CHARACTERISTICS OF Aureobasidium pullulans (de Bary et Löwenthal) G. Arnaud ISOLATED FROM APPLES AND PEARS WITH SYMPTOMS OF SOOTY BLOTCH IN POLAND
Ewa Mirzwa-Mróz
Warsaw University of Life SciencesMarzena Wińska-Krysiak
Warsaw University of Life SciencesRyszard Dzięcioł
Warsaw University of Life SciencesAnna Miękus
Warsaw University of Life SciencesAbstract
Sooty blotch is a disease of apple and pear caused by a complex of fungi that blemish the fruit surface. Results of molecular studies indicated approximately 30 different fungi species associated with this disease. Apples and pears with symptoms of sooty blotch were collected in summer and early autumn 2006–2010 from trees grown in fungicide non-treated orchards and small gardens located in various regions of Poland. Fungi causing sooty blotch were isolated from fruits and the isolates were divided into six groups, according to their morphological characters. Growth of the fungi colonies were tested on different agar media (PDA, CMA, MEA and Czapek). The ITS region of rDNA from 16 isolates from the first group was amplified by PCR technique and one representative sequence of this isolates was used to alignment in Gene Bank. This isolate was identified as Aureobasidium pullulans and isolates from this group were compared with it on the base of morphological features.
Keywords:
identification, sooty blotch, PCR, Gloeodes pomigenaReferences
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Batzer J.C., Gleason M.L., Harrington T.C., Tiffany L.H., 2005. Expansion of the sooty blotch and flyspeck complex on apples based on analysis of ribosomal DNA gene sequences and morphology. Mycologia 97(6), 1268–1286.
Bell A.A., Wheeler M.H., 1986. Biosynthesis and functions of fungal melanins. Ann. Rev. Phytopathol. 24, 411–451.
Braun U., 1995. A monograph of Cercosporella, Ramularia and allied genera (phytopathogenic Hyphomycetes). Vol. 1. IHW-Verl.
Braun U., 2000. Miscellaneous notes on some micromycetes. Schlechtendalia 5, 31–56.
Brown E.M., Sutton T.B., 1993. Time of infection of Gloeodes pomigena and Shizothyrium pomi on apple in North Carolina and potential control by an eradicant spray program. Plant Dis. 77, 451–455.
De Hoog G.S., 2000. Atlas of clinical fungi. ed. 2, 520.
Deighton F.C., 1973. Studies on Cercospora and allied genera. IV. Cercosporella Sacc., Pseudocercosporella gen. nov. and Pseudocercosporidium gen. nov. Mycol. Pap. 133, 1–62.
Gardes M., Bruns T.D., 1993. ITS primers with enhanced specificity for basidiomycetesapplication to the identification of mycorrhizae and rusts. Molec. Ecol. 2, 113–118.
Gniewosz M., 2003. Studia nad doskonaleniem Aureobasidium pullulans w produkcji pullulanu. Rozprawy naukowe i monografie. Wyd. SGGW, 19–21.
Goffinet M.C., Burr T.J., Heidenreich M.C., 2002. Anatomy of apple russet caused by the fungus Aureobasidium pullulans. New York Fruit Quart. 10(3), 3–6.
Goodwin S.B., Zismann V.L., 2001. Phylogenetic analysis of the ITS region of ribosomal DNA reveal that Septoria passerinii from barley is closely related to the wheat pathogen Mycosphaerella graminicola. Mycologia 93(5), 934–946.
Grabowski M., 2004. Etiology of sooty blotch in selected regions of southern Poland. Phytopath. Pol. 35, 73–81.
Grabowski M., 2007. The study of new fungus species causing apple sooty blotch. Folia Horticult. 19(2), 89–97.
Groves A.B., 1933. A study of the sooty blotch disease of apples and the casual fungus Gloeodes pomigena. Virginia Agric. Exper. Stat. Tech. Bull. 50, 243–244.
Johnson E.M., Sutton T.B., Hodges C.S., 1996. Peltaster fructicola: a new species in the complex of fungi causing apple sooty blotch disease. Mycologia 88(1), 114–120.
Johnson E.M., Sutton T.B., Hodges C.S., 1997. Etiology of apple sooty blotch disease in North Carolina. Phytopathology 87, 88–95.
Kirk P.M., Cannon P.F., Minter D.W., Stalpers J.A., 2008. Ainsworth and Bisby’s dictionary of the Fungi. Wyd. X. CABI Europe-UK, CAB International, Wallingford, 771 pp.
Larena I., Salazar O., Gonzales V., Julian M.C., Rubio V., 1999. Design of a primer for ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer with enhanced specificity for ascomycetes. J. Biotech. 75, 187–194.
Lohrer T., 2004. Regenfleckenkrankheit und Fliegenschmutzfleckenkrankheit. Infoblatter, http://www.fh-weihenstephan.de/fgw/wissenspool/infos/kurzinfo.ph.
