EFFECT OF BIOLOGICAL PREPARATIONS ON THE HEALTH STATE OF PEPPER FRUITS AND CONTENT OF SACCHARIDES
Agnieszka Jamiołkowska
University of Life Sciences in Lublin, PolandHalina Buczkowska
University of Life Sciences in Lublin, PolandAli Hamood Thanoon
University of Mosul, IraqAbstract
Sweet pepper is an important vegetable plant, not only because of its economic importance, but also for the nutritional value of its fruits, mainly due to the fact that they are an excellent source of natural colours, especially carotenoids, antioxidant compounds and sugars. Saccharides content in the pepper fruits is the most important component of sweet taste of these fruits. In the available literature there are not many information about the influence of biological preparations on the content of the biological compounds and nutritional value of sweet pepper fruits. The aim of this study was to estimate the influence of some biological preparations such as Bioczos Płynny (garlic pulp), Biosept 33 SL (grapefruit extract), Bio-algeen S90 Plus (sea algae Ascophyllum nodosum), Boni Protect Forte (fungi Aureobasidium pullulans), on the health status of pepper fruits and quantitative and qualitative composition of saccharides in the fruits of Roberta F1 cv. in 2010–2012. The effect of tested preparations on health state of fruits was presented as a proportion of the fruits number with diseases symptoms relative to the total number of fruits. In the present study fructose, glucose and sucrose content in sweet pepper fruits was evaluated. During the middle of the harvest period ripe, healthy and typical for cultivar fruits were collected for analysis. Sugars concentrations were determined in the water-soluble fraction, using high-performance liquid chromatography HPLC. The studies showed no significant effect of biological preparations on the average weight of the marketable fruits of sweet peppers. However tested preparations were a significant effect on the health state of pepper fruits. The smallest number of fruits with disease symptoms was obtained from
plant protected with Bioczos Płynny. The protective use of biological preparations does not change significantly of saccharides content in sweet pepper fruits. However the results show that the treatment with biopreparation Boni Protect Forte resulted in a slight increase the content of glucose and fructose in pepper fruits, but the using of Bioczos Płynny decreased the content of glucose and sucrose.
Keywords:
Capsicum annuum L., biological control, health state of pepper fruits, sugarsReferences
Abdulrahman, A., Alkhail, A. (2005). Antifungal activity of some extract against some plant pathogenic fungi. Pak. J. Biol. Sci., 8(3), 413–417.
Arunkumar, K., Sivakumar, S.R., Rengasamy, R. (2010). Review on bioactive potential in seaweeds (Marine Macroalgae): a special emphasis on bioactivity of seaweeds against plant pathogens. Asian J. Plant Sci., 9(5), 227–240.
Bosland, P.W., Votava, E.J. (2000). Peppers: Vegetable and Spice Capsicums. CABI Publishing. London, UK.
Brich, G.G., Pepper, T. (1983). Protection of vitamin C by sugars and their hydrogenated derivatives. J. Agr. Food Chem., 31, 980–985.
Buczkowska, H., Najda, A. (2002). A comparison of some chemical compounds in the fruit of sweet and hot pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). Folia Hort., 14(2), 59–67.
Buczkowska, H., Michałojć, Z. (2012). Comparison of qualitative traits, biological value, chemical compounds of sweet pepper fruit. J. Elementol., 17(3), 367–377.
Cwalina-Ambroziak, B., Amarowicz, R. (2012). Effects of biological and fungicidal environment protection on chemical composition of tomato and red pepper fruits. Pol. J. Environ. Stud., 21(4), 831–836.
Dasgan, H.Y., Abak, K. (2003). Effects of plant density and number of shoots on yield and fruit characteristics of pepper grown in glasshouses. Turk. J. Agric. For., 27, 29–35.
Dobromilska, R. (2000). The effect of the planting method and planting spacing on the growth, yielding and biological value of sweet pepper cv. Mayata F1. Annakes UMCS, , Horticultura, 8, 333–339.
Dobromilska, R., Gubarewicz, K. (2008). Influence of Bio-Algeen S-90 on the yield and quality of small-size tomato. In: Biostumulators in modern agriculture, Solanaceous crops, Dąbrowski, Z.T (ed.). Plantpress, Warszawa, 7–12.
Dobromilska, R., Mikiciuk, M., Gubarewicz, K. (2008). Evaluation of cherry tomato yielding and fruit mineral composition after using of Bio-algeen S-90 preparation. J. Elementol., 13(4), 491–499.
Flores, P., Navarro, J.M., Garrido, C., Rubio, J.S., Martinez, V. (2004). Influence of Ca2+, K+ and NO3 - fertilisation on nutritional quality of pepper. J. Sci. Food Agric., 84, 569–574.
