75 and 125 mg L-1 Si or soil drenches at 50, 100 and 150 mg L-1 Si. Except plant height and leaf area, the other vegetative growth and flowering characters were improved as a result of both Si supplementation methods compared with untreated control. Flowering was earlier and shelf life was longer in Si-supplemented than non-supplemented plants. Generally, Si application increased the macro and micronutrients concentrations (except Ca) estimated in this study. Chlorophyll content, stomatal re-sistance, MSI and total carbohydrates were increased among Si treated plants. Improving the floricultural traits, extending longevity and shelf life of greenhouse grown chrysan-themum may give an impact of its greenhouse commercial production if appropriate level was used.
Keywords:
Potassium silicate, shelf life, chrysanthemum, stomatal resistance, membrane stabilityReferences
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Sánchez, F.T., García, A.V., Ferre, F.C. (2012). Effect of the application of silicon hydroxide on yield and quality of cherry tomato. J. Plant Nutr., 35(4), 567–590.
Savvas, D., Manos, G., Kotsiras, A., Souvalioti, S. (2002) Effects of silicon and nutrient-induced salinity on yield, flower quality and nutrient uptake of gerbera grown in a closed hydroponic system. J. App. Bot., 76, 153–158.
Trenholm, L.E., Datnoff, L.E., Nagata, R.T. (2004). Influence of silicon on drought and shade tolerance of St. Augustine grass. HortTech., 14(4), 487–490.
Voogt, W., Sonneveld, C. (2001). Silicon in horticultural crops grown in soilless culture. In: Silicon in agriculture, Datnoff, L.E., Snyder, G.H., Korndörfer, G.H. (eds). Elsevier, Amster-dam, p. 115–131.
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Zhao, D., Hao, Z., Tao, J., Han, C. (2013). Silicon application enhances the mechanical strength of inflorescence stem in herbaceous peony (Paeonia lactiflora Pall.). Sci. Hortic., 151, 165–172.
Zhu, Z., Wei, G., Li, J., Qian, Q., Yu, J. (2004). Silicon alleviates salt stress and increases antioxidant enzymes activity in leaves of salt-stressed cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). Plant Sci., 167, 527–533.
A.O.A.C. (1995). Official method of analysis 16th Ed., Association of Official Analytical Chemists International, Arlington Virginia, USA.
Ahmed, M., Hassana, F., Asif, M. (2014). Amelioration of drought in Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) by silicon. Com. Soil Sci. Plant Anal., 45, 470–486.
Al-Aghabary, K., Zhu, Z., Shi, Q. (2005). Influence of silicon supply on chlorophyll content, chlorophyll fluorescence, and antioxidative enzyme activities in tomato plants under salt stress. J. Plant Nut., 27, 2101–2115.
Arndt, S.K., Wanek., W., Clifford, SC., Popp, M. (2000). Contrasting adaptations to drought stress in field-grown Ziziphus mauritiana and Prunus persica trees: water relations, osmotic adjustment and carbon isotope composition. Aust. J. Plant Physiol., 27, 985–996.
Black, CA., Evans, D.D., Ensminger, L.E. (1965). Methods of soil analysis. Agron. J. Amer. Soc. Agron. Inc. Publ., Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A.
Carvalho-Zanão, M.P., Júnior, L.A.Z., Barbosa, J.G., Grossi, J.A.S., de Ávila, V.T. (2012). Yield and shelf life of chrysanthemum in response to the silicon application. Hort. Bras., 30, 403–408.
Chen, L., Sun, Z.F., Li, M., Xu, K., Yang, X. (2000). Evaluation criteria of cut flower quality and the effect of preharvest growing conditions on cut flower. Northern Hort., 1, 40–42.
De Kreij, C., Voogt, W., Baas, R. (1999). Nutrient solutions and water quality for soilless cultures. Research station for floriculture and glasshouse vegetables (pbg) brochure. Naaldwijk, the Netherlands, p. 196.
Dębicz, R., Wróblewska, K. (2011). The effect of silicon foliar application on the development of seasonal plants. Part I: Sanvitalia speciosa ‘Sunbini’, Verbena ‘Patio Blue’ and Portulaca umbraticola ‘Duna Red’. Acta Agrobot., 64(4), 99–106.
Deng, J.L., Fu, G.L., Yan, Y.H. (2011). The effect of silicon fertilizer on SiO2 content and flexural strength of rice stems. J. Agric. Sci., 39, 2696–2698.
Gao, X., Zou, C., Wang, L., Zhang, F. (2004). Silicon improves water use efficiency in maize plants. J. Plant Nutr., 27(8), 1457–1470.
Gillman, J.H., Zlesak, D.C. (2000). Applications of sodium silicate to rose (rosa ‘Nearly Wild’) cuttings decreases leaflet drop and increases rooting. HortSci., 35(4), 773.
Hanafy Ahmed, A.H., Harb, E.M., Higazy, M.A., Morgan, Sh.H. (2008). Effect of silicon and boron application on wheat plant grown under saline soil conditions. Int. J. Agric. Res., 3(1), 1–26.
Hattori, T., Inanaga, S., Araki, H., An, P., Morita, S., Luxova, M., Lux, A. (2005). Application of silicon enhanced drought tolerance of Sorghum bicolor. Physiol. Plant, 123, 459–466.
Herbert, D., Phipps, P.J., Strange, R.E. (1971). Chemical analysis of Microbial Cells, In: Methods in microbiology, Norris, J.R., Ribbons, D.W. (eds). Academic Press, London p. 264.
