FUNGI-DERIVED β-GLUCANS AS A COMPONENT OF FUNCTIONAL FOOD
Krzysztof Sobieralski
Poznań University of Life SciencesMarek Siwulski
Poznań University of Life SciencesJolanta Lisiecka
Poznań University of Life SciencesMałgorzata Jędryczka
Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Science in PoznańIwona Sas-Golak
Poznań University of Life SciencesDorota Frużyńska-Jóźwiak
Poznań University of Life SciencesAbstract
Functional food market develops dynamically all over the world although in Poland consumers knowledge in this area is insufficient. An importance of functional
food mainly arises from contained bioactive substances. Funcional food includes also mushrooms which contain polisaccharides, especially β-glucans. These compounds differ in structure, water solubility, molecule size and molecular mass which determine their medicinal properties. β-glucans derived from fungi show very wide spectrum of healthsupporting activity. Their antitumor, immunomodulating, antibacterial, antiviral and antioxidative properties are well documented. They have ability to lower high blood pressure, lower excessive cholesterol synthesis, and decrease blood-glucose level. Lentinula edodes and species from genus Pleurotus are regarded as main sources of β-glucans. The most important fungi derived β-glucans are lentinan, pleuran, grifolan, crestin and ganoderan.
Keywords:
polisaccharides, medicinal properties, edible mushroomsReferences
Adotey G., Quarcoo A., Holliday J.C., Fofie S., Saaka B., 2011. Effect of Immunomodulating and Antiviral Agent of Medicinal Mushrooms (Immune Assist 24/7TM) on CD4+ T-Lymphocyte Counts of HIV-Infected Patients. Int. J. Med. Mushrooms 13(2), 109–113.
Akramiene D., Kondrotas A., Didziapetriene J., Kevelaitis E., 2007. Effects of β-glucans on the immune system. Medicina (Kaunas) 43(8), 597–606.
Augustin J., 1998. Glucans as modulating polysaccharides, their characteristics and isolation from microbiological sources. Biologia (Bratislava) 53(3), 277–282.
Augustin J., Jaworska G., Dandar A., Cejpek K., 2007. Boczniak ostrygowaty (Pleurotus ostreatus) jako źródło β-D-glukanów. Żywność. Nauka. Technologia. Jakość. 6(55), 170–176.
Baggio C.H., Freitas C.S., Martins D.F., Mazzardo L., Smiderle F.R., Sassaki G.L., Iacomini M., Marques M.C.A., Santos A.R.S., 2010. Antinociceptive effects of (1-3),(1-6)-linked β-glucan isolated from Pleurotus pulmonarius in models of acute and neuropathic pain in mice, evidence for a role for glutamatergic receptors and cytokine pathways. J. Pain 11(10), 965–971.
Barros L., Cruz T., Baptista P., Estevinho L.M., Ferreira I.C.F.R., 2008. Wild and commercial mushrooms as source of nutrients and nutraceuticals. Food Chem. Toxicol. 46, 2742–2747.
Bell S., Goldman V.M., Bistrian B.R., Arnold A.H., Ostroff G., Forse R.A., 1999. Effect of betaglucan from oats and yeast on serum lipids. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 39(2), 189–202.
Biorklund M., van Rees A., Mensink R., Onning G., 2005. Changes in serum lipids and postprandial glucose and insulin concentrations after consumption of beverages with β-glucans from oats or barley, a randomized dose-controlled trial. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 59, 1272–1281.
Bleiel J., 2010. Functional foods from the perspective of the consumer, How to make it a success? Int. Dairy J. 20, 303–306.
Blondel M., 2001. Mushrooms – magical gift of the forest. J. Cereal Sci. 47, 23–26.
Bobek P., Galbavy S., 2001. Effect of pleuran (beta-glucan from Pleurotus ostreatus) on the antio-xidant status of the organism and on dimethylhydrazine-induced precancerous lesions in rat colon. Br. J. Biomed. Sci. 58(3), 164–168.
Bohn J.A., BeMiller J.N., 1995. (1-3)- β-D-glucan as biological response modifiers, A review of a structure-functional activity relationships. Carbohyd. Polym. 28(1), 3–14.
Borchers A.T., Keen C.L., Gershwin M.E., 2004. Mushrooms, Tumors, and Immunity, An Update. Exp. Biol. Med. 229(5), 393–406.
Brauer D., Kimmons T.E., Phillips M., Brauer D.E., 2010. Potential for manipulating the polysaccharide content of shiitake mushrooms. Current Res., Technol. Education Topics in Apllied Microbiol. Biotechnol. A. Mendez-Vilas (ed.), 1136–1142.
Brown G.D., Herre J., Wiliams D.L., Willment J.A., Marshall A.S., Gordon S., 2003. Dectin-1 mediates the biological effects of beta-glucans. J. Exp. Med 197, 1119–24.
Carbonero E.R., Gracher A.H.P., Smiderle F.R., Rosado F.R., Sassaki G.L., Gorin P.A.J., Iacomini M., 2006. A β-glucan from the bodies of edible mushrooms Pleurotus eryngii and Pleurotus ostreatoroseus. Carbohyd. Polym. 66, 252–257.
Chan G.C.F., Chan W.K., Sze D.M.Y., 2009. The effects of β-glucan on human immune and cancer cells. J. Hematol. Oncol. 2, 25.
Charalampopoulos D.R., Wang R., Pandiella S.S., Webb C., 2002. Application of cereals and cereal components in functional foods, a review. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 79(1–2), 131–141.
Chen J., Raymond K., 2008. Beta-glucans in the treatment of diabetes and associated cardiovascular risks. Vascular Health and Risk Management 4(6), 1265–1272.
Chen J., Seviour R., 2007. Medicinal importance of fungal β-(1-3), (1-6)-glucans. Mycol. Res. 111, 635–652.
Chu K.T., Xia L., Ng T.B., 2005. Pleurostrin, an antifungal peptide from the oyster mushroom. Peptides 26(11), 2098–2103.
Daba A.S., Ezeronye O.U., 2003. Anti-cancer effect of polysaccharides isolated from higher basidiomycetes mushrooms. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 2(12), 672–678.
Deng G., Lin H., Seidman A., Fornier M., D’Andrea G., Wesa K., Yeung S., Cunningham-Rundles S., Vickers A.J., Cassileth B., 2009. A phase I/II trial of a polysaccharide extract from Grifola frondosa (Maitake mushroom) in breast cancer patients, immunological effects. J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol. 135, 1215–1221.
Enshasy H.E., 2010. Immunomodulators. W, The Mycota X. Hofrichter M. (ed.). Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 165–194.
Fan L., Pan H., Soccol A.T., Pandey A., Soccol C.R., 2006. Advances in Mushroom Research in the Last Decade. Food Technol. Biotechnol. 44(3), 303–311.
Feldman S., Schwartz H.J., Kalman D.S., Mayers A., Kohrman H.M., Clemens R., Krieger D.R., 2009. Randomized Phase II Clinical Trials of Wellmune WGP® for Immune Support During Cold and Flue Season. J. Appl. Res. 9(1–2), 30–42.
Ferreira C.F.R.I, Vaz J.A., Vasconcelos M.H., Martins A., 2010. Compounds from wild mushrooms with antitumor potential. Anti-Cancer Agents in Med. Chem. 10(5), 424–436.
Funane K., Ishii T., Matsushita M., Hori K., Mizuno K., Takahara H., Kitamura Y., Kobayashi M., 2001. Water-soluble and water-insoluble glucans produced by Escherichia coli recombinant dextransucrases from Leuconostoc mesenteroides NRRL B-512F. Carbohyd. Res. 334(1), 19–25.
