IMPACT OF DENSITY OF BREEDING ON THE GROWTH AND SOME NUTRACEUTICAL PROPERTIES OF READY-TO-EAT LENTIL (Lens culinaris) SPROUTS
Michał Świeca
University of Life Sciences in LublinUrszula Gawlik-Dziki
University of Life Sciences in LublinAnna Jakubczyk
University of Life Sciences in LublinAbstract
Nutritional and nutraceutical quality of sprouts is strongly affected by growth conditions. This study focused on determining the influence of breeding density on seedling growth, phenolics content and some antioxidant capacity of ready-to-eat lentil sprouts. Content of condensed tannins (ranging from 1.77 to 3.16 mg g-1 DM) and flavonoids (ranging from 15.13 to 25.08 mg g-1 DM) increased with the increasing density of breeding. The contents of the p-hydroxybenzoic and ferulic acids, and (+) catechin decreased with the increasing density of breeding in 3-days-old seedlings. Additionally, the level of quercetin was elevated at a higher degree in sprouts cultivated at density of 1.22 seeds per cm2 and average 10.42 and 5.91 μg g-1 DM for 3- and 4-days-old sprouts, respectively. Metal chelating ability was the highest for sprouts obtained at the lowest density: 92% and 86% for 3- and 4-days-old sprouts, respectively. Fresh mass yield and lipids preventing abilities were negatively affected by density of breeding. It can be concluded that density of breeding plays an important role in design of chemical composition and bioactivity of lentil sprouts.
Keywords:
antioxidant activity, cultivation conditions, lentil, density of breeding, sproutsReferences
Amarowicz R., Estrella I., Hernández T., Robredo S., Troszyńska A., Kosińska A., Pegg R.B., 2010. Free radical-scavenging capacity, antioxidant activity, and phenolic composition of green lentil (Lens culinaris). Food Chem. 121, 705–711.
Amarowicz R., Troszyńska A., 2003. Antioxidant activity of extract of pea and its fractions of low molecular phenolics and tannins. Pol. J. Food Nutr. Sci. 53, 10–15.
Amarowicz R., Estrella I., Hernández T., Duneas M., Troszyńska A., Kosińska A., Pegg R.B., 2009. Antioxidant activity of a red lentil extracts and its fractions. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 10, 5513–5527.
Axelrod B., Cheesborough T.M., Laakso S., 1981. Lipoxygenases in soybeans. Meth. Enzymol. 71, 441–448.
Berger U., Piou C. Schiffers K., Grimm V., 2008. Competition among plants: Concepts, individual-based modeling approaches, and a proposal for a future research strategy. Perspect. Plant Ecol. Evol. Syst. 9, 121–135.
Biswas D.K., Hamid M.M., Ahmend J.U., Rahman M.A., 2002. Influence of plant population density on growth and yield of two blackgram varieties. J. Agron. 1, 83–85.
Dueñas M., Hernández T., Estrella I., 2007. Changes in the content of bioactive polyphenolic compounds of lentils by the action of exogenous enzymes. Effect on their antioxidant activity. Food Chem. 101, 90–97.
Dueñas M., Hernández T., Estrella I., 2002. Phenolic composition of the cotyledon and the seed coat of lentils (Lens culinaris L). Eur. Food Res. Technol. 215, 478–483.
Enyi B.A.C., 1973. Effect of plant population on growth and yield of soybean. J. Agric. Sci. 81, 131–138.
Fang Y.-Z., Yang S., Wu G., 2002. Free radicals, antioxidants, and nutrition. Nutrition 18, 872–879.
Fernandez-Orozco R., Frias J., Zielinski H., Piskula M.K., Kozlowska H., Vidal-Valverde C., 2008. Kinetic study of the antioxidant compounds and antioxidant capacity during germination of Vigna radiata cv. emmerald, Glycine max cv. jutro and Glycine max cv. Merit. Food Chem. 111, 622–630.
Ferrari C.K.B., Torres E.A.F.S., 2003. Biochemical pharmacology of functional foods and prevention of chronic diseases of aging. Biomed. Pharmacother. 57, 251–260.
