EXTENDING POSTHARVEST QUALITY ATTRIBUTES OF GRAPES (V. vinifera L. cv. ‘THOMPSON SEEDLESS’) BY PREHARVEST CALCIUM PULVERIZATIONS
Ferhan K. Sabir
University of Selcuk, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, 42075, Konya, TurkeyAli Sabir
University of Selcuk, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, 42075, Konya, TurkeyAbstract
Demand for fresh grape is increasing globally in accordance with the improvement in living standard since the grape berry contains large amounts of phytochemicals including anthocyanins, phenolics, flavonoids and resveratrol, which have been suggested to be responsible for human health benefits. However, table grapes easily undergo deterioration due to their soft texture and the high water content, which make it difficult to preserve without treatment. This study was thus conducted to evaluate the effect of preharvest calcium sprays on maintenance of postharvest quality of grapes (V. vinifera L. cv. ‘Thompson Seedless’). Three preharvest calcium sprays were applied to leaves and developing green berries with or without leaf removal pruning (a traditional practice performed in commercial vineyards worldwide) during berry development stages. After harvest, grapes were cold stored (1°C, 90% R.H.) up to 3 months. Preharvest micronized calcium sprays, with or without leaf removal pruning, markedly extended the postharvest quality of grapes by delaying weight loss, reducing decay, maintaining rachis chlorophyll concentrations and preserving visual quality during the prolonged cold storage. Besides, in calcite-treated grapes, lower titratable acidity decrease courses with a subsequent lower maturity index during prolonged storage indicate that calcite sprays restricted postharvest physiological senescence of grapes. Overall findings indicated that preharvest calcite sprays may be an environmental-friendly, healthy and sustainable viticulture practice for extending postharvest quality of grapes.
Keywords:
table grape, organic sprays, micronized calcite, quality assurance, cold storageReferences
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Aghdam, M.S., Hassanpouraghdam, M.B., Paliyath, G., Farmani, B. (2012). The language of calcium in postharvest life of fruits, vegetables and flowers. Sci. Hortic., 144, 102–115.
Alexandratos, N., Bruinsma, J. (2012). World agriculture towards 2030/2050: the 2012 revision. ESA Working paper No. 12-03, Rome, FAO.
AOAC (1984). Official Methods of Analysis, 14th ed. Methods 2.21-2.25 and 3.013-3.016. Association of Officials Analytical Chemists, Washington, DC.
Balic, I., Moreno, A., Sanhueza, D., Huerta, C., Orellana, A., Defilippi, B.G., Campos-Vargas, R. (2012). Molecular and physiological study of postharvest rachis browning of table grape cv. Red Globe. Postharvest Biol. Technol., 72, 47–56.
Béné, C., Barange, M., Subasinghe, R., Pinstrup-Andersen, P., Merino, G., Hemre, G., Williams, M. (2015). Feeding 9 billion by 2050 – Putting fish back on the menu. Food Sec., 7, 261–274.
Cantwell, M. (1995). Post-harvest management of fruits and vegetable stems. In: Agro-ecology, cultivation and uses of cactus pear. Plant Production and Protection Paper no 132, Barbera, G., Inglese, P., Pimienta-Barrios, E. (eds). FAO, Rome, pp. 120–136.
Cefola, M., Pace, B., Buttaro, D., Santamaria, P., Serio, F. (2011). Postharvest evaluation of soilless-grown table grape during storage in modified atmosphere. J. Sci. Food Agric., 91, 2153–2159.
Chardonnet, C.O., Charron, C.S., Sams, C.E., Conway, W.S. (2003). Chemical changes in the cortical tissue and cell walls of calcium-infiltrated ‘Golden Delicious’ apples during storage. Postharvest Biol. Technol., 28, 97–111.
Conway, W.S., Sams, C.E., Kelman, A. (1994). Enhancing the natural resistance of plant tissues to postharvest diseases through calcium applications. HortScience, 29, 751–754.
Crisosto, C., Smilanick, J., Dokoozlian, N., Luvisi, A.D. (1994). Maintaining table grape post-harvest quality for long distance markets. In: International Symposium on Table Grape Production, American Society for Enology and Viticulture, Anaheim, CA, pp. 195–199.
Crisosto, C.H., Day, K.R., Johnson, R.S., Garner, D. (2000). Influence of in season foliar calcium sprays on fruit quality and surface discoloration incidence of peaches and nectarines. J. Am. Pom. Soc., 54, 118–122.