Fujimiya Y., Suzuki Y., Katakura R., Ebina T., 1999. Tumor-specific cytocidal and immunopotentiating effects of relatively low molecular weight products derived from the basidiomycete, Agaricus blazei Murrill. Anticancer Res. 19, 113–118.
Gibiński M., 2008. β-glukany owsa jako składnik żywności funkcjonalnej. Żywność. Nauka. Technologia. Jakość 2(57), 15–29.
Grajeta H., 2004. Żywność funkcjonalna w profilaktyce chorób układu krążenia. Adv. Clin. Exp. Med. 13(3), 503–510.
Guillamon E., Garcia-Lafuente A., Lozano M., D’arrigo M., Rostagno M.A., Villares A., Martinez J.A., 2010. Edible mushrooms, Role in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Fititerapia 81, 715–723.
Hardy G., 2000. Nutraceuticals and functional foods, Introduction and meaning. Nutrition 16, 688–697.
Havrlentova M., Petrulakova Z., Burgarova A., Gago F., Hlinkova A., Sturdik E., 2011. Cereal β-glucans and their Significance for the Preparation of Functional Foods – A Review. Czech J. Food Sci. 29(1), 1–14.
Hoa L.T., Le T.B., Doan T.H.T., Quyen D.V., Le K.X.T., Pham V.C., Nagataki M., Nomura H., Ikeue Y., Watanabe Y., Agatsuma T., 2011. The Adjuvant Effect of Sophy β-Glucan to the Antibody Response in Poultry Immunized by the Avian Influenza A H5N1 and H5N2 Vaccines. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 21(4), 405–411.
Hozova B., Kuniak L., Kelemenova B., 2004. Application of p-D-Glucans Isolated from Mushrooms Pleurotus ostreatus (Pleuran) and Lentinus edodes (Lentinan) for Increasing the Bioactivity of Yoghurts. Czech. J. Food Sci. 22(6), 204–214.
Ishibashi K.I., Miura N.N., Adachi Y, Ohno N., Yadomae T., 2001. Relationship between Solubility of Grifolan, a Fungal 1,3-β-D-Glucan, and Production of Tumor Necrosis Factor by Macrophages in Vitro. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 65(9), 1993–2000.
Jaehrig S.C., Rohn S., Kroh L.W., Fleischer L.G., Kurz T., 2007. In Vitro potential Antioxidant Activity of β-(1,3)(1,6)-D-Glucan and Protein Fractions from Saccharomyces cerevisiae Cell Walls. Agric. Food Chem. 55, 4710–4716.
Jagadish L.K., Venkatakrishnan V., Shenbhagaraman R., Kaviyarasan V., 2009. Comparative study on the antioxidant, anticancer and antimicrobial property of Agaricus bisporus (J.E. Lange) Imbach before and after boiling. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 8(4), 654–661.
Jeurink P.V., Noguera C.L., Savelkoul H.F.J., Wichers H.J., 2008. Immunomodulatory capacity of fungal proteins on the cytokine production of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Int. Immunopharmacol. 8, 1124–1133.
Jiang T., Wang Q., Xu S., Jahangir M.M., Ying T., 2010. Structure and composition changes in the cell wall in relation to texture of shiitake mushrooms (Lentinula edodes) stored in modified atmosphere packaging. J. Sci. Food Agric. 90, 742–749.
Jones P., 2002. Clinical nutrition, 7. Functional foods – more than just nutrition. CMAJ 166, 1555–1563.
Jose N., Ajith T.A., Jananrdhanan K.K., 2002. Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor activities of culinary-medicinal mushroom Pleurotus pulmonarius (Fr.) Quel. (Agaricomycetideae). Int. J. Med. Mushrooms 4, 329–335.
Kenyon W.J., Esch S.W., Buller C.S., 2005. The curdlan-type exopolysaccharide produced by Cellulomonas flavigena KU forms part of an extracellular glycocalyx involved in cellulose degradation. Anton. Leeuw. 87(2), 143–148.
Kidd P.M., 2000. The Use of Mushroom Glucans and Proteoglycans in Cancer Treatment. Altern. Med. Rev. 5(1), 4–27.
Kim S.Y., Song H.J., Lee Y.Y., Cho K.H., Roh Y.K., 2006. Biomedical Issues of Dietary fiber β-Glucan. J. Korean Med. Sci. 21, 781–789.
Kimmons T.E., Phillips M., Brauer D., 2010. Effects of Management Factors on the Concentration of a High Molecular Weight Polysaccharide Fraction from Log-Grown Shiitake Mushrooms [Lentinula edodes [Berk.] Pegler]. J. Agric. Food Chem. 58, 4331–4335.
Krygier K., Florowska A., 2008. Żywność funkcjonalna obecnie i w przyszłości. Przemysł Spożywczy 62(5), 2–6.
Kumar C.G., Joo H.S., Choi J.W., Koo Y.M., Chang C.S., 2004. Purification and characterisation of an extracellular polysaccharide from haloalkalophilic Bacillus sp. I-450. Enzyme Microbiol. Technol. 34(7), 673–681.
Lange E., 2010. Produkty owsiane jako żywność funkcjonalna. Nauka Technologia Jakość 3(70), 7–24.
Laroche C., Michaud P., 2007. New developments and prospective for β(1,3) glucans. Recent Patents on Biotechnology 1, 59–73.
Lavi I., Levinson D., Peri I., Nimri L., Hadar Y., Schwartz B., 2010. Orally administrated glucans from the edible mushroom Pleurotus pulmonarius reduce acute inflammation in dextran sulfate sodium-induced experimental colitis. British J. Nutr. 103, 393–402.
Lazaridou A., Biliaderis C.G., Izydorczyk M.S., 2003. Molecular size affects on rheological properties of oat β-glucans in solution and gels. Food Hydrocolloids 17(5), 693–712.
Lazaridou A., Biliaderis C.G., 2007. Molecular aspects of cereal β-glucan functionality, Physical properties, technological applications and physiological effects. J. Cereal Sci. 46, 101–118.
Li G., Kim D.H., Kim T.D., Park B.J., Park H.D., Park J.I., Na M.K., Kim H.C., Hong N.D., Lim K., Hwang B.D., Yoon M.K., 2004. Protein-bound polysaccharide from Phellinus linteus induces G2/M chase arrest and apoptosis in SW480 human colon cancer cells. Cancer Lett. 216, 175–181.
Lipke P.N., Ovalle R., 1998. Cell Wall Architecture in Yeast, New Structure and new Challenges. J. Bacteriol. 180(15), 3735–3740.
Lowman D., Ensley H., Williams D., 1998. Identification of phosphate substitution sites by NMR spectroscopy in a water-soluble phosphorylated (l-3)- β-D-glucan. Carbohyd. Res. 306(4), 559–562.
Lull C., Wickers H.J., Savelkoul H.F.J., 2005. Antiinflammatory and Immunomodulating Properties of Fungal Metabolites. Medial. Inflamm. 2, 63–80.
Maki K., Galant R., Samuel P., Tesser J., Witchger M., Ribaya-Mercado J., Blumberg J., Geohas J., 2007. Effects of consuming foods containing oat β-glucan on blood pressure, carbohydrate metabolism and biomarkers of oxidative stress in men and women with elevated blood pressure. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 61, 786–795.
Mandal S., Maity K.K., Bhunia S.K., Dey B., Patra S., Sikdar S.R., Islam S.S., 2010. Chemical analysis of new water-soluble (1-6)-,(1-4)-, β-glucan and water-insoluble (1-3)-,(1-4)- β-glucan (Calocyban) from alkaline extract of an edible mushroom, Calocybe indica (Dudh Chattu). Carbohyd. Res. 345, 2657–2663.
