YIELDING OF GREEN ASPARAGUS CULTIVATED ON A MEDIUM HEAVY SOIL
Teresa Rodkiewicz
University of Life Sciences in LublinAbstract
Cultivation area of green asparagus increased in the recent years, as high nutritive value of green spears has been recognized. In Poland however the production of
white spears prevails and it is still low. Asparagus is cultivated on light soils, but green spears may yield well on heavier, loamy soils as well. The aim of the study conducted in the years 1999–2007 was to assess the yield of green spears of asparagus cultivated on a medium heavy soil of loess origin. Plants of four asparagus cultivars of Dutch origin – 'Backlim', 'Gijnlim', 'Horlim' and 'Thielim' were compared in the experiment in the Lublin region. High total yield, affected by the year of harvest, but not by the cultivar was stated. Each year a significant (except the seventh year) yield increase was noted, only in the fifth year the yield decreased. Marketable yield of cv. 'Gijnlim' was significantly higher than that of the other cultivars. The mean share of marketable yield in the total yield was low,
only 56,5% and varied very much with years (from 32.7% to 6.9%). The highest share of marketable yield in the total was stated for cv. 'Gijnlim' (60.4%), significantly lower (55.2–55.7%) for other cultivars. Plants of cv. 'Gijnlim' yielded significantly more spears in total and marketable yield than other cultivars. Marketable spears constituted on average 63% of all harvested shoots (the percentage did not differ between cultivars, but very much between years – from 30% in 2002 to 80% in 2007). The highest share of non marketable yield was stated in the years with a high rainfall deficit in May.
Keywords:
Asparagus officinalis, green spears, total yield, marketable yieldReferences
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Benson B.L., 2008. Update of the world's asparagus production areas, spear utilization, yields and production period. Acta Hort. 776, 495–507.
Bornet F.R.J., Brouns F., Tashiro Y., Duvillier V. 2002 Nutritional aspects of short-chain fructooligosaccharides: natural occurrence, chemistry, physiology and health implications. Dig. Liver Dis. 34, Suppl. 2, 111–120.
Chin C.K., Garrison S.A., 2008. Functional elements from asparagus for human health. Acta Hort. 776, 219–225.
Drost D., 1999. Irrigation effects on asparagus root distribution. Acta Hort. 479, 283–288.
Drost D., Wilcox-Lee D., 1997a. Soil water deficits and asparagus: I. Shoot, root, and bud growth during two seasons. Scientia Hort. 70, 131–143.
Drost D., Wilcox-Lee D., 1997b. Soil water deficits and asparagus: II. Bud size and subsequent spear growth. Scientia Hort. 70, 145–153.
Drost D., Wilson D., 2002. Estimating root length density and biomass in asparagus. Acta Hort. 589, 287–295.
Edenharder R., Frangart J., Hager M., Hofmann P., Rauscher R., 1998. Protective effects of fruits and vegetables against in vivo clastogenicity of cyclophosphamide or benzo[a]pyrene in mice. Food Chem. Toxicol. 7, 36, 637–645.
Evenhuis A., Kanters F., Vlaswinkel M.E.T., van den Broek R., Poll J.T., 2001. Asparagus cultivar evaluation after four years of harvest. Asparagus Research Newsletters 17, 1–9.
Guo, J., Jermyn W.A., Turnbull, M.H., 2001. Carbon metabolism in developing spears of two asparagus (Asparagus officinalis) cultivars with contrasting yield. Austral. J. Plant Physiol., 28, 1013–1021.
Hartmann H.D., 1981. The influence of irrigation on the development and field of asparagus. Acta Hort. 119, 309–316.
Hartmann H.D., 1985. Possibility of predicting the amount of asparagus yield in middle Europe. Proc. of the 6th Int. Asparagus Symp., University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada, 318–323.
Haynes R.T., 1987. Accumulation of dry matter and changes in storage carbohydrate and amino acid content in first 2 years of asparagus growth. Sci. Hort. 32, 17–23.
Jinsong Y., 2002. Primary report of the Second International Asparagus Varieties Estimate. Acta Hort. 589, 173–178.