Gajc-Wolska, J., Skąpski, H. (2002). Yield of field grown sweet pepper depending on cultivars and growing conditions. Folia Hort., 14(1), 95–103.
Gajc-Wolska, J., Zielony, T., Łyszkowska, M. (2007). The effect of Göteo, BM 86 on yield, fruit quality of sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) in the field production. Progress in Research on Capsicum & Eggplant. Niemirowicz-Szczytt K. (ed.). Warsaw Univ. Life Sci. Press., 267–274.
Gayoso, C., Pomar, F., Merino, F., Bernal, M.A. (2004). Oxidative metabolism and phenolic compounds in Capsicum annuum L. var. annuum infected by Phytophthora capsici Leon. Sci. Hortic., 102, 1–13.
Gospodarek, J., Gleń, K., Boligłowa, E. (2012). Effect of non-chemical preparations application in broad bean protection against harmfulness of broad bean seed beetle (Brunchus fufimanus Boh.) and seed yield. J. Res. Appl. Agric. Eng., 57(3), 124–128.
Hadian, S. (2012). Antifungal activity of some plant extracts against some plant pathogenic fungi in Iran. Asian J. Exp. Biol. Sci., 3(4), 714–718.
Hassan, S., Mathesius, U. (2012). The role of flavonoids in root-rhizosphere signaling: opportunities and challenges for improving plant-microbe interaction. J. Exp. Bot., 10, 1–16.
Horoszkiewicz-Janka, J., Jajor, E., Korbas, M. (2012). Usage of biopreparations as seed dressing in legume cultivation. J. Res. Appl. Agric. Eng., 57(3), 162–166.
Howard, L.R., Talcott, S.T., Brenes, C.H., Villalon, B. (2000). Changes in phytochemical and antioxidant activity of selected pepper cultivars (Capsicum species) as influenced by maturity. J. Agric. Food Chem., 48(5), 1713–1720.
Jadczak, D., Grzeszczuk, M., Kosecka, M. (2010). Quality characteristics and content of mineral compounds in fruit of some cultivars of sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). J. Elementol., 15(3), 509–515.
Jamiołkowska, A. (2009). The influence of bio-preparation Biosept 33 SL on fungi colonizing of sweet pepper plants (Capsicum annuum L.) cultivated in the field. EJPAU, 12, 3. (http.//www.ejpau.media.pl/volume12/issue3/art-13.html).
Jamiołkowska, A. (2011a). Laboratory effect of azoxystrobin (Amistar 250 SC) and grapefruit extract (Biosept 33 SL) on growth of fungi colonizing zucchini plants. Acta Sci. Pol. Hortorum Cultus, 10(2), 245–257.
Jamiołkowska, A. (2011b). Zdrowotność i plonowanie papryki ostrej (Capsicum annuum L.) uprawianej w polu w warunkach klimatycznych Lublina. Prog. Plant Prot., 51(3), 1041–1046.
Jamiołkowska, A. (2012). Fungi occurring the pericarp and yield of sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) cultivated in the field. Phytopathologia, 62, 5–14.
Jamiołkowska, A. (2013). Preparaty biotechniczne i biologiczne w ochronie papryki słodkiej (Capsicum annuum L.) przed grzybami chorobotwórczymi i indukowaniu reakcji obronnych roślin. Ser. Rozpr. Nauk., 376, Wyd. UP w Lublinie, pp.117.
Jamiołkowska, A., Wagner, A. (2011). Effect of garlic pulp (Bioczos Plynny) on some fungi pathogenic to vegetables. In: AFPP – Fourth International Conference on Non Chemical Crop Protection Methods, Lille – 8, 9 and 11 march, 213–220.
Jamiołkowska, A., Wagner, A. (2015). Effect of some natural preparations on contents of protein and dry matter in sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). EJPAU, 18, 2.
http://www.ejpau.media.pl/volume18/issue2/abs-05.html
Jimenez, E., Dorta, F., Medina, C., Ramirez, A., Ramirez, I., Pena-Cortes, H. (2011). Antipathogenic activities of macro-algae extracts. Mar. Drugs, 9, 739–756.
Kmiecik, W., Lisiewska, Z. (1994). Evaluation of eight sweet pepper cultivars for field growing in the Kraków region from the aspect of requirements of the canning industry. Folia Hort., 6(2), 35–43.
Koziara, W., Sulewska, H., Panasiewicz, K. (2006). Effect of resistance stimulator application to some agricultural crops. J. Res. Appl. Agric. Eng., 51(2), 82–87.
Kozłowska, M., Konieczny, G. (2003). Biologia odporności roślin na patogeny i szkodniki. Wyd. AR w Poznaniu.
Lee, S.K., Kader, A.A. (2000). Preharvest and postharvest factors influencing vitamin C content of horticultural crops. Postharv. Biol. Tech., 20, 207–220.
