VARIABILITY IN NECTAR AND POLLEN PRODUCTION IN FLOWERS OF DOUBLE-LOW LINES OF WHITE MUSTARD (Sinapis alba L.) AND THEIR ATTRACTIVENESS TO HONEY BEES
Marzena Masierowska
University of Life Sciences in LublinTeresa Piętka
National Research Institute in PoznańAbstract
The studies concerned the variability in nectar and pollen production in flowers of 75 double-low lines of white mustard (Sinapis alba L.) and a reference cultivar
‘Nakielska’. Also, rates of insect visitation to flowers in 19 lines were investigated. Significant genotypic differences were found in nectar amount, sugar concentration in nectar and total nectar sugar amount. The average nectar amount/10 flowers varied from 2.3 to 24.4 mg, with a mean 14.7 mg for ‘Nakielska’. Nectar concentration for most lines exceeded 20%. The majority (52%) of the lines tested produced more than 2 mg of sugars/10 flowers in nectar. The average amounts of pollen varied from 1.2 to 12.0 mg/10 flowers, with the mean 8.5 mg for ‘Nakielska’. No clear genotypic effect on the amount of pollen/10 flowers was demonstrated. The lines did not differed significantly in their attractiveness to flower visitors. The main foragers were honey bees (93% of all visiting insects). It is concluded that the double-low lines of S. alba are comparable to conventional cultivars in their potential for nectar flow but perform poorer as pollen producers.
Keywords:
Sinapis alba L., nectar, pollen, double-low lines, insect visitation ratesReferences
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Corbet S.A., 1978. Bee visits and the nectar of Echium vulgare L. and Sinapis alba L. Ecol. Entomol., 3, 25–37.
Davis A.R., Sawhney V.K., Fowke L.C., Low N.H., 1994. Floral nectar secretion and ploidy in Brassica rapa and Brassica napus (Brassicaceae). I. Nectary size and nectar carbohydrate production and composition. Apidology, 25, 602–614.
Davis A.R., Sawhney V.K., Fowke L.C., Low N.H., 1996. Floral nectar secretion and ploidy in Brassica rapa and Brassica napus (Brassicaceae).II. Quantified variability of nectar structure and function in rapid-cycling lines. Ann. Bot., 77, 223–234.
Davis A.R., Pylatuik J.D., Paradis J.C., Low N.H., 1998. Nectar-carbohydrate production and composition vary in relation to nectar anatomy and location within individual flowers of several species of Brassicaceae. Planta, 205, 305–318.
Denisow B., 2011. Pollen production of selected ruderal plant species in the Lublin area. Rozpr. Nauk. UP w Lublinie, 351, WUP Lublin.
Dukas R., Shmida A., 1989. Correlation between the color, size and shape of Israeli crucifer flowers and relationships to pollinators. Oikos, 54, 281–286.
Free J.B., 1993. Cruciferae. In: Insect pollination of crops, Free J.B. (ed.). Academic Press, London, 167–189.
Gupta S.K., Pratap A., 2009. Breeding Methods. In: Biology and breeding of crucifers, Gupta S.K. (ed.). CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group, LLC, 79–97.
Jabłoński B., Skowronek J., 1983. Pszczelarska i rolnicza wartość facelii błękitnej i gorczycy białej w siewach poplonowych. Pszczel. Zesz. Nauk., 27, 11–125.
Jabłoński B., Kołtowski Z., Szklanowska K., 1999. Wartość pszczelarska i potrzeby zapylania gorczycy białej oraz rzepaku i rzepiku jarego. Pszczel. Zesz. Nauk. 43, 255–262.
Katepa-Mupondwa F., Raney J.P., Rakow G., 2005. Recurrent selection for increased protein content in yellow mustard (Sinapis alba L.). Plant Breed., 124, 382–387.
Katepa-Mupondwa F., Gugel R.K., Raney J.P., 2006. Genetic diversity for agronomic, morphological and seed quality traits in Sinapis alba L. (yellow mustard). Can. J. Plant Sci., 86, 1015–1025.