Manzi P., Marconi S., Aguzzi A., Pizzoferrato L., 2004. Commercial mushrooms, nutritional quality and effect of cooking. Food Chem. 84, 201–206.
Manzi P., Pizzoferrato L., 2000. Beta glucans in edible mushrooms. Food Chem. 68, 315–318.
Mao C.F., Hsu M.C., Hwang W.H., 2007. Physicochemical characterization of grifolan, Thixotropic properties and complex formation with Congo Red. Carbohyd. Polym. 68, 502–510.
Markova N., Kussovski V., Drandarska I., Nikolaeva S., Georgieva N., Radoucheva T., 2003. Protective activity of Lentinan in experimental tuberculosis. Int. Immunopharmacol. 3(10–11), 1557–1562.
Mayell M., 2001. Maitake Extracts and Their Therapeutic Potential – A Review. Altern. Med. Rev. 6(1), 48–60.
McIntosh M., Stone B.A., Stanisich V.A., 2005. Curdlan and other bacterial (1→3)-beta-Dglucans. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 68, 163–173.
Minato K., 2010. Mushrooms, Immunomodulating activity and role in health promotion. [In:] R.R. Watson (eds.) et al, Dietary Components and Immune Function. Springer Science+Business Media, 529–539.
Minato K., Kawakami S., Nomura K., Tsuchida H., Mizuno M., 2004. An exo β-glucanase synthesized de novo degrades storage of Lentinule edodes and diminishes immunomodulating activity of the mushroom. Carbohyd. Polym. 56, 279–286.
Minato K., Mizuno M., Kawakami S., Tatsuoka S., Denpo Y., Tokimoto K., Tsuchida H., 2001. Changes in immunomodulating activities and content of antitumor polysaccharides during the growth of two medicinal mushrooms, Lentinus edodes (Berk.) Sing. and Grifola frondosa (Dicks., Fr) S.F. Gray. Int. J. Med. Mushrooms 3, 1–7.
Mollet B., Rowland I., 2002. Functional foods, at the frontier between food and pharma. Curr. Opinion in Biotechnol. 13(5), 483–485.
Moradali M.F., Mostafavi H., Ghods S., Hedjaroude G.A., 2007. Immunomodulating and anticancer agents in the realm of macromycetes fungi (macrofungi). Int. Immunopharmacol. 7, 701–724.
Muller L.M., Gorter K.J., Hak E., Goudzward W.L., Schellevis F.G., Hoepelman A.I., 2005.
Increased risk of common infections in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Clin. Infect. Dis. 41, 281–288.
Nakata M., Kawaguchi T., Kodama Y., Konno A., 1998. Characterization of curdlan in aqueous sodium hydroxide. Polymer. 39(6–7), 1475–1481.
Nie X., Shi B., Ding Y., Tao W., 2006. Preparation of a chemically sulfated polysaccharide derived from Grifola frondosa and its potential biological activities. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 39, 228–233.
Novak M., Vetvicka V., 2009. Glucans as Biological Response Modifiers. Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders – Drug Targets 9, 67–75.
Obst M., Sallam A., Luftmann H., Steinbuchel A., 2004. Isolation and characterization of grampositive cyanophycin-degrading bacteria-kinetic studies on cyanophycin depolymerase activity in aerobic bacteria. Biomacromolecules 5(1), 153–161.
Ohno N., 2005. Structural diversity and physiological functions of β-glucans. Int. J. Med. Mushrooms 7, 167–173.
Ohno S., Sumiyoshi Y., Hashine K., Shirato A., Kyo S., Inoue M., 2011. Phase I Clinical Study of the Dietary Supplement, Agaricus blazei Murrill, in Cancer Patients in Remission. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, doi, 10.1155/2011/192381.
Olędzka R., 2007. Nutraceutyki, żywność funkcjonalna – rola i bezpieczeństwo stosowania. Bromat. Chem. Toksykol. 40, 1–8.
Ooi V.E.C., Liu F., 2000. Immunomodulation and anti-cancer activity of polysaccharide-protein complexes. Curr. Med. Chem. 7(7), 715–729.
Peng Y., Zhang L., Zeng F., Xu Y., 2003. Structure and antitumor activity of extracellular polysaccharides from mycelium. Carbohyd. Polym. 54, 297–303.
Perera P.K., Li Y., 2011. Mushrooms as a Functional food mediator in preventing and ameliorating diabetes. Functional Foods in Health & Disease 4, 161–171.
Petravic-Tominac V., Zechner-Krpan V., Grba S., Srecec S., Panjkota-Krbavcic I., Vidovic L., 2010. Biological Effects of Yeast β-Glucans. Agric. Conspec. Sci. 75(4), 149–158.
Poyhonen U.L., 2004. Control of blood glucose through oat soluble fibre beta-glucan. Agro-Food-Industry Hi-Tech 15, 10–11.
Price L.S., Wenner C.A., Sloper D.T., Slaton J.W., Novack J., 2010. Role for toll-like receptor 4 in TNF-alpha secretion by murine macrophages in response to polysaccharide Krestin, a Trametes versicolor mushroom extract. Fitoterapia 81, 914–919.
Queenan K.M., Stewart M.L., Smith K.N., Thomas W., Fulcher R.G., Slavin J.L., 2007. Concentrated oat β-glucan, a fermentable fiber, lowers serum cholesterol in hypercholesterolemic adults in a randomized controlled trial. Nutr. J. 6, 6.
Radic N., Jevnikar Z., Obermajer N., Kristl J., Kos J., Pohleven F., Strukelj B., 2010. Influence of culinary-medicinal maitake mushroom, Grifola frondosa (Dicks,Fr.) S.F. Gray (Aphyllophoromycetideae) polysaccharides on gene expression in Jurkat T-lymphocytes. Int. J. Med. Mushrooms 12, 245–256.
Rajarathnam S., Shashirekha M.N., Bang Z., 1998. Biodegradative and biosynthetic capacities of mushrooms, present and future strategies. Crit. Rev. Biotechnol. 18(2–3), 91–236.
Ramberg J.E., Nelson E.D., Sinnott R., 2010. Immunomodulatory dietary polysaccharides, a systematic review on the literature. Nutr. J. 9,54.
Reverberi M., Di Mario F., Tomati U., 2004. Beta-glucan synthase induction in mushrooms grown on olive mill wastewaters. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 66, 217–225.
Rhee S.J., Cho S.Y., Kim K.M., Cha D.S., Park H.J., 2008. A comparative study of analytical methods for alkali-soluble β-glucan in medicinal mushroom, Chaga (Inonotus obliquus). LWT 41, 545–549.
Roberfroid M.B., 2002. Global view on functional foods, European perspectives. Br. J. Nutr. 88, 133–138.
Rop O., Mlcek J., Jurikova T., 2009. Beta-glucans in higher fungi and their health effects. Nutr. Rev. 67(11), 624–631.
Saluk-Juszczak J., 2010. Antocyjany jako składnik żywności funkcjonalnej stosowanej w profilaktyce chorób układu krążenia. Postępy Hig. Med. Dosw. 64, 451–458.
Saluk-Juszczak J., Królewska K., 2010. β-glukan drożdży Saccharomyces cerevisiae – naturalny stymulator układu immunologicznego. Probl. Nauk Biol. 59(1–2), 151–160.
Sanchez-Pacheco M., Boutin Y., Angers P., Gosselin A., Tweddell R.J., 2006. A bioactive (1→3), (1→4)- β-D-glucan from Collybia dryophila and other mushrooms. Mycologia 98(2), 180–185.
