Abstract
Apple scar skin viroid (ASSVd) is a serious pathogen of apple fruits that results in severe loss in apple production. Up to nowadays, many ASSVd management options are applied to resist the disease, but the diserable resulits are not achieved. Therefore, this study was conducted in 2010–2012 at experimental field of Penglai City, Shandong Province, China (E 120°57’22’’, N 370°38’33’’) to investigate whether arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) Glomus versiforme protects Red Fuji apple trees (Malus × domestica Borkh) against apple scar skin viroid. Red Fuji apple trees were inoculated with Glomus versiforme and then potential protection mechanism was explored and compared to noninoculated plants. The results showed that inoculation with Glomus versiforme significantly increased root length colonization rate and clearly decreased the percentage of disease severity of apple scar skin disease. Compared to non-inoculated plants, Glomus versiforme
obviously enhanced total nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations in leaves. Root colonization by Glomus versiforme induced an increase in defense-related enzyme activities in fruits, such as the enhanced activities of catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, chitinase and glucanase. Significant differences in acid content of fruit and fruit yield were observed as apple roots were colonized by Glomus versiforme. It is therefore concluded that Glomus versiforme can be regarded as a biocontrol agent to protect apple trees against the infection with ASSVd.
References
Aebi H., 1984. Catalase in vitro. Method Enzymol., 105, 121–126.
Akthar M.E., Abdel-Fattah G.M., 2008. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi as potential bioprotectants against plant pathogens. In: Mycorrhizae: Sustainable agriculture and forestry, Siddiqui Z.A., Akthar M.S., Futai k. (eds). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer Netherlands.
Al-Askar A.A., Rashad Y.M., 2010. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: a biocontrol agent against common bean Fusarium root rot disease. Plant Path. J., 9, 31–38.
Amako K., Chen G.X., Asada, K., 1994. Separate assays specific for ascorbate peroxidase and guaiacol peroxidase and for choroplastic and cytosolic isozymes of ascoebate peroxidase in plants. Plant Cell Physiol., 36, 497–504.
Azcon-Aguilar C., Barea J.M., 1996. Arbuscular mycorrhizas and biological control of soil-borne plant pathogens-an overview of the mechanisms involved. Mycorrhiza, 6, 457–464.
Baltruschat M., Schönbeck F., 1975. The influence of endotrophic mycorrhiza on the infestation of tobacco by Thielaviopis basicola. Phytopathol. Zeitschr., 84, 172–188.
Blilou I., Bueno P., Ocampo J.A., García-Garrido J.M., 2000. Induction of catalase and ascorbate peroxidase activities in tobacco roots inoculated with the arbuscular mycorrhizal Glomus mosseae. Mycol. Res., 104, 722–725.
Bolwell G.P., 2004. Role of active oxygen species and NO in defence responses. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol., 2, 287–294.
Conrath U., Beckers G.J.M., Flors V., García-Agustín P., Jakab G., Mauch F., Newman M-A., Pieterse C.M.J., Poinssot B., Pozo M.J., Pugin A., Schaffrath U., Ton J., Wendehenne D.B., Zimmerli L., Mauch-Mani B., 2006. Priming: Getting ready for battle. Molec. Plant Microbe Interact., 19, 1062–1071.
Dalpé Y., Monreal M., 2004. Arbuscular mycorrhiza inoculum to support sustainable cropping system. Proceedings of symposium on great plains inoculant, 2003. Crop Manag., 1, 301–309.
Filion M., St-Arnaud M., Jabaji-Hare S.H., 2003. Quantification of Fusarium solani f. sp. Phaseoli in mycorrhizal bean plants and surrounding mycorrhizosphere soil using realtime polymerse chain reaction and direct isolations on selective media. Phytopathology, 93, 229–235.
Guo R., 2006. Detection and sequence diversity analysis of viroids isolated from several perennial plants in China. Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China (in Chinese).
Hadidi A., Barba, M., 2010. Apple scar skin viroid. In: Virus and virus-like diseases of pome and stone fruits, Hadidi A., Barba M., Candresse T., Jelkmann W., Paul St. (eds). The American Phytopathological Society Press, MN, USA.
Hadidi A., Huang C., Hammond R.W., Hashimoto J., 1990. Homology of the agent associated with dapple apple disease to Apple scar skin viroid and molecular detection of these viroids. Phytopathology, 80, 263–268.