Crisosto, C.H., Garner, D., Crisosto, G. (2002). Carbon dioxide-enriched atmospheres during cold storage limit losses from Botrytis but accelerate rachis browning of ‘Red Globe’ table grapes. Postharvest Biol. Technol., 26, 181–189.
Crisosto, C.H., Smilanick, J.L., Dokoozlian, N. (2001). Table grapes suffer water loss, stem browning during cooling delays. California Agric., 55, 39–42.
Dilek, M., Sabir, A., 2016. Response of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) leaves to different leaf fertilizers under a semiarid condition. Acta Sci. Pol. Hortorum Cultus, 15(5), 145–155.
Droby, S., Wisniewski, M., Macarisin, D., Wilson, C. (2009). Twenty years of postharvest biocontrol research: Is it time for a new paradigm? Postharvest Biol. Technol., 52, 137–145.
Famiani, F., Baldicchi, A., Battistelli, A., Moscatello, S., Walker, R.P. (2009). Soluble sugar and organic acid contents and the occurrence and potential role of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) in gooseberry (Ribes grossularia L.). J. Hortic. Sci. Biotechnol., 84, 249–254.
Fry, S.C. (2004). Primary cell wall metabolism: tracking the careers of wall polymers in living plant cells. New Phytol., 161, 641–675.
Gerasopoulos, D., Chouliaras, V., Lionakis, S. (1996). Effect of preharvest calcium chloride sprays on maturity and storability of Hayward kiwifruit. Postharvest Biol. Technol., 7, 65–72.
González-Barrio, R., Salmenkallio-Marttila, M., Tomás-Barberán, F.A., Cantos, E., Espín, J.C. (2005). Etiology of UV-C-induced browning in var. Superior white table grapes. J. Agric. Food Chem., 53, 5990–5996.
Grant, G.T., Morris, E.R., Rees, D.A., Smith, P.J.C., Thom, D. (1973). Biological interactions between polysaccharides and divalent cations: the egg-boxmodel. FEBS Lett., 32, 195–198.
Hadfield, K.A., Bennett, A.B. (1998). Polygalacturonases: many genes in search of a function. Plant Physiol., 117, 343–373.
IMECHE (2012). Global food: waste not, want not. Institution of Mechanical Engineers. Available: http://pcrd.typepad.com/files/institution-of-mechanicalengineeers-global-food-report.pdf [date of access:
25.04.2017].
Jiang, L., Jin, P., Wang, L., Xuan, Y., Wang, H., Zheng, Y. (2015). Methyl jasmonate primes defense responses against Botrytis cinerea and reduces disease development in harvested table grapes. Sci. Hortic., 192, 218–223.
Kader, A.A. (2002). Postharvest biology and technology: an overview. In: Postharvest technology of horticultural crops, Kader, AA. (ed.). University of California and Agricultural and Natural Resources, Berkeley, CA, pp. 145–148.
Kader, A.A. (2005). Increasing food availability by reducing postharvest losses of fresh produce. Acta Hortic., 682, 2169–2176.
Kara, Z., Sabir, A. (2010). Effects of herbagreen application on vegetative developments of some grapevine rootstocks during nursery propagation in glasshouse. 2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, 8–9 June 2010, 127–132.
Lee, J., Skinkis, P.A. (2013). Oregon ‘Pinot Noir’ grape anthocyanin enhancement by early leaf removal. Food Chem., 139, 893–901.
Lee, J.S., Kaplunov, T., Zutahy, Y., Daus, A., Alkan, N., Lichter, A. (2015). The significance of postharvest disinfection for prevention of internal decay of table grapes after storage. Sci. Hortic., 192, 346–349.
Li, L., Kaplunov, T., Zutahy, Y., Daus, A., Porat, R., Lichter, A. (2015). The effects of 1-methylcyclopropane and ethylene on postharvest rachis browning in table grapes. Postharvest Biol. Technol., 107, 16–22.
Lichter, A., Gabler, F.M., Smilanick, J.L. (2006). Control of spoilage in table grapes. Stewart Postharvest Rev., 2, 1–10.
Lichter, A., Kaplunov, T., Zutahy, Y., Daus, A., Alchanatis, V., Ostrovsky, V., Lurie, S. (2011). Physical and visual properties of grape rachis as affected by water vapor pressure deficit. Postharvest Biol. Technol., 59, 25–33.
Lurie, S. (2009). Stress physiology and latent damage. In: Postharvest handling: a systems approach, Florkowski, W.J., Shewfelt, R.L., Brueckner, B., Prussia, S.E. (eds). Academic Press, San Diego, CA, pp.