Sandula J., Kogan G., Kacurakova M., Machova E., 1999. Microbial (1→3)-β-D-glucans, their preparation, physico-chemical characterization and immunomodulatory activity. Carbohyd. Polym. 38, 247–253.
Sanodiya B.S., Thakur G.S., Baghel R.K., Prasad G.B.K.S., Bisen P.S., 2009. Ganoderma lucidum, a potent pharmacological macrofungus. Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology 10(8), 717–742.
Selegean M., Putz M.V., Rugea T., 2009. Effect of the Polysaccharide Extract from the Edible Mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus against Infectious Bursal Disease Virus. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 10, 3616–3634.
Shamtsyan M., Konusova V., Maksimova Y., Goloshchev A., Panchenko A., Simbirtsev A., Petrishchev N., Denisova N., 2004. Immunomodulating and anti-tumor action of extracts of several mushrooms. J. Biotechnol. 113, 77–83.
Smiderle F.R., Olsen L.M., Carbonero E.R., Baggio C.H., Freitas C.S., Marcon R., Santos A.R.S., Gorin P.A.J., Iacomini M., 2008. Anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties in a rodent model of a (1→3), (1→6)-linked β–glucan isolated from Pleurotus pulmonarius. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 597, 86–91.
Smith J.E., Rowan N.J., Sullivan R., 2002. Medicinal mushrooms, a rapidly developing area of biotechnology for cancer therapy and other bioactivities. Biotechnol. Letters 24, 1839–1845.
Smith K.N., Queenan K., Thomas W., Fulcher G., Slavin J., 2004. Cholesterol-lowering effect of barley beta-glucan in hypercholesterolemic subjects. FASEB J. 18, A149.
Stasinopoulos S.J., Fisher P.R., Stone B.A., Stanisich V.A., 1999. Detection of two loci involved in (1-3)- β-glucan (curdlan) biosynthesis by Agrobacterium sp. ATCC31749, and comparative sequence of the putative curdlan synthase gene. Glycobiology 9(1), 31–41.
Stryer L., 2003. Biochemia. Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, Warszawa.
Synytsya A., Mickova K., Jablonsky I., Slukova M., Copikova J., 2008. Mushrooms of genus Pleurotus as a source of dietary fibres and glucans for food supplements. Czech J. Food Sci. 26(6), 441–446.
Synytsya A., Mickova K., Synytsya A., Jablonsky I., Spevacek J., Erban V., Kovarikova E., Copikova J., 2009. Glucans from fruit bodies of cultivated mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus and Pleurotus eryngii, Structure and potential prebiotic activity. Carbohyd. Polym. 76, 548–556.
Szymańska-Czerwińska M., Bednarek D., 2007. Beta-glukany alternatywą antybiotykowych stymulatorów wzrostu. Życie Weterynaryjne 82, 842–843.
Świderski F., Waszkiewicz-Robak B., 2005. Składniki bioaktywne w żywności funkcjonalnej. Przemysł Spożywczy 59(4), 20–22.
Tada R., Adachi Y., Ishibashi K., Ohno N., 2009. An unambiguous structural elucidation of a 1,3-β-D-glucan obtained from liquid-cultured Grifola frondosa by solution NMR experiments. Carbohyd. Res. 344, 400–404.
Talbott S., Talbott J., 2009. Effect of BETA 1,3/1,6 GLUCAN on upper respiratory tract infection symptoms and mood state in marathon athletes. J. Sports Sci. Med. 8, 509–515.
Thammakiti S., Suphantharika M., Phaesuwan T., Verduyn C., 2004. Preparation of spent brewer’s yeast β-glucans for potential applications in the food industry. Int. J. Food Sci. Technool. 39, 21–29.
Tsiapali E., Whale Y.S., Kalbfleisch J., Ensley H.E., Browder I.W., Williams D.L., 2001. Glucans exhibit weak antioxidant activity, but stimulate macrophage free radical activity. Free Radical Bio. Med. 30(4), 393–402.
Ukawa Y., Ito H., Hisamatsu M., 2000. Antitumor Effects of (1→3)- β-D-Glucan and (1→6)- β-DGlucan Purified from Newly Cultivated Mushroom, Hatakeshimeji (Lyophyllum decastes Sing.). J. Biosci. Bioeng. 90(1), 98–104.
Vetvicka V., 2011. Glucan – immunostimulant, adjuvant, potential drug. World J. Clin. Oncol. 2(2), 115–119.
Volman J.J., Ramakers J.D., Plat J., 2008. Dietary modulation of immune function by β-glucans. Physiology & Behavior 94, 276–284.
Wang Q., Wood P.J., Huang X., Cui W., 2003. Preparation and characterisation of molecular weight standards of low polydispersity from oat and barley (1→3)(1→4)- β-D-glucan. Food Hydrocolloids 17, 845–853.
Wang Z.M., Cheung Y.C., Leung P.H., Wu J.Y., 2010. Ultrasonic treatment for improved solution propreties of high-molecular weight exopolysaccharide produced by a medicinal fungus. Biosource Technol. 101, 5517–5522.
Wasser S.P., 2002. Medicinal mushrooms as a source of antitumor and immunomodulating polysaccharides. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 60(3), 258–274.
Wasser S.P., 2005. Reishi or Ling Zhi (Ganoderma lucidum). W, Encyclopedia of Dietary Supplements (Coates P.M., Blackman M.R., Cragg G.M. Levine M., Moss J., White J.D. eds.). Marcel Dekker New York, 603–622.
Wasser S.P., 2011. Current finding, future trends, and unsolved problems in studies of medicinal mushrooms. Appl. Microbial. Biotechnol. 89, 1323–1332.
Williams P.D., Sadar L.N., Lo Y.M., 2009. Texture and stability of hydrogel complex containing curdlan gum over multiple freeze-thaw cycles. J. Food Processing & Preservation 33, 126–139.
Wood P.J., 2007. Cereal β-glucans in diet and health. J. Cereal Sci. 46, 230–238.
Worrasinchai S., Suphantharika M., Pinjai S., Jamnong P., 2006. β-Glucan prepared from spent brewer’s yeast as a fat replacer in mayonnaise. Food Hydrocolloids 20(1), 68–78.
Yang L., Zhang L.M., 2009. Chemical structural and chain conformational characterization of some bioactive polysaccharides isolated from natural sources. Carbohyd. Polym. 76, 349–361.
Yoon T.J., Kim T.J., Lee H., Shin K.S., Yun Y.P., Moon W.K., Kim D.W., Lee K.H., 2008. Antitumor metastatic activity of β-glucan purified from mutated Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Int. Immunopharmacol. 8, 36–42.
Yun C.H., Estrada A., Van Kessel A., Park B.C., Laarveld B., 2003. Beta-glucan, extracted from oat, enhances disease resistance against bacterial and parasitic infections. FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 35, 67–75.
Zaidman B.Z., Yassin M., Mahajna J., Wasser S.P., 2005. Medicinal mushroom modulators of molecular targets as cancer therapeutics. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 67, 453–468.
Zhang M., Zhang L., Cheung P.C.K., 2003. Molecular Mass and Chain Conformation of Carboxymethylated Derivates of β-Glucan from Sclerotia of Pleurotus tuber-regium. Biopolymers 68, 150–159.
Zhang L., Xuelian L., Xu X., Zeng F., 2005. Correlation between antitumoral activity, molecular weight, and conformation of lentinan. Carbohyd. Res. 340, 1515–1521.
Zhang M., Cui S.W., Cheung P., Wang Q., 2007. Antitumor polysaccharides from mushrooms, a review on their isolation process, structural characteristics and antitumor activity. Trend Food Sci. Technol. 18(1), 4–19.