Klinkhamer P.G.L., de Jong T.J., 1990. Effects of plant size, plant density and sex differential nectar reward on visitation in the protandrous Echium vulagare (Boraginaceae). Oikos, 57, 399–405.
Kołtowski Z., 2001. Bekeeping value and pollination requirements of double-improved cultivars of spring rapeseed (Brassica napus L. var. oleifera Metzger f. annua Thell.). J. Apic. Sci., 45, 69–84.
Kołtowski Z., 2003. Abundance of nectar secretion and pollen production by Polish hybrid composite cultivars of rapeseed. J. Apic. Sci., 47(2), 133–138.
Krzymański J., Piętka T., Ratajska I., Byczyńska B., Krótka K., 1991. Development of low glucosinolate white mustard (Sinapis alba L. syn. Brassica hirta). In: Proceed. of VIIIth Internat. Rapeseed Congress Saskatoon, Canada 9–11 July 1991, 1545–1548.
Leiss K.A., Klinkhamer P.G.L., 2005. Spatial distribution of nectar production in natural Echium vulagare population: Implications for pollinator behavior. Basic Appl. Ecol., 6, 317–324. DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2005.02.006.
Lipiński M., 2010. Pożytki pszczele. Zapylanie i miododajność roślin, Kołtowski Z. (ed.). PWRiL, Warszawa, Wyd. Sądecki Bartnik, Stróże, 51–52, 260–261.
Masierowska M.L., 2003. Floral nectaries and nectar production in brown mustard (Brassica juncea) and white mustard (Sinapis alba) (Brassicaceae). Plant Syst. Evol., 238, 97–107. DOI: 10.1007/s00606-002-0273-2.
Masierowska M., 2012. Floral display and reproductive system in brown mustard Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. et Coss. and white mustard Sinapis alba, Brassicaceae. Rozpr. Nauk. UP w Lublinie, 366, WUP Lublin.
Mayfield M.M., Waser N.M., Price M.V., 2001. Exploring the ‘most effective pollinator principle’ with complex flowers: bumblebees and Ipomopsis aggregata. Ann. Bot., 88, 591–596. DOI: 10.1006/anbo.2001.1500.
McGregor S.E., 1976. Insect pollination of cultivated crop plants. Agricult. Handbook, 496.
Washington D.C., Agricultural Research Service, US Dept. of Agriculture, 261–262.
Mesquida J., Pham-Delègue M.H., Marilleau R., Metayer le M., Renard M., 1991. La sécrétion nectifère des fleurs de cybrides mâle-stérile de colza d’hiver (Brassica napus L.). Agronomie, 11, 217–227.
Pernal S.F., Currie R.W., 1998. Nectar quality in open-pollinated, pol CMS hybrid, and dominant SI hybrid oilseed summer rape. Can. J. Plant Sci., 78, 79–89.
Pierre J., Mesquida J., Marilleau R., Pham-Delègue M.H., Renard M., 1999. Nectar secretion in winter oilseed rape, Brassica napus – quantative and qualitative variability among 71 genotypes. Plant Breed., 118, 471–476.
Pierre J., Le Guen J., Pham Delègue M.H., Mesquida J., Marilleau R., Morin G., 1996. Comparative study of nectar secretion and attractiveness to bees of two lines of spring-type faba bean (Vicia faba L var. equine Staudel). Apidologie, 27, 65–75.
Piętka T., Krzymański J., 2007. Bamberka – zeroerukowa gorczyca biała. Rośl. Oleiste/Oil. Crops, 28, 119–124.
Piętka T., Krzymański J., Krótka K., 2010. Podwójnie ulepszona odmiana gorczycy białej. Rośl. Oleiste/Oil. Crops, 31, 177–200.
Roman A., 2008. Wpływ preferencji kwiatowej na wydajność pyłkową rodzin pszczoły miodnej. Wrocław, WUP.
Shuel R.W., 1989. Improving honey production through plant breeding. Bee World, 70(4), 36–45.