Matteson Heidenreich M.C., Corral-Garcia M.R., Momol E.A., Burr T.J., 1997. Russet of apple fruit caused by Aureobasidium pullulans and Rhodothorula glutinis. Plant Dis. 81, 337–342.
Mirzwa-Mróz E., Wińska-Krysiak M., 2011. Diversity of sooty blotch fungi in Poland. Acta Sci. Pol., Hortorum Cultus 10(4), 191–200.
Nelson S., 2008. Sooty mold. Plant Dis. 52 www.stahr.hawaii.edu/oc/freepubs/pdf/PD-52.pdf.
Noga G., Kern S., Dehne W., Steiner U., Böhmer B., Heupel M., Frahm J., 2000. In: Die Rußfleckenkrankheit beim Apfel. Arbeitsergebnisse aus dem Lehr- und Forschungsschwerpunkt USL, Hoegen B. (eds.). Niemcy, Bonn [www.usl.uni-bonn.de/pdf/russfleck.pdf], dostęp: 14.03.2004.
Pechak D.G., Crang R.E., 1977. An analysis of Aureobasidium pullulans developmental stages by means of scanning electron microscopy. Mycologia 69, 783–792.
Salkin I.F., Martinez J.A., Kemna M.E., 1986. Opportunistic infection of the spleen caused by Aureobasidium pullulans. J. Clin. Microbiol. 23(5), 828–831.
Sun G., Zhai X.R., Zhang R., Gleason M.L., 2008. First report of Aureobasidium pullulans causing sooty blotch on apple fruit in China. Phytopathology 98, 156.
Takesako K., Ikai K., Haruna F., Endo M., Shimanaka K., Sono E., Nakamura T., Kato I., 1991. Aureobasidins, new antifungal antibiotics. Taxonomy, fermentation, isolation, and properties. J. Antibiot. 44(9), 919–924.
White T.J., Bruns T., Lee S., Taylor J., 1990. Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. In: PCR protocols: a guide to methods and applications, Innis M.A., Gelfand D.H., Sninsky J.J., White T.J. (eds). 315–322.
Wilcox W.F., 1994. Sooty blotch Gloeodes pomigena (Schwein.) Colby and flyspeck Shizothyrium pomi (Mont. and Fr.) Arx. Tree Fruit Crops, Disease Identification Sheet, D11, 4.
Williamson S.M., Sutton T.B., 2000. Sooty blotch and flyspeck of apple: etiology, biology, and control. Plant Disease 84(7), 714–724.
Williamson S.M., Hodges C.S., Sutton T.B., 2004. Re-examination of, a member of the apple sooty blotch complex. Mycologia 96(4), 885–890.
Wrona B., Grabowski M., 2004. Etiology of the apple sooty blotch in Poland. J. Plant Prot. Res. 44(4), 21–25.
Batzer J.C., Gleason M.L., Harrington T.C., Tiffany L.H., 2005. Expansion of the sooty blotch and flyspeck complex on apples based on analysis of ribosomal DNA gene sequences and morphology. Mycologia 97(6), 1268–1286.
Bell A.A., Wheeler M.H., 1986. Biosynthesis and functions of fungal melanins. Ann. Rev. Phytopathol. 24, 411–451.
Braun U., 1995. A monograph of Cercosporella, Ramularia and allied genera (phytopathogenic Hyphomycetes). Vol. 1. IHW-Verl.
Braun U., 2000. Miscellaneous notes on some micromycetes. Schlechtendalia 5, 31–56.
Brown E.M., Sutton T.B., 1993. Time of infection of Gloeodes pomigena and Shizothyrium pomi on apple in North Carolina and potential control by an eradicant spray program. Plant Dis. 77, 451–455.
De Hoog G.S., 2000. Atlas of clinical fungi. ed. 2, 520.
Deighton F.C., 1973. Studies on Cercospora and allied genera. IV. Cercosporella Sacc., Pseudocercosporella gen. nov. and Pseudocercosporidium gen. nov. Mycol. Pap. 133, 1–62.
Gardes M., Bruns T.D., 1993. ITS primers with enhanced specificity for basidiomycetesapplication to the identification of mycorrhizae and rusts. Molec. Ecol. 2, 113–118.
Gniewosz M., 2003. Studia nad doskonaleniem Aureobasidium pullulans w produkcji pullulanu. Rozprawy naukowe i monografie. Wyd. SGGW, 19–21.
Goffinet M.C., Burr T.J., Heidenreich M.C., 2002. Anatomy of apple russet caused by the fungus Aureobasidium pullulans. New York Fruit Quart. 10(3), 3–6.