Zhang Y., Li S., Wang X., Zhang L., Cheung P.C.K., 2011. Advances in lentinan, Isolation, structure, chain conformation and bioactives. Food Hydrocolloids 25, 196–206.
Zhou X., Lin J., Yin Y., Zhao J.Sun X., Tang K., 2007. Ganodermataceae, Natural Products and Their Related Pharmacological Functions. Am. J. Chinese Med. 35(4), 559–574.
Akramiene D., Kondrotas A., Didziapetriene J., Kevelaitis E., 2007. Effects of β-glucans on the immune system. Medicina (Kaunas) 43(8), 597–606.
Augustin J., 1998. Glucans as modulating polysaccharides, their characteristics and isolation from microbiological sources. Biologia (Bratislava) 53(3), 277–282.
Augustin J., Jaworska G., Dandar A., Cejpek K., 2007. Boczniak ostrygowaty (Pleurotus ostreatus) jako źródło β-D-glukanów. Żywność. Nauka. Technologia. Jakość. 6(55), 170–176.
Baggio C.H., Freitas C.S., Martins D.F., Mazzardo L., Smiderle F.R., Sassaki G.L., Iacomini M., Marques M.C.A., Santos A.R.S., 2010. Antinociceptive effects of (1-3),(1-6)-linked β-glucan isolated from Pleurotus pulmonarius in models of acute and neuropathic pain in mice, evidence for a role for glutamatergic receptors and cytokine pathways. J. Pain 11(10), 965–971.
Barros L., Cruz T., Baptista P., Estevinho L.M., Ferreira I.C.F.R., 2008. Wild and commercial mushrooms as source of nutrients and nutraceuticals. Food Chem. Toxicol. 46, 2742–2747.
Bell S., Goldman V.M., Bistrian B.R., Arnold A.H., Ostroff G., Forse R.A., 1999. Effect of betaglucan from oats and yeast on serum lipids. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 39(2), 189–202.
Biorklund M., van Rees A., Mensink R., Onning G., 2005. Changes in serum lipids and postprandial glucose and insulin concentrations after consumption of beverages with β-glucans from oats or barley, a randomized dose-controlled trial. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 59, 1272–1281.
Bleiel J., 2010. Functional foods from the perspective of the consumer, How to make it a success? Int. Dairy J. 20, 303–306.
Blondel M., 2001. Mushrooms – magical gift of the forest. J. Cereal Sci. 47, 23–26.
Bobek P., Galbavy S., 2001. Effect of pleuran (beta-glucan from Pleurotus ostreatus) on the antio-xidant status of the organism and on dimethylhydrazine-induced precancerous lesions in rat colon. Br. J. Biomed. Sci. 58(3), 164–168.
Bohn J.A., BeMiller J.N., 1995. (1-3)- β-D-glucan as biological response modifiers, A review of a structure-functional activity relationships. Carbohyd. Polym. 28(1), 3–14.
Borchers A.T., Keen C.L., Gershwin M.E., 2004. Mushrooms, Tumors, and Immunity, An Update. Exp. Biol. Med. 229(5), 393–406.
Brauer D., Kimmons T.E., Phillips M., Brauer D.E., 2010. Potential for manipulating the polysaccharide content of shiitake mushrooms. Current Res., Technol. Education Topics in Apllied Microbiol. Biotechnol. A. Mendez-Vilas (ed.), 1136–1142.
Brown G.D., Herre J., Wiliams D.L., Willment J.A., Marshall A.S., Gordon S., 2003. Dectin-1 mediates the biological effects of beta-glucans. J. Exp. Med 197, 1119–24.
Carbonero E.R., Gracher A.H.P., Smiderle F.R., Rosado F.R., Sassaki G.L., Gorin P.A.J., Iacomini M., 2006. A β-glucan from the bodies of edible mushrooms Pleurotus eryngii and Pleurotus ostreatoroseus. Carbohyd. Polym. 66, 252–257.
Chan G.C.F., Chan W.K., Sze D.M.Y., 2009. The effects of β-glucan on human immune and cancer cells. J. Hematol. Oncol. 2, 25.
Charalampopoulos D.R., Wang R., Pandiella S.S., Webb C., 2002. Application of cereals and cereal components in functional foods, a review. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 79(1–2), 131–141.
Chen J., Raymond K., 2008. Beta-glucans in the treatment of diabetes and associated cardiovascular risks. Vascular Health and Risk Management 4(6), 1265–1272.
Chen J., Seviour R., 2007. Medicinal importance of fungal β-(1-3), (1-6)-glucans. Mycol. Res. 111, 635–652.
Chu K.T., Xia L., Ng T.B., 2005. Pleurostrin, an antifungal peptide from the oyster mushroom. Peptides 26(11), 2098–2103.
Daba A.S., Ezeronye O.U., 2003. Anti-cancer effect of polysaccharides isolated from higher basidiomycetes mushrooms. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 2(12), 672–678.
Deng G., Lin H., Seidman A., Fornier M., D’Andrea G., Wesa K., Yeung S., Cunningham-Rundles S., Vickers A.J., Cassileth B., 2009. A phase I/II trial of a polysaccharide extract from Grifola frondosa (Maitake mushroom) in breast cancer patients, immunological effects. J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol. 135, 1215–1221.
Enshasy H.E., 2010. Immunomodulators. W, The Mycota X. Hofrichter M. (ed.). Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 165–194.
Fan L., Pan H., Soccol A.T., Pandey A., Soccol C.R., 2006. Advances in Mushroom Research in the Last Decade. Food Technol. Biotechnol. 44(3), 303–311.
Feldman S., Schwartz H.J., Kalman D.S., Mayers A., Kohrman H.M., Clemens R., Krieger D.R., 2009. Randomized Phase II Clinical Trials of Wellmune WGP® for Immune Support During Cold and Flue Season. J. Appl. Res. 9(1–2), 30–42.
Ferreira C.F.R.I, Vaz J.A., Vasconcelos M.H., Martins A., 2010. Compounds from wild mushrooms with antitumor potential. Anti-Cancer Agents in Med. Chem. 10(5), 424–436.
Funane K., Ishii T., Matsushita M., Hori K., Mizuno K., Takahara H., Kitamura Y., Kobayashi M., 2001. Water-soluble and water-insoluble glucans produced by Escherichia coli recombinant dextransucrases from Leuconostoc mesenteroides NRRL B-512F. Carbohyd. Res. 334(1), 19–25.
Fujimiya Y., Suzuki Y., Katakura R., Ebina T., 1999. Tumor-specific cytocidal and immunopotentiating effects of relatively low molecular weight products derived from the basidiomycete, Agaricus blazei Murrill. Anticancer Res. 19, 113–118.
Gibiński M., 2008. β-glukany owsa jako składnik żywności funkcjonalnej. Żywność. Nauka. Technologia. Jakość 2(57), 15–29.
Grajeta H., 2004. Żywność funkcjonalna w profilaktyce chorób układu krążenia. Adv. Clin. Exp. Med. 13(3), 503–510.
Guillamon E., Garcia-Lafuente A., Lozano M., D’arrigo M., Rostagno M.A., Villares A., Martinez J.A., 2010. Edible mushrooms, Role in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Fititerapia 81, 715–723.
Hardy G., 2000. Nutraceuticals and functional foods, Introduction and meaning. Nutrition 16, 688–697.
Havrlentova M., Petrulakova Z., Burgarova A., Gago F., Hlinkova A., Sturdik E., 2011. Cereal β-glucans and their Significance for the Preparation of Functional Foods – A Review. Czech J. Food Sci. 29(1), 1–14.