443–459.
MacDougall, A.J., Parker, R., Selvendran, S.S. (1995). Nonaqueous fractionation to assess the ionic composition of the apoplast during fruit ripening. Plant Physiol., 108, 1679–1689.
Manganaris, G.A., Vasilakakis, M., Mignani, I., Diamantidis, G., Tzavella-Klonari, K. (2005). The effect of preharvest calcium sprays on quality attributes, physicochemical aspects of cell wall components and susceptibility to brown rot of peach fruits (Prunus persica L. cv. Andross). Sci. Hortic., 107, 43–50.
Orak, H.H. (2007). Total antioxidant activities, phenolics, anthocyanins, polyphenoloxidase activities of selected red grape cultivars and their correlations. Sci. Hortic., 111, 235–241.
Pastor, C., Sánchez-González, L., Marcilla, A., Chiralt, A., Cháfer, M., González-Martínez, C. (2011). Quality and safety of table grapes coated with hydroxypropyl methylcellulose edible coatings containing propolis extract. Postharvest Biol. Technol., 60, 64–70.
Risco, D., Pérez, D., Yeves, A., Castel, J.R., Intrigliolo, D.S. (2014). Early defoliation in a temperate warm and semiarid Tempranillo vineyard: vine performance and grape composition. Aust. J. Grape Wine Res., 20, 111–122.
Romanazzi, G., Karabulut, O.A., Smilanick, J.L. (2007). Combination of chitosan and ethanol to control postharvest gray mold of table grapes. Postharvest Biol. Technol., 45, 134–140.
Romanazzi, G., Lichter, A., Gabler, F.M., Smilanick, J.L. (2012). Recent advances on the use of natural and safe alternatives to conventional methods to control postharvest gray mold of table grapes. Postharvest Biol. Technol., 63, 141–147.
Sabir, A., Kara, Z., Yazar, K. (2012). Improvement of nursery cane quality, leaf chlorophyll content and cold hardiness of grapevines (Vitis spp.) by nano-size calcite pulverization. 35th World Congress of Vine and Wine, 10th General Assembly of the OIV, 18-22.06.2012, Izmir, Turkey.
Sabir, A., Sabir, F.K. (2009). Postharvest treatments to preserve table grape quality during storage and approaches to find better ways alternative for SO2. Advances Environ. Biol., 3, 286–295.
Sabir, A., Sabir, F.K., Kara, Z. (2011). Effects of modified atmosphere packing and honey dip treatments on quality maintenance of minimally processed grape cv. Razaki (V. vinifera L.) during cold storage. J. Food Sci. Technol., 48, 312–318.
Sabir, A., Yazar, K., Sabir, F., Kara, Z., Yazici, M.A., Goksu, N. (2014). Vine growth, yield, berry quality attributes and leaf nutrient content of grapevines as influenced by seaweed extract (Ascophyllum nodosum) and nanosize fertilizer pulverizations. Sci. Hortic., 175, 1–8.
Sabir, F.K., Sabir, A. (2013). Quality response of table grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) during cold storage to postharvest cap stem excision and hot water treatments. Inter. J. Food Sci. Technol., 48, 999–1006.
Sanchez-Ballesta, M.T., Jimenez, J.B., Romero, I., Orea, J.M., Maldonado, R., Urena, A.G., Escribano, M.I., Merodio, C. (2006). Effect of high CO2 pretreatment on quality, fungal decay and molecular regulation of stilbene phytoalexin biosynthesis in stored table grape. Postharvest Biol. Technol., 42, 209–216.
Serrano, M., Martinez-Romero, D., Castillo, S., Guillen, F., Valero, D. (2004). Effect of preharvest sprays containing calcium, magnesium and titanium on the quality of peaches and nectarines at harvest and during postharvest storage. J. Sci. Food Agric., 84, 1270–1276.
Siddiqui, S., Bangerth, G. (1995). Effect of preharvest application of calcium on flesh firmness and cell-wall composition of apples-influence of fruit size. J. Hortic. Sci., 70, 263–269.
Singleton, V.L., Orthofer, R., Lamuela-Ravento, R.M. (1999). Analysis of total phenols and other oxidation substrates and antioxidants by means of Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. In: Methods in enzymology, vol. 299, Packer, L. (ed.). Academic Press, San Diego, CA, 152–315.
