DETERMINATION  OF  OPTIMUM  CULTURE  CONDITIONS  FOR  MYCELIAL  GROWTH  OF  Macrolepiota  procera  MUSHROOM

Aysun Pekşen; Beyhan Kibar

doi:10.24326/asphc.2020.1.2

Vol. 19 No. 1 (2020)

Articles

DETERMINATION OF OPTIMUM CULTURE CONDITIONS FOR MYCELIAL GROWTH OF Macrolepiota procera MUSHROOM

Aysun Pekşen⁺⁻
Beyhan Kibar⁺⁻

PDF

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24326/asphc.2020.1.2
Submitted: 5 February 2020
Published: 21.02.2020

Abstract

Macrolepiota procera, commonly called the Parasol Mushroom, is a delicious mushroom collected from the nature and commonly consumed by the public in many regions of Turkey. This study was conducted to determine the optimum culture conditions (pH, temperature, carbon and nitrogen sources) for mycelial growth of M. procera. Three pH values (pH 5.0, 5.5 and 6.0), four incubation temperatures (15, 20, 25 and 30°C), seven carbon (C) sources (dextrose, glucose, lactose, maltose, mannitol, sucrose and xylose) and six nitrogen (N) sources ((NH₄)₂HPO₄, NH₄NO₃and Ca(NO₃)₂, malt extract, peptone and yeast extract) were investigated. In the second step of the study, the effect of seven pH values (4.0, 4.5, 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.5 and 7.0) on the mycelial colony diameter was examined at 20 and 25°C since these temperatures gave the best mycelial growth in the previously conducted temperature experiment. The best mycelial growth was determined at pH 6.0. The optimum temperature for mycelial growth of M. procera was found as 25°C. The use of glucose as carbon source and yeast extract and peptone as nitrogen source in the culture medium gave the best results for mycelial growth. Determining of optimum culture conditions for mycelial growth of M. procera will provide important contributions to the fortcoming studies on it’s commercially cultivation in Turkey.