Hoa L.T., Le T.B., Doan T.H.T., Quyen D.V., Le K.X.T., Pham V.C., Nagataki M., Nomura H., Ikeue Y., Watanabe Y., Agatsuma T., 2011. The Adjuvant Effect of Sophy β-Glucan to the Antibody Response in Poultry Immunized by the Avian Influenza A H5N1 and H5N2 Vaccines. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 21(4), 405–411.
Hozova B., Kuniak L., Kelemenova B., 2004. Application of p-D-Glucans Isolated from Mushrooms Pleurotus ostreatus (Pleuran) and Lentinus edodes (Lentinan) for Increasing the Bioactivity of Yoghurts. Czech. J. Food Sci. 22(6), 204–214.
Ishibashi K.I., Miura N.N., Adachi Y, Ohno N., Yadomae T., 2001. Relationship between Solubility of Grifolan, a Fungal 1,3-β-D-Glucan, and Production of Tumor Necrosis Factor by Macrophages in Vitro. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 65(9), 1993–2000.
Jaehrig S.C., Rohn S., Kroh L.W., Fleischer L.G., Kurz T., 2007. In Vitro potential Antioxidant Activity of β-(1,3)(1,6)-D-Glucan and Protein Fractions from Saccharomyces cerevisiae Cell Walls. Agric. Food Chem. 55, 4710–4716.
Jagadish L.K., Venkatakrishnan V., Shenbhagaraman R., Kaviyarasan V., 2009. Comparative study on the antioxidant, anticancer and antimicrobial property of Agaricus bisporus (J.E. Lange) Imbach before and after boiling. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 8(4), 654–661.
Jeurink P.V., Noguera C.L., Savelkoul H.F.J., Wichers H.J., 2008. Immunomodulatory capacity of fungal proteins on the cytokine production of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Int. Immunopharmacol. 8, 1124–1133.
Jiang T., Wang Q., Xu S., Jahangir M.M., Ying T., 2010. Structure and composition changes in the cell wall in relation to texture of shiitake mushrooms (Lentinula edodes) stored in modified atmosphere packaging. J. Sci. Food Agric. 90, 742–749.
Jones P., 2002. Clinical nutrition, 7. Functional foods – more than just nutrition. CMAJ 166, 1555–1563.
Jose N., Ajith T.A., Jananrdhanan K.K., 2002. Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor activities of culinary-medicinal mushroom Pleurotus pulmonarius (Fr.) Quel. (Agaricomycetideae). Int. J. Med. Mushrooms 4, 329–335.
Kenyon W.J., Esch S.W., Buller C.S., 2005. The curdlan-type exopolysaccharide produced by Cellulomonas flavigena KU forms part of an extracellular glycocalyx involved in cellulose degradation. Anton. Leeuw. 87(2), 143–148.
Kidd P.M., 2000. The Use of Mushroom Glucans and Proteoglycans in Cancer Treatment. Altern. Med. Rev. 5(1), 4–27.
Kim S.Y., Song H.J., Lee Y.Y., Cho K.H., Roh Y.K., 2006. Biomedical Issues of Dietary fiber β-Glucan. J. Korean Med. Sci. 21, 781–789.
Kimmons T.E., Phillips M., Brauer D., 2010. Effects of Management Factors on the Concentration of a High Molecular Weight Polysaccharide Fraction from Log-Grown Shiitake Mushrooms [Lentinula edodes [Berk.] Pegler]. J. Agric. Food Chem. 58, 4331–4335.
Krygier K., Florowska A., 2008. Żywność funkcjonalna obecnie i w przyszłości. Przemysł Spożywczy 62(5), 2–6.
Kumar C.G., Joo H.S., Choi J.W., Koo Y.M., Chang C.S., 2004. Purification and characterisation of an extracellular polysaccharide from haloalkalophilic Bacillus sp. I-450. Enzyme Microbiol. Technol. 34(7), 673–681.
Lange E., 2010. Produkty owsiane jako żywność funkcjonalna. Nauka Technologia Jakość 3(70), 7–24.
Laroche C., Michaud P., 2007. New developments and prospective for β(1,3) glucans. Recent Patents on Biotechnology 1, 59–73.
Lavi I., Levinson D., Peri I., Nimri L., Hadar Y., Schwartz B., 2010. Orally administrated glucans from the edible mushroom Pleurotus pulmonarius reduce acute inflammation in dextran sulfate sodium-induced experimental colitis. British J. Nutr. 103, 393–402.
Lazaridou A., Biliaderis C.G., Izydorczyk M.S., 2003. Molecular size affects on rheological properties of oat β-glucans in solution and gels. Food Hydrocolloids 17(5), 693–712.
Lazaridou A., Biliaderis C.G., 2007. Molecular aspects of cereal β-glucan functionality, Physical properties, technological applications and physiological effects. J. Cereal Sci. 46, 101–118.
Li G., Kim D.H., Kim T.D., Park B.J., Park H.D., Park J.I., Na M.K., Kim H.C., Hong N.D., Lim K., Hwang B.D., Yoon M.K., 2004. Protein-bound polysaccharide from Phellinus linteus induces G2/M chase arrest and apoptosis in SW480 human colon cancer cells. Cancer Lett. 216, 175–181.
Lipke P.N., Ovalle R., 1998. Cell Wall Architecture in Yeast, New Structure and new Challenges. J. Bacteriol. 180(15), 3735–3740.
Lowman D., Ensley H., Williams D., 1998. Identification of phosphate substitution sites by NMR spectroscopy in a water-soluble phosphorylated (l-3)- β-D-glucan. Carbohyd. Res. 306(4), 559–562.
Lull C., Wickers H.J., Savelkoul H.F.J., 2005. Antiinflammatory and Immunomodulating Properties of Fungal Metabolites. Medial. Inflamm. 2, 63–80.
Maki K., Galant R., Samuel P., Tesser J., Witchger M., Ribaya-Mercado J., Blumberg J., Geohas J., 2007. Effects of consuming foods containing oat β-glucan on blood pressure, carbohydrate metabolism and biomarkers of oxidative stress in men and women with elevated blood pressure. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 61, 786–795.
Mandal S., Maity K.K., Bhunia S.K., Dey B., Patra S., Sikdar S.R., Islam S.S., 2010. Chemical analysis of new water-soluble (1-6)-,(1-4)-, β-glucan and water-insoluble (1-3)-,(1-4)- β-glucan (Calocyban) from alkaline extract of an edible mushroom, Calocybe indica (Dudh Chattu). Carbohyd. Res. 345, 2657–2663.
Manzi P., Marconi S., Aguzzi A., Pizzoferrato L., 2004. Commercial mushrooms, nutritional quality and effect of cooking. Food Chem. 84, 201–206.
Manzi P., Pizzoferrato L., 2000. Beta glucans in edible mushrooms. Food Chem. 68, 315–318.
Mao C.F., Hsu M.C., Hwang W.H., 2007. Physicochemical characterization of grifolan, Thixotropic properties and complex formation with Congo Red. Carbohyd. Polym. 68, 502–510.
Markova N., Kussovski V., Drandarska I., Nikolaeva S., Georgieva N., Radoucheva T., 2003. Protective activity of Lentinan in experimental tuberculosis. Int. Immunopharmacol. 3(10–11), 1557–1562.
Mayell M., 2001. Maitake Extracts and Their Therapeutic Potential – A Review. Altern. Med. Rev. 6(1), 48–60.
McIntosh M., Stone B.A., Stanisich V.A., 2005. Curdlan and other bacterial (1→3)-beta-Dglucans. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 68, 163–173.
Minato K., 2010. Mushrooms, Immunomodulating activity and role in health promotion. [In:] R.R. Watson (eds.) et al, Dietary Components and Immune Function. Springer Science+Business Media, 529–539.