Silva E.M., Dean B.B., 2000. Effect of nectar composition and nectar concentration on honey bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) visitation to hybrid onion flowers. J. Econ. Entomol., 93(4), 1216–1221. DOI: 10.1603/0022-0493-93.41216.
Sokal R.R., Rohlf F.J., 1995. Biometry. New York, W.H. Freeman.
Soto V.C., Maldonado I.B., Gil R.A., Peralta I.E., Silva M.F., Galmarini C.R., 2013. Nectar and flower traits of different onion male sterile lines related to pollination efficiency and seed yield of F1 hybrids. J. Econ. Entomol., 106(3), 1386–1394. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/EC13096.
Szabo T.I., 1982. Nectar secretion by 28 varieties and breeders lines of two species of rapeseed (Brassica napus and B. campestris). Am. Bee J., 122, 645–647.
Takahata Y., 2009. Floral variation in subtribe Brassicinae with special references to pollination strategy and pollen-ovule ratios. In: Biology and breeding of crucifers, Gupta S.K. (ed.). CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group, LLC, 69–78.
Teuber L.R., Albertsen M.C., Barnes D.K., Heichel G.H., 1980. Structure of floral nectaries of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) in relation to nectar production. Am. J. Bot., 67, 433–439.
Teuber L.R., Barnes D.K., Rincker C.M., 1983. Effectiveness of selection for nectar volume, receptacle diameter, and seed yield characteristics in alfalfa. Crop Sci., 23(2), 283–289. DOI: 10.2135/cropsci1983.0011183X002300020025x
Teuber L.R., Rincker C.M., Barnes D.K., 1990. Seed yield characteristics of alfalfa populations selected for receptacle diameter and nectar volume. Crop Sci., 30(3), 579–583. DOI: 10.2135/cropsci1990.0011183X003000030023x
Walker A.K., Barnes D.K., Furgala B., 1974. Genetic and environmental effects on quantity and quality of alfalfa nectar. Crop Sci., 14(2), 235–238. DOI:10.2135/cropsci1974.0011183X001400020020x
Waddington K.D., 1980. Flight patterns of foraging bees in relation to artificial flower density and distribution of nectar. Oecologia, 44, 199–204.
Warakomska Z., 1972. Badania nad wydajnością pyłkową roślin. Pszczel. Zesz. Nauk., 16, 63–96.
Young H.J., Stanton M.L., 1990. Influences of floral variation on pollen removal and seed production in wild radish. Ecology, 71, 536–547.
Young H.J., Stanton M.L., Ellestrand N.C., Clegg J.M., 1994. Temporal and spatial variation in heritability and genetic correlation among floral traits in Raphanus sativus, wild radish. Heredity, 73, 298–308.
Corbet S.A., 1978. Bee visits and the nectar of Echium vulgare L. and Sinapis alba L. Ecol. Entomol., 3, 25–37.
Davis A.R., Sawhney V.K., Fowke L.C., Low N.H., 1994. Floral nectar secretion and ploidy in Brassica rapa and Brassica napus (Brassicaceae). I. Nectary size and nectar carbohydrate production and composition. Apidology, 25, 602–614.
Davis A.R., Sawhney V.K., Fowke L.C., Low N.H., 1996. Floral nectar secretion and ploidy in Brassica rapa and Brassica napus (Brassicaceae).II. Quantified variability of nectar structure and function in rapid-cycling lines. Ann. Bot., 77, 223–234.
Davis A.R., Pylatuik J.D., Paradis J.C., Low N.H., 1998. Nectar-carbohydrate production and composition vary in relation to nectar anatomy and location within individual flowers of several species of Brassicaceae. Planta, 205, 305–318.
Denisow B., 2011. Pollen production of selected ruderal plant species in the Lublin area. Rozpr. Nauk. UP w Lublinie, 351, WUP Lublin.
Dukas R., Shmida A., 1989. Correlation between the color, size and shape of Israeli crucifer flowers and relationships to pollinators. Oikos, 54, 281–286.