References

Brundrett, M., Bougher, N., Dell, B., Grove, T., Malajczuk, N. (1996). Working with mycorrhizas in forestry and agriculture. Australian Center for International Agricultural Research, Canberra, pp. 374.
Calam, C.T. (1971). The evaluation of mycelial growth. In series: Methods in Microbiology, Norris, J.R., Ribbons, D.W. (eds), New York, USA, Vol. 1, 567–591.
Deacon, J.W. (1984). Introduction to modern mycology, 2nd ed. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, UK.
Falandysz, J., Kunito, T., Kubota, R., Gucia, M., Mazur, A., Falandysz, J.J., Tanabe, S. (2008). Some mineral constituents of Parasol Mushroom (Macrolepiota procera). J. Environ. Sci. Health. B., 43(2), 187–192.
Finlay, R.D., Frostegard, A., Sonnerfeldt, A.M. (1992). Utilization of organic and inorganic nitrogen sources by ectomycorrhizal fungi in pure culture and in symbiosis with Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. New Phytol., 120(1), 105–115.
Garraway, M.O., Evans, R.C. (1984). Fungal nutrition and physiology. John Wiley and Sons, New York, pp. 401.
Gbolagade, J.S. (2006). The effect of different nutrient sources on biomass production of Lepiota procera in submerged liquid cultures. Afr. J. Biotechnol., 5(12), 1246–1249.
Gbolagade, J.S., Sobowale, A., Adejoye, D. (2006). Optimization of submerged culture conditions for biomass production in Pleurotus florida (Mont.) Singer, a Nigerian edible fungus. Afr. J. Biotechnol., 5(16), 1464–1469.
Griffin, D.H. (1994). Fungal physiology, 2nd ed. Wiley Liss, New York, USA, pp. 472.
Hoa, H.T., Wang, C.L. (2015). The effects of temperature and nutritional conditions on mycelium growth of two oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus and Pleurotus cystidiosus). Mycobiology, 43(1), 14–23.
Johansson, J.F. (2002). Below ground ectomycorrhizal community structure along a local nutrient gradient in a boreal forest in Northern Sweden. MSc Thesis, Swedish University of Africultural Sciences, Sweden.
Jonathan, S.G. (2002). Vegetative growth requirements and antimicrobial activities of some higher fungi in Nigeria. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Ibadan, Nigeria.
Jonathan, S.G., Adeoyo, O.R. (2011). Effect of physical and chemical factors on mycelial growth of ten wild Nigerian mushrooms during cellulase and amylase production. Nat. Prod. Indian J., 7(4), 211–216.
Jonathan, S.G., Fasidi, I.O. (2003). Requirements for vegetative growth of Tricholoma lobayensis (Heim), a Nigerian edible fungus. Adv. Food. Sci., 25(3), 91–95.
Jonathan, S.G., Fasidi, I.O., Ajayi, E.J. (2004). Physico-chemical studies on Volvariella esculenta (Mass) Singer, a Nigerian edible fungus. Food Chem., 85(3), 339–342.
Joshi, M., Patel, H., Gupte, S., Gupte, A. (2013). Nutrient improvement for simultaneous production of exopolysaccharide and mycelial biomass by submerged cultivation of Schizophyllum commune AGMJ-1 using statistical optimization. 3 Biotech, 3(4), 307–318.
Kibar, B., Pekşen, A. (2011). Mycelial growth requirements of Lactarius pyrogalus and Lactarius controversus. Afr. J. Microbiol. Res., 5(28), 5107–5114.
Kim, H.O., Lim, J.M., Joo, J.H., Kim, S.W., Hwang, H.J., Choi, J.W., Yun, J.W. (2005). Optimization of submerged culture condition for the production of mycelial biomass and exopolysaccharides by Agrocybe cylindracea. Bioresour. Technol., 96, 1175–1182.
Kułdo, E., Jarzyńska, G., Gucia, M., Falandysz, J. (2014). Mineral constituents of edible parasol mushroom Macrolepiota procera (Scop. ex Fr.) Sing. and soils beneath its fruiting bodies collected from a rural forest area. Chem. Pap., 68(4), 484–492.
Kumari, B., Atri, N.S. (2014). Nutritional and nutraceutical potential of wild edible Macrolepiotoid mushrooms of North India. Int. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci., 6(2), 200–204.
Lin, J.H., Yang, S.S. (2006). Mycelium and polysaccharide production of Agaricus blazei Murrill by submerged fermentation. J. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect., 39(2), 98–108.
Maki, C.S., Meirelles, L.D. (2002). Characterization and cultivation of a wild mushroom species isolated in Brazil. Semin. Cienc. Biol. Saúde Londrina, 23(1), 77–82.
Manjunathan, J., Kaviyarasan, V. (2011). Optimization of mycelia growth and antimicrobial activity of new edible mushroom, Lentinus tuberregium (Fr.). Tamil Nadu, India. Int. J. Pharmtech Res., 3(1), 497–504.
Park, J.P., Kim, S.W., Hwang, H.J., Yun, J.W. (2001). Optimization of submerged culture conditions for the mycelial growth and exobiopolymer production by Cordyceps militaris. Lett. Appl. Microbiol., 33(1), 76–81.
Pekşen, A., Kaplan, M. (2017). Edible wild mushrooms having economic importance of Ordu province. Acad. J. Agric., 6, 335–342.
Pekşen, A., Karaca, G.H. (2000). Edible mushroom species found in Samsun province and their consumption potentials. Proceedings of the 6th Turkey Edible Mushrooms Congress, September 20–22, Bergama, İzmir.
Pekşen, A., Kibar, B. (2008). The effect of the different nutrient media on the mycelium growth of Macrolepiota procera mushroom. Proceedings of the 7th Symposium on Vegetable Cultivation, August 26–29, Yalova, Turkey.
Pekşen, A., Kibar, B. (2016). Effects of various carbon and nitrogen sources on mycelial biomass production of Macrolepiota procera and Polyporus squamosus in submerged culture. Anadolu J. Agric. Sci., 31(1), 16–24.
Pekşen, A., Kibar, B. (2017). Investigations on the cultivation of wild edible mushroom Macrolepiota procera. Int. J. Agric. Wildlife Sci., 3(2), 68–79.
Pekşen, A., Bulam, S., Üstün, N.Ş. (2016). Edible wild mushrooms sold in Giresun local markets. 1st International Mediterranean Science and Engineering Congress, October 26–28, Adana, Turkey.
Pekşen, A., Kibar, B., Yakupoğlu, G. (2008). Macrolepiota procera and Polyporus squamosus among from edible wild mushrooms. 8th Turkey Edible Mushrooms Congress, October 15–17, Kocaeli, Turkey.
Pekşen, A., Kibar, B., Yakupoğlu, G. (2013). Favourable culture conditions for mycelial growth of Hydnum repandum, a medicinal mushroom. Afr. J. Tradit. Complement. Altern. Med., 10(6), 431–434.
Petcharat, V., Khuntong, P. (1999). Cultivation of wild mushroom: XII Hed Hnang Klong (Macrolepiota gracilenta (Krombh.) Moser). Songklanakarin J. Sci. Technol., 21(1), 33–39.
Phillips, R. (1994). Mushrooms and other fungi of Great Britain and Europe. Milan, Italy, p. 288.
Rangel-Castro, J.I., Danell, E., Taylor, A.F.S. (2002). Use of different nitrogen sources by the edible ectomycorrhizal mushroom Cantharellus cibarius. Mycorrhiza, 12(3), 131–137.
Rizal, L.M., Hyde, K.D., Chukeatirote, E., Kakumyan, P., Chamyuang, S. (2014). Optimal mycelial conditions and spawn production for the domestication of Macrolepiota detersa. The 26th Annual Meeting of the Thai Society for Biotechnology and International Conference, Mae Fah Lunag University, November 26–29, Thailand.
Sesli, E., Denchev, C.M. (2014). Checklists of the myxomycetes, larger ascomycetes, and larger basidiomycetes in Turkey, 6th ed. Available: http://www.mycotaxon.com/resources/checklists/sesli-v106-checklist.pdf
Shih, I.L., Chou, B.W., Chen, C.C., Wu, J.Y., Hsieh, C. (2008). Study of mycelial growth and bioactive polysaccharide production in batch and fed-batch culture of Grifola frondosa. Bioresour. Technol., 99, 785–793.
Shih, I.L., Pan, K., Hsieh, C. (2006). Influence of nutritional components and oxygen supply on the mycelial growth and bioactive metabolites production in submerged culture of Antrodia cinnamomea. Process Biochem., 41(5), 1129–1135.
Shih, I.L., Tsai, K.L., Hsieh, C. (2007). Effects of culture conditions on the mycelial growth and bioactive metabolite production in submerged culture of Cordyceps militaris. Biochem. Eng. J., 33(3), 193–201.
Shim, S.M., Oh, Y.H., Lee, K.R., Kim, S.H., Im, K.H., Kim, J.W., Lee, U.Y., Shim, J.O., Shim, M.J., Lee, M.W., Ro, H.S., Lee H.S., Lee, T.S. (2005). The characteristics of cultural conditions for the mycelial growth of Macrolepiota procera. Mycobiology, 33(1), 15–18.
Solak, M.H., Gücin, F. (1992). New macrofungi species from Bursa region for Turkey and other macrofungi identified in the region. Turk. J. Bot., 16(3), 335–346.
Yang, F.C., Huang, H.C., Yang, M.J. (2003). The influence of environmental conditions on the mycelial growth of Antrodia cinnamomea in submerged cultures. Enzyme Microb. Technol., 33, 395–402.
Yılmaz, H., Zencirci, N. (2016). Ethnomycology of macrofungi in the Western Black Sea Region of Turkey: Identification to marketing. Econ. Bot., 70(3), 270–284.