Hwang, S.J., Hamayun, M., Kim, H.Y., Na, C.I., Kim, K.U., Shin, D.H., Kim, S.Y., Lee, I.J. (2008). Effect of nitrogen and silicon nutrition on bioactive gibberellin and growth of rice under field conditions. J. Crop Sci. Biotech., 10, 281–286.
Hwang, S.J., Park, H.M., Jeong, B.R. (2005). Effects of potassium silicate on the growth of miniature rose ‘Pinocchio’ grown on rock wool and its cut flower quality. J. Japan. Soc. Horticult. Sci., 74, 242–247.
Kamenidou, S., Cavins, T., Marek, S. (2009). Evaluation of silicon as a nutritional supplement for greenhouse zinnia production. Sci. Hortic., 119, 297–301.
Kamenidou, S., Cavins, T., Marek, S. (2011). Correlation between tissue and substrate silicon concentration of greenhouse produced ornamental sunflowers. J. Plant Nutr., 34, 217–223.
Kamenidou, S., Cavins, T.J., Marek, S. (2008). Silicon supplements affect horticultural traits of greenhouse-produced ornamental sunflowers. HortSci., 43(1), 236–239.
Kamenidou, S., Cavins, T.J., Marek, S. (2010). Silicon supplements affect floricultural quality traits and elemental nutrient concentrations of greenhouse produced gerbera. Sci. Horticult., 123, 390–394.
Liang, Y., Chen, Q., Liu, Q., Zhang, W., Ding, R. (2003). Exogenous silicon (Si) increases antioxidant enzyme activity and reduces lipid peroxidation in roots of salt stressed barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). J. Plant Physiol., 160, 1157–1164.
Liang, Y., Shen, Q., Shen, Z., Ma, T. (1996). Effects of silicon on salinity tolerance of two barley cultivars. J. Plant Nutr., 19, 173–183.
Lu, G., Cao, J. (2001). Effects of silicon on earliness and photosynthetic characteristics of melon. Acta Hort. Sinica., 28, 42–424.
Ma, J.F., Takahashi, E. (2002). Soil, fertilizer, and plant silicon research in Japan. Amsterdam, Elsevier.
Marschner, M. (1995). Mineral nutrition of higher plants. 2nd ed., Academic Press, London, New York, ISBN-10: 0124735436, p. 200–255.
Matthew, E.O., Douglas, A.L., Isaacs, R. (2002). An inexpensive accurate method for measuring leaf area and defoliation through digital image analysis. J. Econ. Entomol., 95(6), 1190–1194.
Mattson, N.S., Leatherwood, W.R. (2010). Potassium silicate drenches increase leaf silicon con-tent and affect morphological traits of several floriculture crops grown in a peat-based sub-strate. HortSci., 45(1), 43–47.
Moon, H.H., Bae, M.J., Jeong, B.R. (2008). Effect of silicate supplemented medium on rooting of cutting and growth of chrysanthemum. Flower Res. J., 16, 107–111.
Ranger, C.M., Singh, A.P., Frantz, J.M, Canas, L., Locke, J.C., Reding, M.E., Vorsa, N. (2009). Influence of silicon on resistance of Zinnia elegans to Myzus persicae (Hemiptera: Aphidi-dae). Environ. Entomol., 38, 129–136.
Reezi, S., Babalar, M., Kalantari, S. (2009). Silicon alleviates salt stress, decreases malondialde-hyde content and affects petal color of salt stressed cut rose (Rosa xhybrida L.) ‘Hot Lady’. Afr. J. Biotech., 8(8), 1502–1508.
Sadasivam, S., Manickam, A. (1992). Biochemical methods for agriculture sciences. Wiley East-ern limited, p. 181–185.
Sairam, R.K., Deshmukh, P.S., Shukla, D.S. (1997). Tolerance to drought and temperature stress in relation to increased antioxidant enzyme activity in wheat. J. Agron. Crop Sci., 178, 171–177.
Sánchez, F.T., García, A.V., Ferre, F.C. (2012). Effect of the application of silicon hydroxide on yield and quality of cherry tomato. J. Plant Nutr., 35(4), 567–590.
Savvas, D., Manos, G., Kotsiras, A., Souvalioti, S. (2002) Effects of silicon and nutrient-induced salinity on yield, flower quality and nutrient uptake of gerbera grown in a closed hydroponic system. J. App. Bot., 76, 153–158.
Trenholm, L.E., Datnoff, L.E., Nagata, R.T. (2004). Influence of silicon on drought and shade tolerance of St. Augustine grass. HortTech., 14(4), 487–490.
Voogt, W., Sonneveld, C. (2001). Silicon in horticultural crops grown in soilless culture. In: Silicon in agriculture, Datnoff, L.E., Snyder, G.H., Korndörfer, G.H. (eds). Elsevier, Amster-dam, p. 115–131.
Wraga, K., Dobrowolska, D. (2007). The estimation of effect of Actisil on morphological traits and decorative value of seedlings two garden pansy cultivars from Pansy Groups. Part I. Plants growth and leaf size. Rocz. AR Pozn., 383, Ogrodn., 41, 229–233.
Zhao, D., Hao, Z., Tao, J., Han, C. (2013). Silicon application enhances the mechanical strength of inflorescence stem in herbaceous peony (Paeonia lactiflora Pall.). Sci. Hortic., 151, 165–172.
Zhu, Z., Wei, G., Li, J., Qian, Q., Yu, J. (2004). Silicon alleviates salt stress and increases antioxidant enzymes activity in leaves of salt-stressed cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). Plant Sci., 167, 527–533.
Esmat F. Ali
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
Fahmy A.S. Hassan
Horticulture Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Tanta University, Egypt
Horticulture Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Tanta University, Egypt
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