Kailuweit H.D., Krug H., 1995. Warme fordert das Langenwachstum, hoherer Bodenwiderstand das Dickenwachstum bei Spargel. Gartenbaumagazin 3, 45–46.
Kim, B.Y., Cui Z.G., Lee S.R., Kim S.J., Kang H.K., Lee Y.K., Park D.B., 2009. Effects of Asparagus officinalis extracts on liver cell toxicity and ethanol metabolism. J. Food Sci. 74, 7, 204–208.
Knaflewski M., 1994a. Yields predictions of asparagus cultivars on basis of summer stalk characteristic. Acta Hort. 371, 161–168.
Knaflewski M., 2005. Uprawa szparaga. Hortpress Sp. z o.o. Warszawa.
Knaflewski M., Kałużewicz A., Gebler K., 2001. Changes in field quality of 12 asparagus cultivars during 10 years of harvest. VCRB, 54, 11–14.
Knaflewski M., Kałużewicz A., Gebler K., Zaworska A., 2000. Plonowanie kilku odmian szparaga w latach 1990–1999. Annales UMCS, Sec. EEE, Horticultura VII, Suppl. 411–416.
Knaflewski M., Kałużewicz A., Kamińska B., Spiżewski T., 1998. Plonowanie i jakość piętnastu odmian szparaga (Asparagus officinalis L.). Zesz. Nauk. AR Kraków, 333, 153–157.
Knaflewski M., Kałużewicz A., Krzesiński W., Zaworska A., 2008. Przydatność 21 odmian szparaga do uprawy na zielone wypustki w Polsce. Zesz. Probl. Post. Nauk Rol. 527, 173–177.
Knaflewski M., Krzesiński W., 2002. Results of investigations on timing asparagus production in a temperate climate. Acta Hort. 589, 73–79.
Knaflewski M., Krzesiński W., 2004. Wpływ terminu zbiorów na plon i jakość zielonych wypustek szparaga. Rocz. AR Pozn. 360, Ogrodnictwo 38, 97–104.
Krarup C., 1996. Evaluation of twenty eight asparagus genotypes after three years of harvest at Valdivia, Chile. Acta Hort. 415, 105–113.
Krarup C., Contreras S., 2002a. Behavior of Asparagus Cultivars in a Semi-Arid Environment: Curacavi, Chile. Asparagus Research Newsletters, 18, 9–18.
Krarup C., Contreras S., 2002b. Elongacion y ramificacion de triones de esparrago durante una cosecha primaveral. Agricultura Técnica 62(2), 191–200.
Krzesiński W., Gąsecka M., Stachowiak J., Żurawicz A., Knaflewski M., Goliński P., 2008. The effect of plant age and crown size of asparagus on fern growth in terms of carbohydrate balance. Acta Sci. Pol. Hortorum Cultus, 7, 93–10.
Liebig H.P., Wiebe H.J., 1982. Short-term prediction of yield of asparagus. Gartenbauwissenschaf. 47(2), 91–96.
Makus D.J., 1994. Mineral nutrient composition of white and green asparagus. Hortscience, 26, 374–377.
Makus D.J., Gonzales A.R., 1991. Production and quality of white asparagus grown under opaque row covers. Hortscience, 29, 1468–1469.
McCormick S.J., Geddes B., 1996. Effect of production temperatures on the quantity and quality of green asparagus spears. Acta Hort. 415, 263–269.
Mullen R.J., Viss T.C., Chavarria R., Reeder R.K., Whitely R.W., 1996. Asparagus cultivar evaluation in the Sacramento-San Joaquin delta region of California. Acta Hort. 415, 93–9.
Mullen R.J., Whitely R.S., Viss T.C., Goff M.L., Cancilla C.A., 2002. Asparagus cultivar evaluation trials in the Sacramento-San Joaquin delta region of California. Acta Hort. 589, 81–89.
Nakamura Y.K., Matsuo T., Shimoi K., Nakamura Y., Tomita I., 1996. S-Methyl ethanethiosulfonate, bio-antimutagen in homogenates of Cruciferae and Liliaceae vegetables. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 60, 9, 1439–1443.