Harrier L.A., Watson C.A., 2004. The potential role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the bioprotection of plants against soil-borne pathogens in organic and/or other sustainable farming systems. Pest Manag. Sci., 60, 149–157.
Hashimoto J., Koganezawa H., 1987. Nucleotide sequence and secondary structure of Apple scar skin viroid. Nucleic Acids Res., 15(17), 7045–7052.
Kauffmann S., Legrand M., Geoffroy P., Fritig B., 1987. Biological function of pathogenesisrelated protein: four PR proteins of tobacco have β-1,3-glucanase activity. The EMBO J., 6, 3209–3212.
Khan M.H., Mehjvansi M.K., Panwar V., Gogoi H.K., Singh, L., 2010. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi-induced signaling in plant defence against phytopathogens. J. Phytol., 2(7), 53–59.
Khaosaad T., García-Garrido J.M., Steinkellner S., Vierheilig H., 2007. Talk-all disease is systemically reduced in roots of mycorrhizal barley plants. Soil Biol. Biochem., 39, 727–734.
Koganezawa H., Yang X., Zhu S.F., Hashimoto J., Hadidi, A., 2003. Apple scar skin viroid in apple. CSIRO Press, Collingwood, Australia, 137–141.
Koske R.E., Gemma J.N., 1989. A modified procedure for staining roots to detect VA mycorrhizae. Mycol. Res., 92, 486–505.
Kyriakopoulou P.E., Osaki H., Zhu S.F., Hadidi, A., 2003. Apple scar skin viroid in pear. In: Viroids, Hadidi A., Flores R., Randles J.W., Semancik J.S. (eds). CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, Australia, 142–145.
Lambais M.R., Mehdy, M.C., 1995. Differential expression of defense-related genes in arbuscular mycorrhiza. Can. J. Bot., 73, 533–540.
Liu C.S., Yang S.X., 1996. Agricultural chemistry and analysis. Agricultural University Publishing House, Beijing, China (in Chinese).
Lowry O.H., Rosebrough N., Farr A.l., Randall R.J., 1951. Protein measurement with the Folinphenol reagent. J. Biol. Chem., 193, 267–275.
Lu R.K., 1999. Analytical methods for soil and agro-chemistry. China Agricultural University Publishing House, Beijing, China (in Chinese).
Mehdy M.C., 1994. Active oxygen species in plant defense against pathogens. Plant Physiol., 105, 467–472.
Osaki H., Kudo A., Ohtsu Y., 1996. Japanese pear fruit dimple disease caused by Apple scar skin viroid (ASSVd). Annals Phytopathol. Soc. Japan, 62, 379–385.
Raupach G.S., Kloepper J.W., 1998. Mixtures of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria enhance biological control of multiple cucumber pathogens. Phytopathology, 88, 1158–1164.
Reissig J.L., Strominger J.L., Leloir, L.F., 1955. A modified colorimetric method for the estimation of N-acetylamino sugars. J. Biol. Chem., 217, 959–967.
Shamloul A.M., Yang X., Han L., Hadidi A., 2004. Characterization of a new variant of Apple scar skin viroid associated with pear fruit crinkle disease. J. Plant Pathol., 86(3), 249–256.
Smith S.E., Read, D.J., 2008. Mycorrhizal Symbioses. Academic Press, London, UK.
Wang G.Y., Lin, G., 2002. The main transmission pattern and severity of harm of apple scar skin disease. Agric. Tech. Info., 9, 28–29 (in Chinese).
Wehner J., Antunes P.M., Powell J.R., Mazukatow J., Rilling M.C., 2009. Plant pathogen protection by arbuscular mycorrhizas: A role for fungal diversity? Pedobiologia, doi: 10.1016/j.pedobi.2009.10.002.
Yang G.F., Qiao K.S., 2010. Dawn in fruit trees affected by apple scar skin disease for 12 years. Northwest Hort., 10, 10 (in Chinese).
Zhao Y., Niu J.X., 2008. Apricot is a new host of apple scar skin viroid. Australasian Plant Dis. Not., 3, 98–100.
Zhu S.F., Hadidi A., Yang X., Hammond R.W., Hansen A.J., 1995. Nucleotide sequence and secondary structure of pome fruit viroids from dapple apple diseased apples, pear rusty skin diseased pears and apple scar skin symptomless pears. Acta Hort., 386, 554–559.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