Free J.B., 1993. Cruciferae. In: Insect pollination of crops, Free J.B. (ed.). Academic Press, London, 167–189.
Gupta S.K., Pratap A., 2009. Breeding Methods. In: Biology and breeding of crucifers, Gupta S.K. (ed.). CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group, LLC, 79–97.
Jabłoński B., Skowronek J., 1983. Pszczelarska i rolnicza wartość facelii błękitnej i gorczycy białej w siewach poplonowych. Pszczel. Zesz. Nauk., 27, 11–125.
Jabłoński B., Kołtowski Z., Szklanowska K., 1999. Wartość pszczelarska i potrzeby zapylania gorczycy białej oraz rzepaku i rzepiku jarego. Pszczel. Zesz. Nauk. 43, 255–262.
Katepa-Mupondwa F., Raney J.P., Rakow G., 2005. Recurrent selection for increased protein content in yellow mustard (Sinapis alba L.). Plant Breed., 124, 382–387.
Katepa-Mupondwa F., Gugel R.K., Raney J.P., 2006. Genetic diversity for agronomic, morphological and seed quality traits in Sinapis alba L. (yellow mustard). Can. J. Plant Sci., 86, 1015–1025.
Klinkhamer P.G.L., de Jong T.J., 1990. Effects of plant size, plant density and sex differential nectar reward on visitation in the protandrous Echium vulagare (Boraginaceae). Oikos, 57, 399–405.
Kołtowski Z., 2001. Bekeeping value and pollination requirements of double-improved cultivars of spring rapeseed (Brassica napus L. var. oleifera Metzger f. annua Thell.). J. Apic. Sci., 45, 69–84.
Kołtowski Z., 2003. Abundance of nectar secretion and pollen production by Polish hybrid composite cultivars of rapeseed. J. Apic. Sci., 47(2), 133–138.
Krzymański J., Piętka T., Ratajska I., Byczyńska B., Krótka K., 1991. Development of low glucosinolate white mustard (Sinapis alba L. syn. Brassica hirta). In: Proceed. of VIIIth Internat. Rapeseed Congress Saskatoon, Canada 9–11 July 1991, 1545–1548.
Leiss K.A., Klinkhamer P.G.L., 2005. Spatial distribution of nectar production in natural Echium vulagare population: Implications for pollinator behavior. Basic Appl. Ecol., 6, 317–324. DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2005.02.006.
Lipiński M., 2010. Pożytki pszczele. Zapylanie i miododajność roślin, Kołtowski Z. (ed.). PWRiL, Warszawa, Wyd. Sądecki Bartnik, Stróże, 51–52, 260–261.
Masierowska M.L., 2003. Floral nectaries and nectar production in brown mustard (Brassica juncea) and white mustard (Sinapis alba) (Brassicaceae). Plant Syst. Evol., 238, 97–107. DOI: 10.1007/s00606-002-0273-2.
Masierowska M., 2012. Floral display and reproductive system in brown mustard Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. et Coss. and white mustard Sinapis alba, Brassicaceae. Rozpr. Nauk. UP w Lublinie, 366, WUP Lublin.
Mayfield M.M., Waser N.M., Price M.V., 2001. Exploring the ‘most effective pollinator principle’ with complex flowers: bumblebees and Ipomopsis aggregata. Ann. Bot., 88, 591–596. DOI: 10.1006/anbo.2001.1500.
McGregor S.E., 1976. Insect pollination of cultivated crop plants. Agricult. Handbook, 496.
Washington D.C., Agricultural Research Service, US Dept. of Agriculture, 261–262.
Mesquida J., Pham-Delègue M.H., Marilleau R., Metayer le M., Renard M., 1991. La sécrétion nectifère des fleurs de cybrides mâle-stérile de colza d’hiver (Brassica napus L.). Agronomie, 11, 217–227.
Pernal S.F., Currie R.W., 1998. Nectar quality in open-pollinated, pol CMS hybrid, and dominant SI hybrid oilseed summer rape. Can. J. Plant Sci., 78, 79–89.