Nichols M.A., Fisher K.J., 1999. Improving the efficiency of cultivar evaluation of green asparagus. Acta Hort. 479, 157–161.
Papadopoulou P.P., Siomos A.S., Dogras C.C., 2003. Comparison of textural and compositional attributes of green and white asparagus produced under commercial conditions. Plant Food. Hum. Nutr. 58, 1–9.
Pellegrini N., Serafini M., Colombi B., Del Rio D., Salvatore S., Bianchi M., Brighenti F., 2003. Total antioxidant capacity of plant foods, beverages and oils consumed in Italy assessed by three different in vitro assays. J. Nutr. 133, 2812–2819.
Pignon P., Corbaz R., Perko J., 1994. Asperge verte: resultats d’experimentation durant sept ans culture. Rev. Suisse Vitic. Arboric. Hortic. 26, 2, 91–96.
Perko J., 1996. Asperge: resultats culturaux de la variete Backlim et de quatre hybrids de clones. Rev. Suisse Vitic. Arboric. Hortic. 26, 2, 152.
Poll J.T.K., 1998. Production of green asparagus on heavy soils. Asparagus Res. Newsl. 15, 1–2, 5–9.
Reimerink A., 1973. Microstructure, soil strength, and root development of asparagus on loamy sands in the Netherlands. Neth. J. Agric. Sci. 21, 24–43.
Sanchez M.T., 1996. Influence of variety and preharvest factors on the texture of white and green asparagus. Alimentaria 276, 29–34.
Shao Y., Chin C.K., Ho C.T., Ma W., Garrison S.A., Huang M.T., 1996. Anti-tumor activity of the crude saponins obtained from asparagus. Cancer Letters, 104, 1, 31–36.
Sterret S.B., Ross B.B., Savage C.P., 1990. Establishment and yield of asparagus as influenced by planting and irrigation method. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 115, 29–33.
Temperini O., Mariotti R., Fanasca S., Fascardo F., 2008. Field evaluation of asparagus cultivars harvested during spring and summer-fall seasons. Acta Hort. 776, 397–402.
Urugami A., Nagai M., Yoshikawa H., 1996. Early evaluation of field, spear weight, and spear head tightness in asparagus cultivar trials. Acta Hort. 415, 97–103.
Wang M., Tadmor Y., Wu Q.L., Chin C.K., Garrison S.A., Simon J.E., 2003. Quantification of protodioscin and rutin in asparagus shoots by LC/MS and HPLC methods. J. Agric. Food Chem. 51, 6132–6136.
Wilson D.R., Cloughley C.G., Jamieson P.D., Sinton S.M., 2002. A model of asparagus growth physiology. Acta Hort. 589, 297–301.
Wilson D.R., Sinton S.M., Butler R.C., 2008. Carbohydrate and yield physiology of asparagus – a global overview. Acta Hort. 776, 413–427.
Benson B.L., 2008. Update of the world's asparagus production areas, spear utilization, yields and production period. Acta Hort. 776, 495–507.
Bornet F.R.J., Brouns F., Tashiro Y., Duvillier V. 2002 Nutritional aspects of short-chain fructooligosaccharides: natural occurrence, chemistry, physiology and health implications. Dig. Liver Dis. 34, Suppl. 2, 111–120.
Chin C.K., Garrison S.A., 2008. Functional elements from asparagus for human health. Acta Hort. 776, 219–225.
Drost D., 1999. Irrigation effects on asparagus root distribution. Acta Hort. 479, 283–288.
Drost D., Wilcox-Lee D., 1997a. Soil water deficits and asparagus: I. Shoot, root, and bud growth during two seasons. Scientia Hort. 70, 131–143.
Drost D., Wilcox-Lee D., 1997b. Soil water deficits and asparagus: II. Bud size and subsequent spear growth. Scientia Hort. 70, 145–153.
Drost D., Wilson D., 2002. Estimating root length density and biomass in asparagus. Acta Hort. 589, 287–295.
Edenharder R., Frangart J., Hager M., Hofmann P., Rauscher R., 1998. Protective effects of fruits and vegetables against in vivo clastogenicity of cyclophosphamide or benzo[a]pyrene in mice. Food Chem. Toxicol. 7, 36, 637–645.
