Abstract
During 2012–2014 in southeastern Poland the species Colletotrichum fuscum was isolated from the leaves of oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) showing the symptoms of necrotic, concentrically zoned spots with a lighter center and a slightly raised edge. Morphology of nine randomly chosen isolates from the fungus population and reference isolate CBS obtained from CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre were studied. Each isolate was cultured on PDA medium, at the temperatures 24°C for 14 days. The character of the cultures, the color of the averse and the reverse, the formation of morphological struc-tures of the fungus, i.e. acervuli, conidia, appressoria and chlamydospores were studied. Ultrastructural observations of morphological structures were undertaken using scanning electron microscopy. The presence of setose acervuli, conidia, chlamydospores and ap-pressoria was visible. Moreover, studies on the biotic effect between C. fuscum and other species of phyllosphere fungi of oregano showed that all tested fungi inhibited the growth of C. fuscum, but the size of the limiting effect was different. Fungi from genera Trichoderma and Clonostachys were found out to be the most effective and positive antagonists. Alternaria alternata, Botrytis cinerea and Fusarium spp. – despite the high values of IBE were considered negative antagonists.
References
Aggarwal, R., Tewari, A.K., Srivastava, K.D., Singh, D.V. (2004). Role of antibiosis in the biological control of spot blotch (Cochliobolus sativus) of wheat by Chaetomium globosum. Mycopathologia, 157, 369–377.
Boerema, G.H., Hӧweler, L.H. (1967). Phoma exigua Desm. And its varieties. Persoonia, 5, 15–28.
Cannon, P.F., Damm, U., Johnston, P.R., Weir, B.S. (2012). Colletotrichum – current status and future directions. Stud. Mycol., 73, 181–213.
Chang, K., Hwang, S., Wang, H., Turnbull, G., Howard, R. (2006). Etiology and biological control of sclerotinia blight of coneflower using Trichoderma species. Plant Pathol. J., 5, 15–19.
Cullen, D., Berbee, F.M., Andrews, J.H. (1984). Chaetomium globosum antagonizes the apple scab pathogen Venturia inaequalis, under field conditions. Can. J. Bot., 62, 1814–1818.
Dean, R., Van Kan, J.A.L., Pretorius, Z.A., Hammond-Kosack, K.E., Di Pietro, A., Pietro, D.S., Jason, J.R., Dickman, M., Kahmann, R., Ellis, J., Foster, G.D. (2012). The top 10 fungal path-ogens in molecular plant pathology. Mol. Plant. Pathol., 13, 414–430.
Debrunner, N., Rauber, A.L. (2000). First report of St. John’s – Wort anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides in Switzerland. Plant Dis., 84, 203.
Devys, M., Férézou, J.P., Topgi, R.S., Barbier, M., Bousquet, J.F., Kollmann, A. (1984). Structure and biosynthesis of phomenoic acid, an antifungal compound isolated from Phoma lin-gam Tode. J. Chem. Socperkin. Trans., 1, 2133–2137.
Devys, M., Topgi, R.S., Férézou, J.P., Quaino, L.M., Bousquet, J.F., Kollmann, A., Barbier, M. (1986). Phomenolactone, an antifungal substance from Phoma lingam Tode. Phytochemistry, 25, 531–532.
Fokkema, N.J. (1993). Opportunities and problems of control of foliar pathogens with microorganisms. Pestic. Sci., 37, 411–416.
Garibaldi, A., Minuto, G., Aloi, C., Gullino, M.L. (1995). Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz. – a new pathogen of basil in Italy. Inf. Fitopatol., 2, 34–35
Gärber, U., Schrenk, R. (2002). Colletotrichum cf. gloeosporioides an Johanniskraut (Hypericum perforatum L.). Nachrichtenbl. Deut. Pflanzenschutzd., 54, 63–68
Goodman, R.N. (1960). Colleotin, a toxin from Colletotrichum fuscum. Phytopathology, 50, 325–327.
Hashem, M., Ali, E. (2004). Epicoccum nigrum as biocontrol agent of Pythium damping – of and root-rot of cotton seedlings. Arch. Phytopathol. Plant Protect., 37, 283–297.
Huang, H.C., Kokko, E.G. (1993). Trichothecium roseum, a mycoparasite of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Can. J. Botany, 71, 1631–1638.
Jackson, A.J., Walters, D.R., Marshall, G. (1997). Antagonistic interactions between the foliar pathogen Botrytis fabae and isolates of Penicillium brevicompactum and Cladosporium cladosporioides on faba beans. Biol. Control, 8, 97–106.
Jeffries, P., Dodd, J.C., Jager, M.J., Plumbley, R.A. (1990). The biology and control of Colletotrichum species on tropical fruit crops. Plant Pathol., 39, 343–366.
Khan, A., Hsiang, T. (2003). The infection process of Colletotrichum graminicola and relative aggresiveness on four turfgrass species. Can. J. Microbiol., 49, 433–442.
Lennè, J.M. (2002). Some major plant diseases. In: Plant pathologist’s pocketbook, Waller, J.M., Lennè, J.M., Waller, S.J. (eds). 3rd end. CABI, Wallingford UK, 4–18.
Machowicz-Stefaniak, Z., (1998). Antagonistic activity of epiphytic fungi from grapevine against Botrytis cinerea Pers. Phytopathol. Pol., 16, 45–52.
Machowicz-Stefaniak, Z. (2009). The occurrence and biotic activity of Phomopsis diachenii Sacc. Acta Agrobot., 62, 125–135.
Machowicz-Stefaniak, Z. (2010). Occurrence and characterization of Colletotrichum dematium (Fr.) Grove. Pol. J. Microbiol., 59, 191–200.
