Abstract
In Poland common viper’s bugloss (E. vulgare L.) is the most common species. E. vulgare belongs to medicinal, ornamental and bee plants, since it is a source of nectar and pollen forage. These flowers are frequently visited by bumblebees and honey bees. Flowering specimens of common viper’s bugloss were collected in the area of Lublin. Flowers and their parts were observed using stereoscopic microscopy. The micromorphology of the nectary at the initial stage of nectar secretion was observed in a scanning electron microscope. The rate of nectar production and pollen yield of the plants were determined as well as insects visiting flowers of this species were identified. The nectary, located at the base of the ovary, was found to be fused with its lower part. Nectar is secreted through numerous stomata located in the epidermis of the nectary. Nectar secretion, which starts at the bud stage, lasts throughout the flower life (3–4 days). Over this period, one flower of common viper’s bugloss produces 2.14 mg of nectar with high sugar concentration (48%). Sugar yield of its flowers is on average 9.8 mg/10 flowers. The flowers
start to shed pollen at bud break and release the largest amount of pollen during late morning hours. The weight of pollen produced by 10 flowers is 5.4 mg. The present study shows that the flowers of E. vulgare are a very good source of nectar and pollen forage.
References
Beales K. A., Betteridge K., Colegate S. M, Edgar J. A., 2004. Solid-phase extraction and LC-MS analysis of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in honeys. J. Agric. Food Chem. 52(21), 6664–6672.
Boppre M., Colegate S. M., Edgar J. A., 2005. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids of Echium vulgare honey found in pure pollen. J. Agric. Food Chem. 53, 594–600.
Bornus L., 1989. Encyklopedia pszczelarska. PWRiL, Warszawa.
Chwil M., Weryszko-Chmielewska E., 2007. Nectary structure and nectar secretion of Echium russicum J. F. Gmel. flowers. Acta Agrobot. 60 (1), 25–33.
Chwil M., Weryszko-Chmielewska E., 2009. The structure of floral elements of Anchusa officinalis L. Acta Agrobot. 62(1), 27–36.
Cisowski W., Zielińska-Stasiek M., Stołyhwo A., Migas P., Kamieniec A., 2001. Gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of fatty acids obtained from the seeds of some Boraginaceae plants. Acta Chromatogr. 11, 215–223.
Corbet S., 1978. Bee visits and the nectar of Echium vulgare L. and Sinapis alba L. Ecol. Entomol. 3, 25–37.
Demianowicz Z., 1953. Rośliny miododajne. PWRiL, Warszawa.
Dziennik Ustaw, 2004, nr 92, poz. 880, Rozporządzenie Ministra Środowiska z dnia 9 lipca, na podstawie art. 48 ustawy z dnia 16 kwietnia 2004 o ochronie przyrody.
Galera H., 2003. The spontaneous flora of botanical gardens in Poland: a review. Biul. Ogrod. Bot. 12, 31–82.
Harborne J. B., 1997. Ekologia biochemiczna. PWN, Warszawa.
Horner H. T., Healy R. A., Ren G., Fritz D., Klyne A., Seames C., Thornburg R. W., 2007. Amyloplast to chromoplast conversion in developing ornamental tobacco floral nectaries provides sugar for nectar and antioxidants for protection. Am. J. Bot. 94, 12–24.
Jabłoński B., 2003. Metodyka badań obfitości nektarowania kwiatów i oceny miododajności roślin. Puławy, Oddział Pszczelnictwa Instytutu Sadownictwa i Kwiaciarstwa.
Kempf M., Heil1 S., Hasslauer I., Schmidt L., von der Ohe K., Theuring C., Reinhard A., Schreier P., Beuerle T., 2010a. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids in pollen and pollen products. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 54, 292–300.
Kempf M., Reinhard A., Beuerle T., 2010b. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) in honey and pollenlegal regulation of PA levels in food and animal feed required. Mol. Nutr. Food Res., 54, 158–168.
Kędzia B., 2008. Skład chemiczny i adaptogenne działanie pszczelego pyłku kwiatowego. Cz. I. Skład chemiczny. Postępy Fitoterapii 1, 47–58.
Kołtowski Z., 2006. Wielki atlas roślin miododajnych. Przedsięb. Wyd. Rzeczpospolita SA, Warszawa.
Król B., 2006. Wpływ terminu zbioru na plony oraz wartość technologiczną nasion żmijowca babkowatego (Echium plantagineum L.). Acta Agrophys. 8(3), 657–662.
Lipiński M., 2010. Pożytki pszczele, zapylanie i miododajność roślin. PWRiL, Warszawa.
Maurizio A., Grafl I., 1969. Das Trachtpflanzenbuch. Ehrenwirth Verlag, München.
Pappers S. M., de Jong T. J., Klinkhamer P. G. L., Meelis E., 1999. Effects of nectar content on the number of bumblebee approaches and the length of visitation sequences in Echium vulgare (Boraginaceae). Oikos. 87(3), 580–586.
Podhajska Z., Rivola M., 1992. Wielka encyklopedia roślin. DELTA, Warszawa.
Prabucki J., 1998. Pszczelnictwo. Wyd. Promocyjne “Albatros”, Szczecin.
Prakash A.S., Pereira T.N., Reilly P.E.B., Seawright A.A., 1999. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids in human diet. Mut. Res. 443, 53–67.
Proctor M., Yeo P., Lack A., 1996. The natural history of pollination. Harper Collins Publishers, London, Glasgow, Sydney.
Rutkowski L., 2008. Klucz do oznaczania roślin naczyniowych Polski niżowej. Wydawnictwo Naukowe, PWN, Warszawa.
Sadowska A., 2004. Rakotwórcze i trujące substancje roślinne. Wyd. SGGW, Warszawa.
Szafer W., Wojtusiakowa H., 1969. Kwiaty i zwierzęta. PWN, Warszawa.
Szweykowscy A. i J., 2003. Słownik botaniczny. Wiedza Powszechna, Warszawa.
Warakomska Z., 1972. Badania nad wydajnością pyłkową roślin. Pszczeln. Zesz. Nauk. 16, 63–70.
Weryszko-Chmielewska E., Chwil M., 2008. Micromorphology of glandular structures in Echium vulgare L. flowers. Acta Agrobot. 61(2), 25–34.
Weryszko-Chmielewska E., Chwil M., Wróbel M., 2009. The position and structure of the nectary in spring heath (Erica carnea L.) flowers. Acta Agrob. 62(2), 13–21.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
