Seed primig and foliar application of plant growth regulators affect the growth and yield of okra under calcareous soils
Muhammad T. Tahir
Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, PakistanMuhammad A. Anjum
Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, PakistanMuhammad Saqib
Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, PakistanMuhammad F. Khalid
Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, PakistanSajjad Hussain
Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, PakistanAbstract
A field study was conducted to evaluate the effect of different plant growth regulators (PGRs) applied through seed priming and foliar spray on growth and yield of three okra cultivars grown under calcareous soils. The cultivars of Punjab Selection and Sabzpari produced significantly higher number of branches and leaves per plant, pod length and diameter and pod yield as compared to cv. Green ferry, while, cv. Punjab selection produced significantly greater number of flowers and pods per plant as compared to other two cultivars. Seed germination (%), plant height, and fruit set (%) were not affected by the cultivars. Among the PGR treatments, seed primed with GA3 resulted in significantly higher germination percentage and greater plant height at flowering. Seed priming and foliar spray with NAA and GA3 were effective in increasing the final plant height, number of branches, number of leaves, number of flowers and number of pods per plant and fruit set (%), fresh weight per pod and pod yield. However, pod diameter, pod moisture content and dry weight per pod were not influenced by the PGR treatments applied. These results suggested that the PGRs have great potential to improve seed germination, enhance growth and increase yield of okra cultivars under calcareous soils.
Keywords:
Abelmoschus esculentus, foliar spray, GA, kinetin, NAA, seed soakingReferences
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production of okra as influenced by different growth regulators. Pak. J. Agric. Sci., 50, 387–392.
Shantappa, T., Ahmed, A.M.S., Munikrishnappa, P.M., Mukesh, Chavan, L., Mastiholi, A.B. (2009). Effect of growth regulators and methods of application on growth, fruit and seed yield in paprika chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) cv. KtP1-19. Seed Res., 37, 14–19.
Sharma, M.D. (2006). Effect of plant regulators on growth and yield of brinjal at Khajura, Banke. J. Inst. Agric. Anim. Sci., 27, 153–156.
Singh, R.N., Pal, S.L., Rana, D.K., Rawat, S.S., Gusain, M.S. (2012). Effect of bio-regulators on growth and yield parameters of Capsicum cultivars under controlled conditions. HortFlora Res. Spectr., 1, 50–54.
Thapa, U., Pati, M.K., Chattopadhyay, S.B., Chattopadhay, N., Sharangi, A.B. (2003). Effect of growth regulators on growth and seed yield of chilli (Capsicum annum L.). J. Interacad., 7, 151–154.
Yamaguchi, S., Kamiya, Y. (2000). Gibberellin biosynthesis: its regulation by endogenous and environmental signals. Plant Cell Physiol., 41, 251–257.
Alam, S.M., Khan, M.A. (2002). Fruit yield of tomato as affected by NAA sprays. Asian J. Plant Sci., 1, p. 24.
Amjad, M., Sultan, M., Anjum, M.A., Ayyub, C.M., Mushtaq, M. (2001). Comparative study on the performance of some exotic okra cultivars. Int. J. Agric. Biol., 3, 423–425.
Ayyub, C.M., Manan, A., Pervez, M.A., Ashraf, M.I., Afzal, M., Ahmed, S., Rehman, S.-ur., Jahangir, M.M., Anwar, N., Shaheen, M.R. (2013). Foliar feeding with gibberellic acid (GA3): A strategy for enhanced growth and yield of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench.). Afr. J. Agric. Res., 8, 3299–3302.
Azizi, Kh., Moradii, J., Heidari, S., Khalili, A., Feizian, M. (2012). Effect of different concentrations of gibberellic acid on seed yield and yield components of soybean genotypes in summer intercropping. Int. J. AgriScience, 2, 291–301.
Balraj, R., Kurdikeri, M.B., Revanappa (2002). Effect of growth regulators on growth and yield of chill (Capsicum annuum L.) at different pickings. Indian J. Hortic., 59, 84–88.
Chaudhary, B.R., Sharma, M.D., Shakya, S.M., Gautam, D.M. (2006). Effect of plant growth regulators on growth, yield and quality of chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) at Rampur, Chitwan. J. Inst. Agric. Anim. Sci., 27, 65–68.
Dhoran,V.S., Gudadhe, S.P. (2012). Effect of plant growth regulators on seed germination and seedling vigour in Asparagus sprengeri Regelin. Int. J. Biol. Sci., 1, 6–10.
Haba, P. De la, Roldan, J.M., Jimenez, F. (1985). Antagonistic effect of gibberellic acid and boron on protein and carbohydrate metabolism of soybean germinating seeds. J. Plant Nutr., 8, 1061–1073.