Fujita M., Fujita Y., Noutoshi Y., Takahashi F., Narusaka Y., Yamaguchi-Shinozaki K., Shinozaki K., 2006. Crosstalk between abiotic and biotic stress responses: a current view from the points of convergence in the stress signaling networks. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 9, 436–442.
Gawlik-Dziki U., Świeca M., Sugier D., Cichocka J., 2011. Comparison of in vitro lipoxygenase, xanthine oxidase inhibitory and antioxidant activity of Arnica montana and Arnica chamissonis tinctures. Acta Sci. Pol, Hortorum Cultus. 10, 15–27.
Gawlik-Dziki U., Świeca M., Sugier,. D., 2012a. Enhancement of antioxidant abilities and the lipoxygenase and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity of broccoli sprouts by biotic elicitors. Acta Sci. Pol, Hortorum Cultus 11, 13–25.
Gawlik-Dziki U., Jeżyna M., Świeca M., Dziki D., Baraniak B., Czyż J., 2012b. Effect of bioaccessibility of phenolic compounds on in vitro anticancer activity of broccoli sprouts, Food Res. Int. 49, 469–476.
Gawlik-Dziki, U., Świeca, M., Dziki, D., 2012c. Comparison of phenolic acids profile and antioxidant potential of six varieties of spelt (Triticum spelta L.). J. Agric. Food Chem. 9, 60, 4603–4612.
Ghavidel R.A., Prakash J., 2007. The impact of germination and dehulling on nutrients, antinutrients, in vitro iron and calcium bioavailability and in vitro starch and protein digestibility of some legume seed. LWT – Food Sci. Tech. 40, 1292–1299.
Gillet F., 2008. Plant competition. Ecological models. Elsevier.
Groupy P., Vulcain E., Caris-Veyrat C., Dangles O., 2007. Dietary antioxidants as inhibitors of the heme-induced peroxidation of linoleic acid: Mechanism of action and synergism. Free Rad. Biol. Med. 43, 933–943.
Guo J.-T., Lee H.-L., Chiang S.-H., Lin H.-I., Chang C.-Y., 2001. Antioxidant properties of the extracts from different parts of broccoli in Taiwan. J. Food Drug Anal. 9, 96–101.
Khattak A.B., Zeb A., Khan M., Bibi N., Khalil S.A., Khattak I.M.S., 2007. Influence of germination techniques on phytic acid and polyphenols content of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) sprouts. Food Chem. 104, 1074–1079.
Lamaison J.L.C., Carnet A., 1990. Teneurs en principaux flavonoids des fleurs de Crataegeus monogyna Jacq et de Crataegeus laevigata (Poiret D.C) en fonction de la vegetation. Pharm. Acta Helv. 65, 315–320.
McCune L.M., Johns T., 2007. Antioxidant activity relates to plant part, life form and growing condition in some diabetes remedies. J. Ethnoph. 112, 461–469.
Miguélez Frade, M.M., Valenciano, J.B., 2005. Effect of sowing density on the yield and yield components of spring-sown irrigated chickpea (Cicer arietinum) grown in Spain. New Zeal. J. Crop Hort. Sci. 33, 367–373.
Njoku D.N., Muoneke C.O., 2008. Effect of cowpea planting density on growth, yield and productivity of component crops in cowpea/cassava intercropping system. J. Trop. Agric. Food Environ. Ext. 7, 106 –113.
Randhir R., Lin Y.-T., Shetty K., 2004. Stimulation of phenolics, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities in dark germinated mung bean sprouts in response to peptide and phytochemical elicitors. Proc. Biochem. 39, 637–646.
Randhir R., Shetty K., 2003. Light-mediated fava bean (Vicia faba) response to phytochemical and protein elicitors and consequences on nutraceutical enhancement and seed vigour. Proc. Biochem. 38, 945–952.
Scalbert A., Manach C., Morand C., Rémésy C., Jiménez J., 2005. Dietary polyphenols and the prevention of diseases. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 45, 287–306.