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[1] Brundrett, M., Bougher, N., Dell, B., Grove, T., Malajczuk, N. (1996). Working with mycorrhizas in forestry and agriculture. Australian Center for International Agricultural Research, Canberra, pp. 374.

[2] Calam, C.T. (1971). The evaluation of mycelial growth. In series: Methods in Microbiology, Norris, J.R., Ribbons, D.W. (eds), New York, USA, Vol. 1, 567–591.

[3] Deacon, J.W. (1984). Introduction to modern mycology, 2nd ed. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, UK.

[4] Falandysz, J., Kunito, T., Kubota, R., Gucia, M., Mazur, A., Falandysz, J.J., Tanabe, S. (2008). Some mineral constituents of Parasol Mushroom (Macrolepiota procera). J. Environ. Sci. Health. B., 43(2), 187–192.

[5] Finlay, R.D., Frostegard, A., Sonnerfeldt, A.M. (1992). Utilization of organic and inorganic nitrogen sources by ectomycorrhizal fungi in pure culture and in symbiosis with Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. New Phytol., 120(1), 105–115.

[6] Garraway, M.O., Evans, R.C. (1984). Fungal nutrition and physiology. John Wiley and Sons, New York, pp. 401.

[7] Gbolagade, J.S. (2006). The effect of different nutrient sources on biomass production of Lepiota procera in submerged liquid cultures. Afr. J. Biotechnol., 5(12), 1246–1249.