Minato K., Kawakami S., Nomura K., Tsuchida H., Mizuno M., 2004. An exo β-glucanase synthesized de novo degrades storage of Lentinule edodes and diminishes immunomodulating activity of the mushroom. Carbohyd. Polym. 56, 279–286.
Minato K., Mizuno M., Kawakami S., Tatsuoka S., Denpo Y., Tokimoto K., Tsuchida H., 2001. Changes in immunomodulating activities and content of antitumor polysaccharides during the growth of two medicinal mushrooms, Lentinus edodes (Berk.) Sing. and Grifola frondosa (Dicks., Fr) S.F. Gray. Int. J. Med. Mushrooms 3, 1–7.
Mollet B., Rowland I., 2002. Functional foods, at the frontier between food and pharma. Curr. Opinion in Biotechnol. 13(5), 483–485.
Moradali M.F., Mostafavi H., Ghods S., Hedjaroude G.A., 2007. Immunomodulating and anticancer agents in the realm of macromycetes fungi (macrofungi). Int. Immunopharmacol. 7, 701–724.
Muller L.M., Gorter K.J., Hak E., Goudzward W.L., Schellevis F.G., Hoepelman A.I., 2005.
Increased risk of common infections in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Clin. Infect. Dis. 41, 281–288.
Nakata M., Kawaguchi T., Kodama Y., Konno A., 1998. Characterization of curdlan in aqueous sodium hydroxide. Polymer. 39(6–7), 1475–1481.
Nie X., Shi B., Ding Y., Tao W., 2006. Preparation of a chemically sulfated polysaccharide derived from Grifola frondosa and its potential biological activities. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 39, 228–233.
Novak M., Vetvicka V., 2009. Glucans as Biological Response Modifiers. Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders – Drug Targets 9, 67–75.
Obst M., Sallam A., Luftmann H., Steinbuchel A., 2004. Isolation and characterization of grampositive cyanophycin-degrading bacteria-kinetic studies on cyanophycin depolymerase activity in aerobic bacteria. Biomacromolecules 5(1), 153–161.
Ohno N., 2005. Structural diversity and physiological functions of β-glucans. Int. J. Med. Mushrooms 7, 167–173.
Ohno S., Sumiyoshi Y., Hashine K., Shirato A., Kyo S., Inoue M., 2011. Phase I Clinical Study of the Dietary Supplement, Agaricus blazei Murrill, in Cancer Patients in Remission. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, doi, 10.1155/2011/192381.
Olędzka R., 2007. Nutraceutyki, żywność funkcjonalna – rola i bezpieczeństwo stosowania. Bromat. Chem. Toksykol. 40, 1–8.
Ooi V.E.C., Liu F., 2000. Immunomodulation and anti-cancer activity of polysaccharide-protein complexes. Curr. Med. Chem. 7(7), 715–729.
Peng Y., Zhang L., Zeng F., Xu Y., 2003. Structure and antitumor activity of extracellular polysaccharides from mycelium. Carbohyd. Polym. 54, 297–303.
Perera P.K., Li Y., 2011. Mushrooms as a Functional food mediator in preventing and ameliorating diabetes. Functional Foods in Health & Disease 4, 161–171.
Petravic-Tominac V., Zechner-Krpan V., Grba S., Srecec S., Panjkota-Krbavcic I., Vidovic L., 2010. Biological Effects of Yeast β-Glucans. Agric. Conspec. Sci. 75(4), 149–158.
Poyhonen U.L., 2004. Control of blood glucose through oat soluble fibre beta-glucan. Agro-Food-Industry Hi-Tech 15, 10–11.
Price L.S., Wenner C.A., Sloper D.T., Slaton J.W., Novack J., 2010. Role for toll-like receptor 4 in TNF-alpha secretion by murine macrophages in response to polysaccharide Krestin, a Trametes versicolor mushroom extract. Fitoterapia 81, 914–919.
Queenan K.M., Stewart M.L., Smith K.N., Thomas W., Fulcher R.G., Slavin J.L., 2007. Concentrated oat β-glucan, a fermentable fiber, lowers serum cholesterol in hypercholesterolemic adults in a randomized controlled trial. Nutr. J. 6, 6.
Radic N., Jevnikar Z., Obermajer N., Kristl J., Kos J., Pohleven F., Strukelj B., 2010. Influence of culinary-medicinal maitake mushroom, Grifola frondosa (Dicks,Fr.) S.F. Gray (Aphyllophoromycetideae) polysaccharides on gene expression in Jurkat T-lymphocytes. Int. J. Med. Mushrooms 12, 245–256.
Rajarathnam S., Shashirekha M.N., Bang Z., 1998. Biodegradative and biosynthetic capacities of mushrooms, present and future strategies. Crit. Rev. Biotechnol. 18(2–3), 91–236.
Ramberg J.E., Nelson E.D., Sinnott R., 2010. Immunomodulatory dietary polysaccharides, a systematic review on the literature. Nutr. J. 9,54.
Reverberi M., Di Mario F., Tomati U., 2004. Beta-glucan synthase induction in mushrooms grown on olive mill wastewaters. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 66, 217–225.
Rhee S.J., Cho S.Y., Kim K.M., Cha D.S., Park H.J., 2008. A comparative study of analytical methods for alkali-soluble β-glucan in medicinal mushroom, Chaga (Inonotus obliquus). LWT 41, 545–549.
Roberfroid M.B., 2002. Global view on functional foods, European perspectives. Br. J. Nutr. 88, 133–138.
Rop O., Mlcek J., Jurikova T., 2009. Beta-glucans in higher fungi and their health effects. Nutr. Rev. 67(11), 624–631.
Saluk-Juszczak J., 2010. Antocyjany jako składnik żywności funkcjonalnej stosowanej w profilaktyce chorób układu krążenia. Postępy Hig. Med. Dosw. 64, 451–458.
Saluk-Juszczak J., Królewska K., 2010. β-glukan drożdży Saccharomyces cerevisiae – naturalny stymulator układu immunologicznego. Probl. Nauk Biol. 59(1–2), 151–160.
Sanchez-Pacheco M., Boutin Y., Angers P., Gosselin A., Tweddell R.J., 2006. A bioactive (1→3), (1→4)- β-D-glucan from Collybia dryophila and other mushrooms. Mycologia 98(2), 180–185.
Sandula J., Kogan G., Kacurakova M., Machova E., 1999. Microbial (1→3)-β-D-glucans, their preparation, physico-chemical characterization and immunomodulatory activity. Carbohyd. Polym. 38, 247–253.
Sanodiya B.S., Thakur G.S., Baghel R.K., Prasad G.B.K.S., Bisen P.S., 2009. Ganoderma lucidum, a potent pharmacological macrofungus. Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology 10(8), 717–742.
Selegean M., Putz M.V., Rugea T., 2009. Effect of the Polysaccharide Extract from the Edible Mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus against Infectious Bursal Disease Virus. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 10, 3616–3634.
Shamtsyan M., Konusova V., Maksimova Y., Goloshchev A., Panchenko A., Simbirtsev A., Petrishchev N., Denisova N., 2004. Immunomodulating and anti-tumor action of extracts of several mushrooms. J. Biotechnol. 113, 77–83.
Smiderle F.R., Olsen L.M., Carbonero E.R., Baggio C.H., Freitas C.S., Marcon R., Santos A.R.S., Gorin P.A.J., Iacomini M., 2008. Anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties in a rodent model of a (1→3), (1→6)-linked β–glucan isolated from Pleurotus pulmonarius. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 597, 86–91.