Machowicz-Stefaniak, Z., Zalewska, E. (2004). The pathogenicity of Fusarium spp. to thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.). Acta Sci. Pol. Hortorum Cultus, 3, 115–123.
Machowicz-Stefaniak, Z., Zalewska, E., Król, E. (2008). Biotic effect of caraway phyllosphere fungi on the pathogenic fungus Septoria carvi Syd. Herba Pol., 54, 70–80.
Madi, L., Katan, T., Katan, J., Henis, Y. (1997). Biological control of Sclerotium rolfsii and Verticillium dahliae by Talaromyces flavus is mediated by different machanisms. Biol. Control, 87, 1054–1060.
Mańka, K. (1974). Fungal communities as a criterion for estimating the effect of the environment on plant diseases. Zesz. Probl. Post. Nauk. Roln., 160, 9–23.
Mańka, M. (1995). Non-pathogenic soil fungi reflecting soil environment. In: Environmental Biotic Factors in Integrated Plant Disease Control. Proceedings of the 3rd Conference of Euro-pean Foundation for Plant Pathology, Mańka, M. (ed.). Poznań, Poland, 5–9 September, 1994, pp. 27–36.
Mańka, K., Mańka, M. (1992). A new method for evaluating interaction between soil inhabiting fungi and plant pathogens. IOBC/WPRS Bull., 16, 45–52.
Pascual, S., Melgarejo, P., Magan, N. (2002). Water availability affects the growth, accumulation of compatible solutes and the viability of the biocontrol agent Epicoccum nigrum. Mycopatho-logia, 156, 93–100.
Pieckenstain, F.L., Bazzalo, M.E., Roberts, A.M.I., Ugalde, R.A. (2001). Epicoccum purpurascens for biocontrol of Sclerotinia head rot of sunflower. Mycol. Res., 105, 77–84.
Rai, M., Deshmukh, P., Gade, A., Ingle, A., Kӧvics, G.J., Irinyi, L. (2009). Phoma Saccardo: Distribution, secondary metabolite production and biotechnological applications. Crit. Rev. Microbiol., 35, 182–196.
Sakagami, Y., Sano, A., Hara, O., Mikawa, T., Marumo, S. (1995). Cladosporol, β-1,3-glucan biosynthesis inhibitor, isolated from fungus, Cladosporium cladosporioides. Tetrahedron. Lett., 36, 1469–1472.
Sandoval, M.C., Falico, L.M., Noelting, M.C., Corcuera, V.R., Cid, P., Raggio, G. (2006). Control strategy of Alternaria alternata Keissler pathogen of Coriandrum sativum L. with Trichoderma harzianum Rifai. Rev. Protec. Vegetal., 21, 31–36.
Sato, T. (1996). Problems of taxonomy and identification of Colletotrichum species. Plant Prot., 50, 273–280.
Shen, S., Goodwin, P., Hsiang, T. (2001). Hemibiotrophic infection and identity of the fungus, Colletotrichum destructivum, causing anthracnose of tobacco. Mycol. Res., 105, 1340–1347.
Singh, H.B, Srivastava, S., Singh, A., Katiyar, R.S. (2007). Field efficacy of Trichoderma harzianum application on wilt disease of cumin caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cumini. J. Biol. Control, 2, 317–319.
Sutton, B.C. (1980). The Coelomycetes. Fungi imperfecti with pycnidia, acervuli and stromata. Commenwealth Mycological Institute, England, Kew.
Sutton, B.C. (1992). The genus Glomerella and its anamorph Colletotrichum. In: Colletotrichum biology, pathology and control, Bailey, J.A., Jager, M.J. (eds.). CAB International, Walling-ford, UK, pp. 1–26.
Tomioka, K., Sato, T., Koganezawa, H. (2001). Anthracnose of Nemesia strumosa caused by Colletotrichum fuscum. J. Gen. Plant Pathol., 67, 111–115.
Zimowska, B. (2004). Biotic effect of phyllospheric fungi on the growth and development of Seimatosporium hypericinum (Ces.) Sutton. EJPAU, Horticultura, 7(2).
Zimowska, B., Machowicz-Stefaniak, Z. (2004). Grzyby zagrażające uprawie dziurawca zwyczajnego Hypericum perforatum L. w województwie lubelskim. Acta Sci. Pol. Hortorum Cul-tus, 3, 61–74.
Zimowska, B. (2007). Fungi colonizing and damaging different parts of peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) cultivated in south-eastern Poland. Herba Pol., 53, 97–105.
Zimowska, B. (2008a). Fungi threatening the cultivation of sage (Salvia officinalis L.) in south-eastern Poland. Herba Pol., 54, 15–24.
Zimowska, B. (2008b). Biodiversity of fungi colonizing and damaging selected parts of motherwort (Leonurus cardiaca L.). Herba Pol., 54, 30–40.
Zimowska, B. (2010). Diversity of fungi occurring on savory (Satureja hortensis L.). Herba Pol., 56, 29–37.
Zimowska, B. (2011). Biotic activity of Phoma strasseri and the effect of thermal conditions on the growth and formation of the pathogens infectious material. Acta Sci. Pol. Hortorum Cultus, 10, 259–271.
Zimowska, B. (2012). Pathogenicity and ultrastructural studies of the mode of penetration by Phoma strasseri in peppermint stems and rhizomes. Pol. J. Microbiol., 61, 273–279.
Zimowska, B. (2013). Diversity of fungi colonizing and damaging selected parts of ribwort (Plantago lanceolata L.). Acta Sci. Pol. Hortorum Cultus, 12, 91–103.
Zimowska, B. (2015). Fungi threatening the cultivation of oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) in south-eastern Poland. Acta Sci. Pol. Hortorum Cultus, 14, 65–78.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