[8] Gbolagade, J.S., Sobowale, A., Adejoye, D. (2006). Optimization of submerged culture conditions for biomass production in Pleurotus florida (Mont.) Singer, a Nigerian edible fungus. Afr. J. Biotechnol., 5(16), 1464–1469.

[9] Griffin, D.H. (1994). Fungal physiology, 2nd ed. Wiley Liss, New York, USA, pp. 472.

[10] Hoa, H.T., Wang, C.L. (2015). The effects of temperature and nutritional conditions on mycelium growth of two oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus and Pleurotus cystidiosus). Mycobiology, 43(1), 14–23.

[11] Johansson, J.F. (2002). Below ground ectomycorrhizal community structure along a local nutrient gradient in a boreal forest in Northern Sweden. MSc Thesis, Swedish University of Africultural Sciences, Sweden.

[12] Jonathan, S.G. (2002). Vegetative growth requirements and antimicrobial activities of some higher fungi in Nigeria. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Ibadan, Nigeria.

[13] Jonathan, S.G., Adeoyo, O.R. (2011). Effect of physical and chemical factors on mycelial growth of ten wild Nigerian mushrooms during cellulase and amylase production. Nat. Prod. Indian J., 7(4), 211–216.

[14] Jonathan, S.G., Fasidi, I.O. (2003). Requirements for vegetative growth of Tricholoma lobayensis (Heim), a Nigerian edible fungus. Adv. Food. Sci., 25(3), 91–95.

[15] Jonathan, S.G., Fasidi, I.O., Ajayi, E.J. (2004). Physico-chemical studies on Volvariella esculenta (Mass) Singer, a Nigerian edible fungus. Food Chem., 85(3), 339–342.

[16] Joshi, M., Patel, H., Gupte, S., Gupte, A. (2013). Nutrient improvement for simultaneous production of exopolysaccharide and mycelial biomass by submerged cultivation of Schizophyllum commune AGMJ-1 using statistical optimization. 3 Biotech, 3(4), 307–318.

[17] Kibar, B., Pekşen, A. (2011). Mycelial growth requirements of Lactarius pyrogalus and Lactarius controversus. Afr. J. Microbiol. Res., 5(28), 5107–5114.

[18] Kim, H.O., Lim, J.M., Joo, J.H., Kim, S.W., Hwang, H.J., Choi, J.W., Yun, J.W. (2005). Optimization of submerged culture condition for the production of mycelial biomass and exopolysaccharides by Agrocybe cylindracea. Bioresour. Technol., 96, 1175–1182.

[19] Kułdo, E., Jarzyńska, G., Gucia, M., Falandysz, J. (2014). Mineral constituents of edible parasol mushroom Macrolepiota procera (Scop. ex Fr.) Sing. and soils beneath its fruiting bodies collected from a rural forest area. Chem. Pap., 68(4), 484–492.

[20] Kumari, B., Atri, N.S. (2014). Nutritional and nutraceutical potential of wild edible Macrolepiotoid mushrooms of North India. Int. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci., 6(2), 200–204.

[21] Lin, J.H., Yang, S.S. (2006). Mycelium and polysaccharide production of Agaricus blazei Murrill by submerged fermentation. J. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect., 39(2), 98–108.

[22] Maki, C.S., Meirelles, L.D. (2002). Characterization and cultivation of a wild mushroom species isolated in Brazil. Semin. Cienc. Biol. Saúde Londrina, 23(1), 77–82.

[23] Manjunathan, J., Kaviyarasan, V. (2011). Optimization of mycelia growth and antimicrobial activity of new edible mushroom, Lentinus tuberregium (Fr.). Tamil Nadu, India. Int. J. Pharmtech Res., 3(1), 497–504.

[24] Park, J.P., Kim, S.W., Hwang, H.J., Yun, J.W. (2001). Optimization of submerged culture conditions for the mycelial growth and exobiopolymer production by Cordyceps militaris. Lett. Appl. Microbiol., 33(1), 76–81.

[25] Pekşen, A., Kaplan, M. (2017). Edible wild mushrooms having economic importance of Ordu province. Acad. J. Agric., 6, 335–342.

[26] Pekşen, A., Karaca, G.H. (2000). Edible mushroom species found in Samsun province and their consumption potentials. Proceedings of the 6th Turkey Edible Mushrooms Congress, September 20–22, Bergama, İzmir.