Shetty K. 2004. Role of proline-linked pentose phosphate pathway in biosynthesis of plant phenolics for functional food and environmental applications: a review. Proc. Biochem. 39, 789–8049.
Shetty P., Atallah M.T., Shetty K., 2002. Effects of UV treatment on the proline-linked pentose phosphate pathway for phenolics and L-DOPA synthesis in dark germinated Vicia faba. Proc. Biochem. 37, 1285–1295.
Singleton V.L., Orthofer R., Lamuela-Raventos R.M., 1974. Analysis of total phenols and other oxidation substrates and antioxidants by means of Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. Meth. Enzymol. 299, 152–178.
Sun B., Ricardo-da-Silva J.M., Spranger I., 1998. Critical factors of vanillin assay for catechins and proanthocyanidins. J. Agric. Food Chem. 46, 4267–4274.
Świeca M., Gawlik-Dziki U., Kowalczyk D., Złotek U., 2012. Impact of germination time and type of illumination on the antioxidant compounds and antioxidant capacity of Lens culinaris sprouts. Sci. Hortic. 140, 87–95.
Świeca M., Baraniak B., Gawlik-Dziki U., 2013. In vitro digestibility and starch content, predicted glycemic index and potential in vitro antidiabetic effect of lentil sprouts obtained by different germination techniques. Food Chem. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.09.122
Torres M.A., Jones J.D.G., Dangl J.L., 2006. Reactive oxygen species signaling in response to pathogens. Plant Physiol. 141, 373–378.
Troszyńska A., Estrella I., Lamparski G., Hernandez T., Amarowicz R., Pegg R.B., 2011. Relationship between the sensory quality of lentil (Lens culinaris) sprouts and their phenolic constituens. Food Res. Int. 44, 3195–3201.
Turk T.A., Tawaha A.M., 2002. Impact of seeding rate, seeding date, rate and method of phosphorus application in faba bean (Vicia faba L. minor) in the absence of moisture stress. Biotech. Agron. Soc. Environ. 6, 171–178
Xu B.J., Chang S.K., 2007. A comparative study on phenolic profiles and antioxidant activities of legumes as affected by extraction solvents. J. Food Sci. 72, 159–166.
Zhao J., 2007. Nutraceuticals, nutritional therapy, phytonutrients, and phytotherapy for improvement of human health: a perspective on plant biotechnology application. Recent Pat. Biotechnol. 1, 75–97.
Zhao J., Lawrence C.D., Verpoorte, R. 2005. Elicitor signal transduction leading to production of plant secondary metabolites. Biotechnol. Adv. 23, 283–333.
Amarowicz R., Troszyńska A., 2003. Antioxidant activity of extract of pea and its fractions of low molecular phenolics and tannins. Pol. J. Food Nutr. Sci. 53, 10–15.
Amarowicz R., Estrella I., Hernández T., Duneas M., Troszyńska A., Kosińska A., Pegg R.B., 2009. Antioxidant activity of a red lentil extracts and its fractions. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 10, 5513–5527.
Axelrod B., Cheesborough T.M., Laakso S., 1981. Lipoxygenases in soybeans. Meth. Enzymol. 71, 441–448.
Berger U., Piou C. Schiffers K., Grimm V., 2008. Competition among plants: Concepts, individual-based modeling approaches, and a proposal for a future research strategy. Perspect. Plant Ecol. Evol. Syst. 9, 121–135.
Biswas D.K., Hamid M.M., Ahmend J.U., Rahman M.A., 2002. Influence of plant population density on growth and yield of two blackgram varieties. J. Agron. 1, 83–85.
Dueñas M., Hernández T., Estrella I., 2007. Changes in the content of bioactive polyphenolic compounds of lentils by the action of exogenous enzymes. Effect on their antioxidant activity. Food Chem. 101, 90–97.
Dueñas M., Hernández T., Estrella I., 2002. Phenolic composition of the cotyledon and the seed coat of lentils (Lens culinaris L). Eur. Food Res. Technol. 215, 478–483.