Evenhuis A., Kanters F., Vlaswinkel M.E.T., van den Broek R., Poll J.T., 2001. Asparagus cultivar evaluation after four years of harvest. Asparagus Research Newsletters 17, 1–9.
Guo, J., Jermyn W.A., Turnbull, M.H., 2001. Carbon metabolism in developing spears of two asparagus (Asparagus officinalis) cultivars with contrasting yield. Austral. J. Plant Physiol., 28, 1013–1021.
Hartmann H.D., 1981. The influence of irrigation on the development and field of asparagus. Acta Hort. 119, 309–316.
Hartmann H.D., 1985. Possibility of predicting the amount of asparagus yield in middle Europe. Proc. of the 6th Int. Asparagus Symp., University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada, 318–323.
Haynes R.T., 1987. Accumulation of dry matter and changes in storage carbohydrate and amino acid content in first 2 years of asparagus growth. Sci. Hort. 32, 17–23.
Jinsong Y., 2002. Primary report of the Second International Asparagus Varieties Estimate. Acta Hort. 589, 173–178.
Kailuweit H.D., Krug H., 1995. Warme fordert das Langenwachstum, hoherer Bodenwiderstand das Dickenwachstum bei Spargel. Gartenbaumagazin 3, 45–46.
Kim, B.Y., Cui Z.G., Lee S.R., Kim S.J., Kang H.K., Lee Y.K., Park D.B., 2009. Effects of Asparagus officinalis extracts on liver cell toxicity and ethanol metabolism. J. Food Sci. 74, 7, 204–208.
Knaflewski M., 1994a. Yields predictions of asparagus cultivars on basis of summer stalk characteristic. Acta Hort. 371, 161–168.
Knaflewski M., 2005. Uprawa szparaga. Hortpress Sp. z o.o. Warszawa.
Knaflewski M., Kałużewicz A., Gebler K., 2001. Changes in field quality of 12 asparagus cultivars during 10 years of harvest. VCRB, 54, 11–14.
Knaflewski M., Kałużewicz A., Gebler K., Zaworska A., 2000. Plonowanie kilku odmian szparaga w latach 1990–1999. Annales UMCS, Sec. EEE, Horticultura VII, Suppl. 411–416.
Knaflewski M., Kałużewicz A., Kamińska B., Spiżewski T., 1998. Plonowanie i jakość piętnastu odmian szparaga (Asparagus officinalis L.). Zesz. Nauk. AR Kraków, 333, 153–157.
Knaflewski M., Kałużewicz A., Krzesiński W., Zaworska A., 2008. Przydatność 21 odmian szparaga do uprawy na zielone wypustki w Polsce. Zesz. Probl. Post. Nauk Rol. 527, 173–177.
Knaflewski M., Krzesiński W., 2002. Results of investigations on timing asparagus production in a temperate climate. Acta Hort. 589, 73–79.
Knaflewski M., Krzesiński W., 2004. Wpływ terminu zbiorów na plon i jakość zielonych wypustek szparaga. Rocz. AR Pozn. 360, Ogrodnictwo 38, 97–104.
Krarup C., 1996. Evaluation of twenty eight asparagus genotypes after three years of harvest at Valdivia, Chile. Acta Hort. 415, 105–113.
Krarup C., Contreras S., 2002a. Behavior of Asparagus Cultivars in a Semi-Arid Environment: Curacavi, Chile. Asparagus Research Newsletters, 18, 9–18.
Krarup C., Contreras S., 2002b. Elongacion y ramificacion de triones de esparrago durante una cosecha primaveral. Agricultura Técnica 62(2), 191–200.
Krzesiński W., Gąsecka M., Stachowiak J., Żurawicz A., Knaflewski M., Goliński P., 2008. The effect of plant age and crown size of asparagus on fern growth in terms of carbohydrate balance. Acta Sci. Pol. Hortorum Cultus, 7, 93–10.
Liebig H.P., Wiebe H.J., 1982. Short-term prediction of yield of asparagus. Gartenbauwissenschaf. 47(2), 91–96.