Vicente, A.R., Manganaris, G.A., Sozzi, G.O., Crisosto, C.H. (2009). Nutritional quality of fruits and vegetables. In: Postharvest handling: a systems approach, Florkowski, W.J., Shewfelt, R.L., Brueckner, B., Prussia, S.E. (eds.). Elsevier Inc.–Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 57–106.
Wehr, J.B., Menzies, N.L., Blamey, F.P.C. (2004). Inhibition of cell wall autolysis and pectin degradation by cations. Plant Physiol. Biochem., 42, 485–492.
White, P.J., Broadley, M.R. (2003). Calcium in plants. Ann. Bot., 92, 487–511.
Yang, T., Whitaker, D.B., Conway, S.W. (2010). Expression analysis of calmodulin and calmodulin-binding transcription factor SR gene family in tomato. Plant Biology Electronic Abstract Center, p. 08133.
Aghdam, M.S., Hassanpouraghdam, M.B., Paliyath, G., Farmani, B. (2012). The language of calcium in postharvest life of fruits, vegetables and flowers. Sci. Hortic., 144, 102–115.
Alexandratos, N., Bruinsma, J. (2012). World agriculture towards 2030/2050: the 2012 revision. ESA Working paper No. 12-03, Rome, FAO.
AOAC (1984). Official Methods of Analysis, 14th ed. Methods 2.21-2.25 and 3.013-3.016. Association of Officials Analytical Chemists, Washington, DC.
Balic, I., Moreno, A., Sanhueza, D., Huerta, C., Orellana, A., Defilippi, B.G., Campos-Vargas, R. (2012). Molecular and physiological study of postharvest rachis browning of table grape cv. Red Globe. Postharvest Biol. Technol., 72, 47–56.
Béné, C., Barange, M., Subasinghe, R., Pinstrup-Andersen, P., Merino, G., Hemre, G., Williams, M. (2015). Feeding 9 billion by 2050 – Putting fish back on the menu. Food Sec., 7, 261–274.
Cantwell, M. (1995). Post-harvest management of fruits and vegetable stems. In: Agro-ecology, cultivation and uses of cactus pear. Plant Production and Protection Paper no 132, Barbera, G., Inglese, P., Pimienta-Barrios, E. (eds). FAO, Rome, pp. 120–136.
Cefola, M., Pace, B., Buttaro, D., Santamaria, P., Serio, F. (2011). Postharvest evaluation of soilless-grown table grape during storage in modified atmosphere. J. Sci. Food Agric., 91, 2153–2159.
Chardonnet, C.O., Charron, C.S., Sams, C.E., Conway, W.S. (2003). Chemical changes in the cortical tissue and cell walls of calcium-infiltrated ‘Golden Delicious’ apples during storage. Postharvest Biol. Technol., 28, 97–111.
Conway, W.S., Sams, C.E., Kelman, A. (1994). Enhancing the natural resistance of plant tissues to postharvest diseases through calcium applications. HortScience, 29, 751–754.
Crisosto, C., Smilanick, J., Dokoozlian, N., Luvisi, A.D. (1994). Maintaining table grape post-harvest quality for long distance markets. In: International Symposium on Table Grape Production, American Society for Enology and Viticulture, Anaheim, CA, pp. 195–199.
Crisosto, C.H., Day, K.R., Johnson, R.S., Garner, D. (2000). Influence of in season foliar calcium sprays on fruit quality and surface discoloration incidence of peaches and nectarines. J. Am. Pom. Soc., 54, 118–122.
Crisosto, C.H., Garner, D., Crisosto, G. (2002). Carbon dioxide-enriched atmospheres during cold storage limit losses from Botrytis but accelerate rachis browning of ‘Red Globe’ table grapes. Postharvest Biol. Technol., 26, 181–189.
Crisosto, C.H., Smilanick, J.L., Dokoozlian, N. (2001). Table grapes suffer water loss, stem browning during cooling delays. California Agric., 55, 39–42.
Dilek, M., Sabir, A., 2016. Response of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) leaves to different leaf fertilizers under a semiarid condition. Acta Sci. Pol. Hortorum Cultus, 15(5), 145–155.
Droby, S., Wisniewski, M., Macarisin, D., Wilson, C. (2009). Twenty years of postharvest biocontrol research: Is it time for a new paradigm? Postharvest Biol. Technol., 52, 137–145.
Famiani, F., Baldicchi, A., Battistelli, A., Moscatello, S., Walker, R.P. (2009). Soluble sugar and organic acid contents and the occurrence and potential role of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) in gooseberry (Ribes grossularia L.). J. Hortic. Sci. Biotechnol., 84, 249–254.