[27] Pekşen, A., Kibar, B. (2008). The effect of the different nutrient media on the mycelium growth of Macrolepiota procera mushroom. Proceedings of the 7th Symposium on Vegetable Cultivation, August 26–29, Yalova, Turkey.

[28] Pekşen, A., Kibar, B. (2016). Effects of various carbon and nitrogen sources on mycelial biomass production of Macrolepiota procera and Polyporus squamosus in submerged culture. Anadolu J. Agric. Sci., 31(1), 16–24.

[29] Pekşen, A., Kibar, B. (2017). Investigations on the cultivation of wild edible mushroom Macrolepiota procera. Int. J. Agric. Wildlife Sci., 3(2), 68–79.

[30] Pekşen, A., Bulam, S., Üstün, N.Ş. (2016). Edible wild mushrooms sold in Giresun local markets. 1st International Mediterranean Science and Engineering Congress, October 26–28, Adana, Turkey.

[31] Pekşen, A., Kibar, B., Yakupoğlu, G. (2008). Macrolepiota procera and Polyporus squamosus among from edible wild mushrooms. 8th Turkey Edible Mushrooms Congress, October 15–17, Kocaeli, Turkey.

[32] Pekşen, A., Kibar, B., Yakupoğlu, G. (2013). Favourable culture conditions for mycelial growth of Hydnum repandum, a medicinal mushroom. Afr. J. Tradit. Complement. Altern. Med., 10(6), 431–434.

[33] Petcharat, V., Khuntong, P. (1999). Cultivation of wild mushroom: XII Hed Hnang Klong (Macrolepiota gracilenta (Krombh.) Moser). Songklanakarin J. Sci. Technol., 21(1), 33–39.

[34] Phillips, R. (1994). Mushrooms and other fungi of Great Britain and Europe. Milan, Italy, p. 288.

[35] Rangel-Castro, J.I., Danell, E., Taylor, A.F.S. (2002). Use of different nitrogen sources by the edible ectomycorrhizal mushroom Cantharellus cibarius. Mycorrhiza, 12(3), 131–137.

[36] Rizal, L.M., Hyde, K.D., Chukeatirote, E., Kakumyan, P., Chamyuang, S. (2014). Optimal mycelial conditions and spawn production for the domestication of Macrolepiota detersa. The 26th Annual Meeting of the Thai Society for Biotechnology and International Conference, Mae Fah Lunag University, November 26–29, Thailand.

[37] Sesli, E., Denchev, C.M. (2014). Checklists of the myxomycetes, larger ascomycetes, and larger basidiomycetes in Turkey, 6th ed. Available: http://www.mycotaxon.com/resources/checklists/sesli-v106-checklist.pdf

[38] Shih, I.L., Chou, B.W., Chen, C.C., Wu, J.Y., Hsieh, C. (2008). Study of mycelial growth and bioactive polysaccharide production in batch and fed-batch culture of Grifola frondosa. Bioresour. Technol., 99, 785–793.

[39] Shih, I.L., Pan, K., Hsieh, C. (2006). Influence of nutritional components and oxygen supply on the mycelial growth and bioactive metabolites production in submerged culture of Antrodia cinnamomea. Process Biochem., 41(5), 1129–1135.

[40] Shih, I.L., Tsai, K.L., Hsieh, C. (2007). Effects of culture conditions on the mycelial growth and bioactive metabolite production in submerged culture of Cordyceps militaris. Biochem. Eng. J., 33(3), 193–201.

[41] Shim, S.M., Oh, Y.H., Lee, K.R., Kim, S.H., Im, K.H., Kim, J.W., Lee, U.Y., Shim, J.O., Shim, M.J., Lee, M.W., Ro, H.S., Lee H.S., Lee, T.S. (2005). The characteristics of cultural conditions for the mycelial growth of Macrolepiota procera. Mycobiology, 33(1), 15–18.

[42] Solak, M.H., Gücin, F. (1992). New macrofungi species from Bursa region for Turkey and other macrofungi identified in the region. Turk. J. Bot., 16(3), 335–346.

[43] Yang, F.C., Huang, H.C., Yang, M.J. (2003). The influence of environmental conditions on the mycelial growth of Antrodia cinnamomea in submerged cultures. Enzyme Microb. Technol., 33, 395–402.

[44] Yılmaz, H., Zencirci, N. (2016). Ethnomycology of macrofungi in the Western Black Sea Region of Turkey: Identification to marketing. Econ. Bot., 70(3), 270–284.