Makus D.J., 1994. Mineral nutrient composition of white and green asparagus. Hortscience, 26, 374–377.
Makus D.J., Gonzales A.R., 1991. Production and quality of white asparagus grown under opaque row covers. Hortscience, 29, 1468–1469.
McCormick S.J., Geddes B., 1996. Effect of production temperatures on the quantity and quality of green asparagus spears. Acta Hort. 415, 263–269.
Mullen R.J., Viss T.C., Chavarria R., Reeder R.K., Whitely R.W., 1996. Asparagus cultivar evaluation in the Sacramento-San Joaquin delta region of California. Acta Hort. 415, 93–9.
Mullen R.J., Whitely R.S., Viss T.C., Goff M.L., Cancilla C.A., 2002. Asparagus cultivar evaluation trials in the Sacramento-San Joaquin delta region of California. Acta Hort. 589, 81–89.
Nakamura Y.K., Matsuo T., Shimoi K., Nakamura Y., Tomita I., 1996. S-Methyl ethanethiosulfonate, bio-antimutagen in homogenates of Cruciferae and Liliaceae vegetables. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 60, 9, 1439–1443.
Nichols M.A., Fisher K.J., 1999. Improving the efficiency of cultivar evaluation of green asparagus. Acta Hort. 479, 157–161.
Papadopoulou P.P., Siomos A.S., Dogras C.C., 2003. Comparison of textural and compositional attributes of green and white asparagus produced under commercial conditions. Plant Food. Hum. Nutr. 58, 1–9.
Pellegrini N., Serafini M., Colombi B., Del Rio D., Salvatore S., Bianchi M., Brighenti F., 2003. Total antioxidant capacity of plant foods, beverages and oils consumed in Italy assessed by three different in vitro assays. J. Nutr. 133, 2812–2819.
Pignon P., Corbaz R., Perko J., 1994. Asperge verte: resultats d’experimentation durant sept ans culture. Rev. Suisse Vitic. Arboric. Hortic. 26, 2, 91–96.
Perko J., 1996. Asperge: resultats culturaux de la variete Backlim et de quatre hybrids de clones. Rev. Suisse Vitic. Arboric. Hortic. 26, 2, 152.
Poll J.T.K., 1998. Production of green asparagus on heavy soils. Asparagus Res. Newsl. 15, 1–2, 5–9.
Reimerink A., 1973. Microstructure, soil strength, and root development of asparagus on loamy sands in the Netherlands. Neth. J. Agric. Sci. 21, 24–43.
Sanchez M.T., 1996. Influence of variety and preharvest factors on the texture of white and green asparagus. Alimentaria 276, 29–34.
Shao Y., Chin C.K., Ho C.T., Ma W., Garrison S.A., Huang M.T., 1996. Anti-tumor activity of the crude saponins obtained from asparagus. Cancer Letters, 104, 1, 31–36.
Sterret S.B., Ross B.B., Savage C.P., 1990. Establishment and yield of asparagus as influenced by planting and irrigation method. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 115, 29–33.
Temperini O., Mariotti R., Fanasca S., Fascardo F., 2008. Field evaluation of asparagus cultivars harvested during spring and summer-fall seasons. Acta Hort. 776, 397–402.
Urugami A., Nagai M., Yoshikawa H., 1996. Early evaluation of field, spear weight, and spear head tightness in asparagus cultivar trials. Acta Hort. 415, 97–103.
Wang M., Tadmor Y., Wu Q.L., Chin C.K., Garrison S.A., Simon J.E., 2003. Quantification of protodioscin and rutin in asparagus shoots by LC/MS and HPLC methods. J. Agric. Food Chem. 51, 6132–6136.
Wilson D.R., Cloughley C.G., Jamieson P.D., Sinton S.M., 2002. A model of asparagus growth physiology. Acta Hort. 589, 297–301.
Wilson D.R., Sinton S.M., Butler R.C., 2008. Carbohydrate and yield physiology of asparagus – a global overview. Acta Hort. 776, 413–427.
Teresa Rodkiewicz
University of Life Sciences in Lublin
University of Life Sciences in Lublin
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