Fry, S.C. (2004). Primary cell wall metabolism: tracking the careers of wall polymers in living plant cells. New Phytol., 161, 641–675.
Gerasopoulos, D., Chouliaras, V., Lionakis, S. (1996). Effect of preharvest calcium chloride sprays on maturity and storability of Hayward kiwifruit. Postharvest Biol. Technol., 7, 65–72.
González-Barrio, R., Salmenkallio-Marttila, M., Tomás-Barberán, F.A., Cantos, E., Espín, J.C. (2005). Etiology of UV-C-induced browning in var. Superior white table grapes. J. Agric. Food Chem., 53, 5990–5996.
Grant, G.T., Morris, E.R., Rees, D.A., Smith, P.J.C., Thom, D. (1973). Biological interactions between polysaccharides and divalent cations: the egg-boxmodel. FEBS Lett., 32, 195–198.
Hadfield, K.A., Bennett, A.B. (1998). Polygalacturonases: many genes in search of a function. Plant Physiol., 117, 343–373.
IMECHE (2012). Global food: waste not, want not. Institution of Mechanical Engineers. Available: http://pcrd.typepad.com/files/institution-of-mechanicalengineeers-global-food-report.pdf [date of access:
25.04.2017].
Jiang, L., Jin, P., Wang, L., Xuan, Y., Wang, H., Zheng, Y. (2015). Methyl jasmonate primes defense responses against Botrytis cinerea and reduces disease development in harvested table grapes. Sci. Hortic., 192, 218–223.
Kader, A.A. (2002). Postharvest biology and technology: an overview. In: Postharvest technology of horticultural crops, Kader, AA. (ed.). University of California and Agricultural and Natural Resources, Berkeley, CA, pp. 145–148.
Kader, A.A. (2005). Increasing food availability by reducing postharvest losses of fresh produce. Acta Hortic., 682, 2169–2176.
Kara, Z., Sabir, A. (2010). Effects of herbagreen application on vegetative developments of some grapevine rootstocks during nursery propagation in glasshouse. 2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, 8–9 June 2010, 127–132.
Lee, J., Skinkis, P.A. (2013). Oregon ‘Pinot Noir’ grape anthocyanin enhancement by early leaf removal. Food Chem., 139, 893–901.
Lee, J.S., Kaplunov, T., Zutahy, Y., Daus, A., Alkan, N., Lichter, A. (2015). The significance of postharvest disinfection for prevention of internal decay of table grapes after storage. Sci. Hortic., 192, 346–349.
Li, L., Kaplunov, T., Zutahy, Y., Daus, A., Porat, R., Lichter, A. (2015). The effects of 1-methylcyclopropane and ethylene on postharvest rachis browning in table grapes. Postharvest Biol. Technol., 107, 16–22.
Lichter, A., Gabler, F.M., Smilanick, J.L. (2006). Control of spoilage in table grapes. Stewart Postharvest Rev., 2, 1–10.
Lichter, A., Kaplunov, T., Zutahy, Y., Daus, A., Alchanatis, V., Ostrovsky, V., Lurie, S. (2011). Physical and visual properties of grape rachis as affected by water vapor pressure deficit. Postharvest Biol. Technol., 59, 25–33.
Lurie, S. (2009). Stress physiology and latent damage. In: Postharvest handling: a systems approach, Florkowski, W.J., Shewfelt, R.L., Brueckner, B., Prussia, S.E. (eds). Academic Press, San Diego, CA, pp.
443–459.
MacDougall, A.J., Parker, R., Selvendran, S.S. (1995). Nonaqueous fractionation to assess the ionic composition of the apoplast during fruit ripening. Plant Physiol., 108, 1679–1689.
Manganaris, G.A., Vasilakakis, M., Mignani, I., Diamantidis, G., Tzavella-Klonari, K. (2005). The effect of preharvest calcium sprays on quality attributes, physicochemical aspects of cell wall components and susceptibility to brown rot of peach fruits (Prunus persica L. cv. Andross). Sci. Hortic., 107, 43–50.
Orak, H.H. (2007). Total antioxidant activities, phenolics, anthocyanins, polyphenoloxidase activities of selected red grape cultivars and their correlations. Sci. Hortic., 111, 235–241.
Pastor, C., Sánchez-González, L., Marcilla, A., Chiralt, A., Cháfer, M., González-Martínez, C. (2011). Quality and safety of table grapes coated with hydroxypropyl methylcellulose edible coatings containing propolis extract. Postharvest Biol. Technol., 60, 64–70.