Goodwin S.B., Zismann V.L., 2001. Phylogenetic analysis of the ITS region of ribosomal DNA reveal that Septoria passerinii from barley is closely related to the wheat pathogen Mycosphaerella graminicola. Mycologia 93(5), 934–946.
Grabowski M., 2004. Etiology of sooty blotch in selected regions of southern Poland. Phytopath. Pol. 35, 73–81.
Grabowski M., 2007. The study of new fungus species causing apple sooty blotch. Folia Horticult. 19(2), 89–97.
Groves A.B., 1933. A study of the sooty blotch disease of apples and the casual fungus Gloeodes pomigena. Virginia Agric. Exper. Stat. Tech. Bull. 50, 243–244.
Johnson E.M., Sutton T.B., Hodges C.S., 1996. Peltaster fructicola: a new species in the complex of fungi causing apple sooty blotch disease. Mycologia 88(1), 114–120.
Johnson E.M., Sutton T.B., Hodges C.S., 1997. Etiology of apple sooty blotch disease in North Carolina. Phytopathology 87, 88–95.
Kirk P.M., Cannon P.F., Minter D.W., Stalpers J.A., 2008. Ainsworth and Bisby’s dictionary of the Fungi. Wyd. X. CABI Europe-UK, CAB International, Wallingford, 771 pp.
Larena I., Salazar O., Gonzales V., Julian M.C., Rubio V., 1999. Design of a primer for ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer with enhanced specificity for ascomycetes. J. Biotech. 75, 187–194.
Lohrer T., 2004. Regenfleckenkrankheit und Fliegenschmutzfleckenkrankheit. Infoblatter, http://www.fh-weihenstephan.de/fgw/wissenspool/infos/kurzinfo.ph.
Matteson Heidenreich M.C., Corral-Garcia M.R., Momol E.A., Burr T.J., 1997. Russet of apple fruit caused by Aureobasidium pullulans and Rhodothorula glutinis. Plant Dis. 81, 337–342.
Mirzwa-Mróz E., Wińska-Krysiak M., 2011. Diversity of sooty blotch fungi in Poland. Acta Sci. Pol., Hortorum Cultus 10(4), 191–200.
Nelson S., 2008. Sooty mold. Plant Dis. 52 www.stahr.hawaii.edu/oc/freepubs/pdf/PD-52.pdf.
Noga G., Kern S., Dehne W., Steiner U., Böhmer B., Heupel M., Frahm J., 2000. In: Die Rußfleckenkrankheit beim Apfel. Arbeitsergebnisse aus dem Lehr- und Forschungsschwerpunkt USL, Hoegen B. (eds.). Niemcy, Bonn [www.usl.uni-bonn.de/pdf/russfleck.pdf], dostęp: 14.03.2004.
Pechak D.G., Crang R.E., 1977. An analysis of Aureobasidium pullulans developmental stages by means of scanning electron microscopy. Mycologia 69, 783–792.
Salkin I.F., Martinez J.A., Kemna M.E., 1986. Opportunistic infection of the spleen caused by Aureobasidium pullulans. J. Clin. Microbiol. 23(5), 828–831.
Sun G., Zhai X.R., Zhang R., Gleason M.L., 2008. First report of Aureobasidium pullulans causing sooty blotch on apple fruit in China. Phytopathology 98, 156.
Takesako K., Ikai K., Haruna F., Endo M., Shimanaka K., Sono E., Nakamura T., Kato I., 1991. Aureobasidins, new antifungal antibiotics. Taxonomy, fermentation, isolation, and properties. J. Antibiot. 44(9), 919–924.
White T.J., Bruns T., Lee S., Taylor J., 1990. Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. In: PCR protocols: a guide to methods and applications, Innis M.A., Gelfand D.H., Sninsky J.J., White T.J. (eds). 315–322.
Wilcox W.F., 1994. Sooty blotch Gloeodes pomigena (Schwein.) Colby and flyspeck Shizothyrium pomi (Mont. and Fr.) Arx. Tree Fruit Crops, Disease Identification Sheet, D11, 4.
Williamson S.M., Sutton T.B., 2000. Sooty blotch and flyspeck of apple: etiology, biology, and control. Plant Disease 84(7), 714–724.
Williamson S.M., Hodges C.S., Sutton T.B., 2004. Re-examination of, a member of the apple sooty blotch complex. Mycologia 96(4), 885–890.
Wrona B., Grabowski M., 2004. Etiology of the apple sooty blotch in Poland. J. Plant Prot. Res. 44(4), 21–25.
Ewa Mirzwa-Mróz
Warsaw University of Life Sciences
Warsaw University of Life Sciences
Marzena Wińska-Krysiak
Warsaw University of Life Sciences
Warsaw University of Life Sciences
Ryszard Dzięcioł
Warsaw University of Life Sciences
Warsaw University of Life Sciences
Anna Miękus
Warsaw University of Life Sciences
Warsaw University of Life Sciences
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