Enyi B.A.C., 1973. Effect of plant population on growth and yield of soybean. J. Agric. Sci. 81, 131–138.
Fang Y.-Z., Yang S., Wu G., 2002. Free radicals, antioxidants, and nutrition. Nutrition 18, 872–879.
Fernandez-Orozco R., Frias J., Zielinski H., Piskula M.K., Kozlowska H., Vidal-Valverde C., 2008. Kinetic study of the antioxidant compounds and antioxidant capacity during germination of Vigna radiata cv. emmerald, Glycine max cv. jutro and Glycine max cv. Merit. Food Chem. 111, 622–630.
Ferrari C.K.B., Torres E.A.F.S., 2003. Biochemical pharmacology of functional foods and prevention of chronic diseases of aging. Biomed. Pharmacother. 57, 251–260.
Fujita M., Fujita Y., Noutoshi Y., Takahashi F., Narusaka Y., Yamaguchi-Shinozaki K., Shinozaki K., 2006. Crosstalk between abiotic and biotic stress responses: a current view from the points of convergence in the stress signaling networks. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 9, 436–442.
Gawlik-Dziki U., Świeca M., Sugier D., Cichocka J., 2011. Comparison of in vitro lipoxygenase, xanthine oxidase inhibitory and antioxidant activity of Arnica montana and Arnica chamissonis tinctures. Acta Sci. Pol, Hortorum Cultus. 10, 15–27.
Gawlik-Dziki U., Świeca M., Sugier,. D., 2012a. Enhancement of antioxidant abilities and the lipoxygenase and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity of broccoli sprouts by biotic elicitors. Acta Sci. Pol, Hortorum Cultus 11, 13–25.
Gawlik-Dziki U., Jeżyna M., Świeca M., Dziki D., Baraniak B., Czyż J., 2012b. Effect of bioaccessibility of phenolic compounds on in vitro anticancer activity of broccoli sprouts, Food Res. Int. 49, 469–476.
Gawlik-Dziki, U., Świeca, M., Dziki, D., 2012c. Comparison of phenolic acids profile and antioxidant potential of six varieties of spelt (Triticum spelta L.). J. Agric. Food Chem. 9, 60, 4603–4612.
Ghavidel R.A., Prakash J., 2007. The impact of germination and dehulling on nutrients, antinutrients, in vitro iron and calcium bioavailability and in vitro starch and protein digestibility of some legume seed. LWT – Food Sci. Tech. 40, 1292–1299.
Gillet F., 2008. Plant competition. Ecological models. Elsevier.
Groupy P., Vulcain E., Caris-Veyrat C., Dangles O., 2007. Dietary antioxidants as inhibitors of the heme-induced peroxidation of linoleic acid: Mechanism of action and synergism. Free Rad. Biol. Med. 43, 933–943.
Guo J.-T., Lee H.-L., Chiang S.-H., Lin H.-I., Chang C.-Y., 2001. Antioxidant properties of the extracts from different parts of broccoli in Taiwan. J. Food Drug Anal. 9, 96–101.
Khattak A.B., Zeb A., Khan M., Bibi N., Khalil S.A., Khattak I.M.S., 2007. Influence of germination techniques on phytic acid and polyphenols content of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) sprouts. Food Chem. 104, 1074–1079.
Lamaison J.L.C., Carnet A., 1990. Teneurs en principaux flavonoids des fleurs de Crataegeus monogyna Jacq et de Crataegeus laevigata (Poiret D.C) en fonction de la vegetation. Pharm. Acta Helv. 65, 315–320.
McCune L.M., Johns T., 2007. Antioxidant activity relates to plant part, life form and growing condition in some diabetes remedies. J. Ethnoph. 112, 461–469.
Miguélez Frade, M.M., Valenciano, J.B., 2005. Effect of sowing density on the yield and yield components of spring-sown irrigated chickpea (Cicer arietinum) grown in Spain. New Zeal. J. Crop Hort. Sci. 33, 367–373.