Risco, D., Pérez, D., Yeves, A., Castel, J.R., Intrigliolo, D.S. (2014). Early defoliation in a temperate warm and semiarid Tempranillo vineyard: vine performance and grape composition. Aust. J. Grape Wine Res., 20, 111–122.
Romanazzi, G., Karabulut, O.A., Smilanick, J.L. (2007). Combination of chitosan and ethanol to control postharvest gray mold of table grapes. Postharvest Biol. Technol., 45, 134–140.
Romanazzi, G., Lichter, A., Gabler, F.M., Smilanick, J.L. (2012). Recent advances on the use of natural and safe alternatives to conventional methods to control postharvest gray mold of table grapes. Postharvest Biol. Technol., 63, 141–147.
Sabir, A., Kara, Z., Yazar, K. (2012). Improvement of nursery cane quality, leaf chlorophyll content and cold hardiness of grapevines (Vitis spp.) by nano-size calcite pulverization. 35th World Congress of Vine and Wine, 10th General Assembly of the OIV, 18-22.06.2012, Izmir, Turkey.
Sabir, A., Sabir, F.K. (2009). Postharvest treatments to preserve table grape quality during storage and approaches to find better ways alternative for SO2. Advances Environ. Biol., 3, 286–295.
Sabir, A., Sabir, F.K., Kara, Z. (2011). Effects of modified atmosphere packing and honey dip treatments on quality maintenance of minimally processed grape cv. Razaki (V. vinifera L.) during cold storage. J. Food Sci. Technol., 48, 312–318.
Sabir, A., Yazar, K., Sabir, F., Kara, Z., Yazici, M.A., Goksu, N. (2014). Vine growth, yield, berry quality attributes and leaf nutrient content of grapevines as influenced by seaweed extract (Ascophyllum nodosum) and nanosize fertilizer pulverizations. Sci. Hortic., 175, 1–8.
Sabir, F.K., Sabir, A. (2013). Quality response of table grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) during cold storage to postharvest cap stem excision and hot water treatments. Inter. J. Food Sci. Technol., 48, 999–1006.
Sanchez-Ballesta, M.T., Jimenez, J.B., Romero, I., Orea, J.M., Maldonado, R., Urena, A.G., Escribano, M.I., Merodio, C. (2006). Effect of high CO2 pretreatment on quality, fungal decay and molecular regulation of stilbene phytoalexin biosynthesis in stored table grape. Postharvest Biol. Technol., 42, 209–216.
Serrano, M., Martinez-Romero, D., Castillo, S., Guillen, F., Valero, D. (2004). Effect of preharvest sprays containing calcium, magnesium and titanium on the quality of peaches and nectarines at harvest and during postharvest storage. J. Sci. Food Agric., 84, 1270–1276.
Siddiqui, S., Bangerth, G. (1995). Effect of preharvest application of calcium on flesh firmness and cell-wall composition of apples-influence of fruit size. J. Hortic. Sci., 70, 263–269.
Singleton, V.L., Orthofer, R., Lamuela-Ravento, R.M. (1999). Analysis of total phenols and other oxidation substrates and antioxidants by means of Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. In: Methods in enzymology, vol. 299, Packer, L. (ed.). Academic Press, San Diego, CA, 152–315.
Vicente, A.R., Manganaris, G.A., Sozzi, G.O., Crisosto, C.H. (2009). Nutritional quality of fruits and vegetables. In: Postharvest handling: a systems approach, Florkowski, W.J., Shewfelt, R.L., Brueckner, B., Prussia, S.E. (eds.). Elsevier Inc.–Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 57–106.
Wehr, J.B., Menzies, N.L., Blamey, F.P.C. (2004). Inhibition of cell wall autolysis and pectin degradation by cations. Plant Physiol. Biochem., 42, 485–492.
White, P.J., Broadley, M.R. (2003). Calcium in plants. Ann. Bot., 92, 487–511.
Yang, T., Whitaker, D.B., Conway, S.W. (2010). Expression analysis of calmodulin and calmodulin-binding transcription factor SR gene family in tomato. Plant Biology Electronic Abstract Center, p. 08133.
Ferhan K. Sabir
University of Selcuk, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, 42075, Konya, Turkey
University of Selcuk, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, 42075, Konya, Turkey
Ali Sabir
University of Selcuk, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, 42075, Konya, Turkey
University of Selcuk, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, 42075, Konya, Turkey
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