Kannan, K., Jawaharlal, M., Prabhu, M. (2009). Effect of plant regulators on growth and yield parameters of paprika cv. KtP1-19. Agric. Sci. Dig., 29, 157–162.
Kannan, K., Jawaharlal, M., Prabhu, M., Kumar, T.S. (2008). Effect of growth regulators on yield and quality of paprika cv. KtP1-19. Indian J. Agric. Res., 42, 293–297.
Karim, M.F. (2005). Physiological and biochemical response of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) following application of fertilizers and growth regulators. Ph.D. thesis. Department of Botany, Dhaka University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Khalil, S.K., Mexal, J.G., Rehman, A., Khan, A.Z., Wahab, S., Zubair, M., Khalil, I.H., Mohammad, F. (2010). Soybean mother plant exposure to temperature stress and its effect on germination under osmotic stress. Pak. J. Bot., 42, 213–225.
Khan, A., Khalil, S.K., Khan, A.Z., Marwat, K.B., Afzal, A. (2008). The role of seed priming in semi-arid area for mungbean phenology and yield. Pak. J. Bot., 40, 2471–2480.
Kokare, R.T., Bhalerao, R.K., Prabu, T., Chavan, S.K., Bansode, A.B., Kachare, G.S. (2006). Effect of plant growth regulators on growth, yield and quality of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench). Agric. Sci. Dig., 26, 178–181.
Naeem, M., Bhatti, I., Ahmad, R.H., Ashraf, M.Y. (2004). Effect of some growth hormones (GA3, IAA and kinetin) on the morphology and early or delayed initiation of bud of lentil (Lens culinaris Medik). Pak. J. Bot., 36, 801–809.
Nafea, S.M., Abdulfatah, H.K. (2015). Effect of foliar application of GA3 and NAA for reducing alternate bearing of olive trees (Olea europea L. cv. Ashrasie). Zanco J. Pure Appl. Sci., 27, 1–6.
Ogawa, M., Hanada, A., Yamauchi, Y., Kuwahara, A., Kamiya, Y., Yamaguchi, S. (2003). Gibberellin biosynthesis and response during Arabidopsis seed germination. Plant Cell, 15, 1591–1604.
Olaiya, C.O. (2010). Influence of auxin bioregulators on physiological changes and shelf-life of tomatoes. Veg. Crops Res. Bullet., 72, 129–136.
Roychowdhury, R., Alam, M.J.F., Bishnu, S., Dalal, T., Tah, J. (2012). Comparative study for effects of chemical mutagenesis on seed germination, survivability and pollen sterility in M1 and M2 generations of Dianthus. Plant Breed. Seed Sci., 65, 29–38.
Rylott, P.D., Smith, M.L. (1990). Effects of applied plant growth substances on pod set in broad beans (Vicia faba cv. Major). J. Agric. Sci., 114, 41–47.
Shah, A.R., Ara, N., Shafi, G. (2011). Seed priming with phosphorus increased germination and yield of okra. Afr. J. Agric. Res., 6(16), 3859–3876.
Shahid, M.R., Amjad, M., Ziaf, K., Jahangir, M.M., Ahmad, S., Iqbal, Q., Nawaz, A. (2013). Growth, yield and seed
production of okra as influenced by different growth regulators. Pak. J. Agric. Sci., 50, 387–392.
Shantappa, T., Ahmed, A.M.S., Munikrishnappa, P.M., Mukesh, Chavan, L., Mastiholi, A.B. (2009). Effect of growth regulators and methods of application on growth, fruit and seed yield in paprika chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) cv. KtP1-19. Seed Res., 37, 14–19.
Sharma, M.D. (2006). Effect of plant regulators on growth and yield of brinjal at Khajura, Banke. J. Inst. Agric. Anim. Sci., 27, 153–156.
Singh, R.N., Pal, S.L., Rana, D.K., Rawat, S.S., Gusain, M.S. (2012). Effect of bio-regulators on growth and yield parameters of Capsicum cultivars under controlled conditions. HortFlora Res. Spectr., 1, 50–54.
Thapa, U., Pati, M.K., Chattopadhyay, S.B., Chattopadhay, N., Sharangi, A.B. (2003). Effect of growth regulators on growth and seed yield of chilli (Capsicum annum L.). J. Interacad., 7, 151–154.
Yamaguchi, S., Kamiya, Y. (2000). Gibberellin biosynthesis: its regulation by endogenous and environmental signals. Plant Cell Physiol., 41, 251–257.
Muhammad T. Tahir
Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan
Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan
Muhammad A. Anjum
Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan
Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan
Muhammad Saqib
Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan
Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan
Muhammad F. Khalid
Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan
Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan
Sajjad Hussain
Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan
Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan
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