Smith J.E., Rowan N.J., Sullivan R., 2002. Medicinal mushrooms, a rapidly developing area of biotechnology for cancer therapy and other bioactivities. Biotechnol. Letters 24, 1839–1845.
Smith K.N., Queenan K., Thomas W., Fulcher G., Slavin J., 2004. Cholesterol-lowering effect of barley beta-glucan in hypercholesterolemic subjects. FASEB J. 18, A149.
Stasinopoulos S.J., Fisher P.R., Stone B.A., Stanisich V.A., 1999. Detection of two loci involved in (1-3)- β-glucan (curdlan) biosynthesis by Agrobacterium sp. ATCC31749, and comparative sequence of the putative curdlan synthase gene. Glycobiology 9(1), 31–41.
Stryer L., 2003. Biochemia. Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, Warszawa.
Synytsya A., Mickova K., Jablonsky I., Slukova M., Copikova J., 2008. Mushrooms of genus Pleurotus as a source of dietary fibres and glucans for food supplements. Czech J. Food Sci. 26(6), 441–446.
Synytsya A., Mickova K., Synytsya A., Jablonsky I., Spevacek J., Erban V., Kovarikova E., Copikova J., 2009. Glucans from fruit bodies of cultivated mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus and Pleurotus eryngii, Structure and potential prebiotic activity. Carbohyd. Polym. 76, 548–556.
Szymańska-Czerwińska M., Bednarek D., 2007. Beta-glukany alternatywą antybiotykowych stymulatorów wzrostu. Życie Weterynaryjne 82, 842–843.
Świderski F., Waszkiewicz-Robak B., 2005. Składniki bioaktywne w żywności funkcjonalnej. Przemysł Spożywczy 59(4), 20–22.
Tada R., Adachi Y., Ishibashi K., Ohno N., 2009. An unambiguous structural elucidation of a 1,3-β-D-glucan obtained from liquid-cultured Grifola frondosa by solution NMR experiments. Carbohyd. Res. 344, 400–404.
Talbott S., Talbott J., 2009. Effect of BETA 1,3/1,6 GLUCAN on upper respiratory tract infection symptoms and mood state in marathon athletes. J. Sports Sci. Med. 8, 509–515.
Thammakiti S., Suphantharika M., Phaesuwan T., Verduyn C., 2004. Preparation of spent brewer’s yeast β-glucans for potential applications in the food industry. Int. J. Food Sci. Technool. 39, 21–29.
Tsiapali E., Whale Y.S., Kalbfleisch J., Ensley H.E., Browder I.W., Williams D.L., 2001. Glucans exhibit weak antioxidant activity, but stimulate macrophage free radical activity. Free Radical Bio. Med. 30(4), 393–402.
Ukawa Y., Ito H., Hisamatsu M., 2000. Antitumor Effects of (1→3)- β-D-Glucan and (1→6)- β-DGlucan Purified from Newly Cultivated Mushroom, Hatakeshimeji (Lyophyllum decastes Sing.). J. Biosci. Bioeng. 90(1), 98–104.
Vetvicka V., 2011. Glucan – immunostimulant, adjuvant, potential drug. World J. Clin. Oncol. 2(2), 115–119.
Volman J.J., Ramakers J.D., Plat J., 2008. Dietary modulation of immune function by β-glucans. Physiology & Behavior 94, 276–284.
Wang Q., Wood P.J., Huang X., Cui W., 2003. Preparation and characterisation of molecular weight standards of low polydispersity from oat and barley (1→3)(1→4)- β-D-glucan. Food Hydrocolloids 17, 845–853.
Wang Z.M., Cheung Y.C., Leung P.H., Wu J.Y., 2010. Ultrasonic treatment for improved solution propreties of high-molecular weight exopolysaccharide produced by a medicinal fungus. Biosource Technol. 101, 5517–5522.
Wasser S.P., 2002. Medicinal mushrooms as a source of antitumor and immunomodulating polysaccharides. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 60(3), 258–274.
Wasser S.P., 2005. Reishi or Ling Zhi (Ganoderma lucidum). W, Encyclopedia of Dietary Supplements (Coates P.M., Blackman M.R., Cragg G.M. Levine M., Moss J., White J.D. eds.). Marcel Dekker New York, 603–622.
Wasser S.P., 2011. Current finding, future trends, and unsolved problems in studies of medicinal mushrooms. Appl. Microbial. Biotechnol. 89, 1323–1332.
Williams P.D., Sadar L.N., Lo Y.M., 2009. Texture and stability of hydrogel complex containing curdlan gum over multiple freeze-thaw cycles. J. Food Processing & Preservation 33, 126–139.
Wood P.J., 2007. Cereal β-glucans in diet and health. J. Cereal Sci. 46, 230–238.
Worrasinchai S., Suphantharika M., Pinjai S., Jamnong P., 2006. β-Glucan prepared from spent brewer’s yeast as a fat replacer in mayonnaise. Food Hydrocolloids 20(1), 68–78.
Yang L., Zhang L.M., 2009. Chemical structural and chain conformational characterization of some bioactive polysaccharides isolated from natural sources. Carbohyd. Polym. 76, 349–361.
Yoon T.J., Kim T.J., Lee H., Shin K.S., Yun Y.P., Moon W.K., Kim D.W., Lee K.H., 2008. Antitumor metastatic activity of β-glucan purified from mutated Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Int. Immunopharmacol. 8, 36–42.
Yun C.H., Estrada A., Van Kessel A., Park B.C., Laarveld B., 2003. Beta-glucan, extracted from oat, enhances disease resistance against bacterial and parasitic infections. FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 35, 67–75.
Zaidman B.Z., Yassin M., Mahajna J., Wasser S.P., 2005. Medicinal mushroom modulators of molecular targets as cancer therapeutics. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 67, 453–468.
Zhang M., Zhang L., Cheung P.C.K., 2003. Molecular Mass and Chain Conformation of Carboxymethylated Derivates of β-Glucan from Sclerotia of Pleurotus tuber-regium. Biopolymers 68, 150–159.
Zhang L., Xuelian L., Xu X., Zeng F., 2005. Correlation between antitumoral activity, molecular weight, and conformation of lentinan. Carbohyd. Res. 340, 1515–1521.
Zhang M., Cui S.W., Cheung P., Wang Q., 2007. Antitumor polysaccharides from mushrooms, a review on their isolation process, structural characteristics and antitumor activity. Trend Food Sci. Technol. 18(1), 4–19.
Zhang Y., Li S., Wang X., Zhang L., Cheung P.C.K., 2011. Advances in lentinan, Isolation, structure, chain conformation and bioactives. Food Hydrocolloids 25, 196–206.
Zhou X., Lin J., Yin Y., Zhao J.Sun X., Tang K., 2007. Ganodermataceae, Natural Products and Their Related Pharmacological Functions. Am. J. Chinese Med. 35(4), 559–574.
Krzysztof Sobieralski
Poznań University of Life Sciences
Poznań University of Life Sciences
Marek Siwulski
Poznań University of Life Sciences
Poznań University of Life Sciences
Jolanta Lisiecka
Poznań University of Life Sciences
Poznań University of Life Sciences
Małgorzata Jędryczka
Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Science in Poznań
Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Science in Poznań
Iwona Sas-Golak
Poznań University of Life Sciences
Poznań University of Life Sciences
Dorota Frużyńska-Jóźwiak
Poznań University of Life Sciences
Poznań University of Life Sciences
License
Articles are made available under the conditions CC BY 4.0 (until 2020 under the conditions CC BY-NC-ND 4.0).
Submission of the paper implies that it has not been published previously, that it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere.
The author signs a statement of the originality of the work, the contribution of individuals, and source of funding.