Njoku D.N., Muoneke C.O., 2008. Effect of cowpea planting density on growth, yield and productivity of component crops in cowpea/cassava intercropping system. J. Trop. Agric. Food Environ. Ext. 7, 106 –113.
Randhir R., Lin Y.-T., Shetty K., 2004. Stimulation of phenolics, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities in dark germinated mung bean sprouts in response to peptide and phytochemical elicitors. Proc. Biochem. 39, 637–646.
Randhir R., Shetty K., 2003. Light-mediated fava bean (Vicia faba) response to phytochemical and protein elicitors and consequences on nutraceutical enhancement and seed vigour. Proc. Biochem. 38, 945–952.
Scalbert A., Manach C., Morand C., Rémésy C., Jiménez J., 2005. Dietary polyphenols and the prevention of diseases. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 45, 287–306.
Shetty K. 2004. Role of proline-linked pentose phosphate pathway in biosynthesis of plant phenolics for functional food and environmental applications: a review. Proc. Biochem. 39, 789–8049.
Shetty P., Atallah M.T., Shetty K., 2002. Effects of UV treatment on the proline-linked pentose phosphate pathway for phenolics and L-DOPA synthesis in dark germinated Vicia faba. Proc. Biochem. 37, 1285–1295.
Singleton V.L., Orthofer R., Lamuela-Raventos R.M., 1974. Analysis of total phenols and other oxidation substrates and antioxidants by means of Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. Meth. Enzymol. 299, 152–178.
Sun B., Ricardo-da-Silva J.M., Spranger I., 1998. Critical factors of vanillin assay for catechins and proanthocyanidins. J. Agric. Food Chem. 46, 4267–4274.
Świeca M., Gawlik-Dziki U., Kowalczyk D., Złotek U., 2012. Impact of germination time and type of illumination on the antioxidant compounds and antioxidant capacity of Lens culinaris sprouts. Sci. Hortic. 140, 87–95.
Świeca M., Baraniak B., Gawlik-Dziki U., 2013. In vitro digestibility and starch content, predicted glycemic index and potential in vitro antidiabetic effect of lentil sprouts obtained by different germination techniques. Food Chem. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.09.122
Torres M.A., Jones J.D.G., Dangl J.L., 2006. Reactive oxygen species signaling in response to pathogens. Plant Physiol. 141, 373–378.
Troszyńska A., Estrella I., Lamparski G., Hernandez T., Amarowicz R., Pegg R.B., 2011. Relationship between the sensory quality of lentil (Lens culinaris) sprouts and their phenolic constituens. Food Res. Int. 44, 3195–3201.
Turk T.A., Tawaha A.M., 2002. Impact of seeding rate, seeding date, rate and method of phosphorus application in faba bean (Vicia faba L. minor) in the absence of moisture stress. Biotech. Agron. Soc. Environ. 6, 171–178
Xu B.J., Chang S.K., 2007. A comparative study on phenolic profiles and antioxidant activities of legumes as affected by extraction solvents. J. Food Sci. 72, 159–166.
Zhao J., 2007. Nutraceuticals, nutritional therapy, phytonutrients, and phytotherapy for improvement of human health: a perspective on plant biotechnology application. Recent Pat. Biotechnol. 1, 75–97.
Zhao J., Lawrence C.D., Verpoorte, R. 2005. Elicitor signal transduction leading to production of plant secondary metabolites. Biotechnol. Adv. 23, 283–333.
Michał Świeca
University of Life Sciences in Lublin
University of Life Sciences in Lublin
Urszula Gawlik-Dziki
University of Life Sciences in Lublin
University of Life Sciences in Lublin
Anna Jakubczyk
University of Life Sciences in Lublin
University of Life Sciences in Lublin
License
Articles are made available under the conditions CC BY 4.0 (until 2020 under the conditions CC BY-NC-ND 4.0).
Submission of the paper implies that it has not been published previously, that it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere.
The author signs a statement of the originality of the work, the contribution of individuals, and source of funding.