Pierre J., Mesquida J., Marilleau R., Pham-Delègue M.H., Renard M., 1999. Nectar secretion in winter oilseed rape, Brassica napus – quantative and qualitative variability among 71 genotypes. Plant Breed., 118, 471–476.
Pierre J., Le Guen J., Pham Delègue M.H., Mesquida J., Marilleau R., Morin G., 1996. Comparative study of nectar secretion and attractiveness to bees of two lines of spring-type faba bean (Vicia faba L var. equine Staudel). Apidologie, 27, 65–75.
Piętka T., Krzymański J., 2007. Bamberka – zeroerukowa gorczyca biała. Rośl. Oleiste/Oil. Crops, 28, 119–124.
Piętka T., Krzymański J., Krótka K., 2010. Podwójnie ulepszona odmiana gorczycy białej. Rośl. Oleiste/Oil. Crops, 31, 177–200.
Roman A., 2008. Wpływ preferencji kwiatowej na wydajność pyłkową rodzin pszczoły miodnej. Wrocław, WUP.
Shuel R.W., 1989. Improving honey production through plant breeding. Bee World, 70(4), 36–45.
Silva E.M., Dean B.B., 2000. Effect of nectar composition and nectar concentration on honey bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) visitation to hybrid onion flowers. J. Econ. Entomol., 93(4), 1216–1221. DOI: 10.1603/0022-0493-93.41216.
Sokal R.R., Rohlf F.J., 1995. Biometry. New York, W.H. Freeman.
Soto V.C., Maldonado I.B., Gil R.A., Peralta I.E., Silva M.F., Galmarini C.R., 2013. Nectar and flower traits of different onion male sterile lines related to pollination efficiency and seed yield of F1 hybrids. J. Econ. Entomol., 106(3), 1386–1394. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/EC13096.
Szabo T.I., 1982. Nectar secretion by 28 varieties and breeders lines of two species of rapeseed (Brassica napus and B. campestris). Am. Bee J., 122, 645–647.
Takahata Y., 2009. Floral variation in subtribe Brassicinae with special references to pollination strategy and pollen-ovule ratios. In: Biology and breeding of crucifers, Gupta S.K. (ed.). CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group, LLC, 69–78.
Teuber L.R., Albertsen M.C., Barnes D.K., Heichel G.H., 1980. Structure of floral nectaries of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) in relation to nectar production. Am. J. Bot., 67, 433–439.
Teuber L.R., Barnes D.K., Rincker C.M., 1983. Effectiveness of selection for nectar volume, receptacle diameter, and seed yield characteristics in alfalfa. Crop Sci., 23(2), 283–289. DOI: 10.2135/cropsci1983.0011183X002300020025x
Teuber L.R., Rincker C.M., Barnes D.K., 1990. Seed yield characteristics of alfalfa populations selected for receptacle diameter and nectar volume. Crop Sci., 30(3), 579–583. DOI: 10.2135/cropsci1990.0011183X003000030023x
Walker A.K., Barnes D.K., Furgala B., 1974. Genetic and environmental effects on quantity and quality of alfalfa nectar. Crop Sci., 14(2), 235–238. DOI:10.2135/cropsci1974.0011183X001400020020x
Waddington K.D., 1980. Flight patterns of foraging bees in relation to artificial flower density and distribution of nectar. Oecologia, 44, 199–204.
Warakomska Z., 1972. Badania nad wydajnością pyłkową roślin. Pszczel. Zesz. Nauk., 16, 63–96.
Young H.J., Stanton M.L., 1990. Influences of floral variation on pollen removal and seed production in wild radish. Ecology, 71, 536–547.
Young H.J., Stanton M.L., Ellestrand N.C., Clegg J.M., 1994. Temporal and spatial variation in heritability and genetic correlation among floral traits in Raphanus sativus, wild radish. Heredity, 73, 298–308.
Marzena Masierowska
University of Life Sciences in Lublin
University of Life Sciences in Lublin
Teresa Piętka
National Research Institute in Poznań
National Research Institute in Poznań
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