Lipa, J.J, Pruszyński, S. (2010). Stan wykorzystania metod biologicznych w ochronie roślin w Polsce i na świecie. Prog. Plant Prot., 50(3), 1033–1043.
Marjańska-Cichoń B., Sapiecha-Waszkiewicz, A. (2010). Skuteczność preparatów biotechnicznych opartych na ekstrakcie z czosnku w zwalczaniu szarej pleśni na truskawce. Prog. Plant Prot., 50(1), 378–382.
Marin, A., Ferreres, F., Tomas-Barberan, F.A., Gil, M.I. (2004). Characterization and quantitation of antioxidant constituents of sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). J. Agric. Foot Chem., 52(12), 3861–3869.
Markus, F., Daood, H.G., Kapitany, J., Biacs, P.A. (1999). Change in the carotenoid and antioxidant content of spice red pepper (Paprika) as a function of ripening and some technological factors. J. Agric. Food Chem., 47, 100−107.
Michalik, Ł. (2010). The effect of non-woven PP fabric covers on the yielding and the fruit quality of field-grown sweet peppers. Acta Sci. Pol. Hortorum Cultus, 9(4), 25–32.
Michałojć, Z., Dzida, K. (2012). Yielding and biological value of sweet pepper fruits depending on foliar feeding using calcium. Acta Sci. Pol. Hortorum Cultus, 11(3), 255–264.
Navarro, J.M., Flores, P., Garrido, C., Martinez, V. (2006). Changes in the content of antioxidant compounds in pepper fruits at different ripening stages, as affected by salinity. Food Chem., 96, 66–73.
Orłowski, M., Grzeszczuk, M., Jadczak, D. (2004). The estimation of the yield and content of some chemical compounds in the fruits of chosen hot pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) cultivars. Folia Hort., 16(2), 11–16.
Palevitch, D., Craker, L.E. (1995). Nutritional and medicinal importance of red pepper (Capsicum spp.). J. Herbs Spices Med. Plants, 3, 55–83.
Panina, Y., Fravel, D.R., Baker, C.J., Shcherbakova, A. (2007). Biocontrol and plant pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum – induced changes in phenolic compounds in tomato leaves and roots. J. Phytopathol., 155, 475–481.
Perucka, I. (1995). Efekt działania etefonu na wzrost roślin oraz akumulację karotenoidów i kapsaicynoidów w owocach papryki ostrej Capsicum annuum L. Rozpr. Nauk., 181, Wyd. AR w Lublinie, pp. 48.
Perucka, I., Materska, M. (2007). Antioxidant vitamin content of Capsicum annuum fruits extracts as effected by processing and varietal factors. Acta. Sci. Pol. Technol. Aliment., 6(4), 64–74.
Perucka, I., Oleszek, W. (2000). Extraction and determination of capsaicinoids in fruit of hot pepper Capsicum annuum L. by spectrophotometry and high-performance liquid chromatography. Food Chem., 71, 287–291.
Pokluda, R. (2004). Content of selected nutritional element in fruits of several pepper cultivars. Annales UMCS, Horticultura, 14, 37–43.
Recommendations of Plant Protection for years 2010–2012. Institute of Plant Protection – Polish Research Institute, Poznań.
Regulation (EC) No 1107/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 October 2009 concerning the placing of plant protection products on the market. Official Journal of the Europe 09/1 from 24.11. 2009.
PN-EN 12630:2002. Soki owocowe i warzywne. Oznaczanie zawartości glukozy, fruktozy, sorbitolu i sacharozy. Metoda wysokosprawnej chromatografii cieczowej.
Russo, V.M. (2012). Pepper, Botany, Production and Uses. CABI, London, UK.
Sadowski, Cz., Lenc, L., Korpal, W. (2007). Investigations on the possibility of protection of organically grown red beet against fungal diseases. J. Res. Appl. Agric. Eng., 52(4), 38–44.
Stępowska, A. (2008). Effects of GA 142 (Goëmar Goteo) and GA 14 (Goëmar BM86) extracts on sweet pepper yield in non-heated tunnels. In: Biostimulators in modern agriculture, Solanaceous crops. Dąbrowski, Z.T. (ed.). Plantpress, Warszawa, 45–51.
Sultana, V., Ara, J., Esteshamul-Haque, S. (2008). Suppression of root rotting fungi and root knot nemathode of chili by seaweed and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J. Phytopath., 156, 390–395.
Szafirowska, A., Elkner, K. (2009). The comparison of yielding and nutritive value of organic and conventional pepper fruits. Veget. Crops Reser. Bull., 71, 111–121.
Arunkumar, K., Sivakumar, S.R., Rengasamy, R. (2010). Review on bioactive potential in seaweeds (Marine Macroalgae): a special emphasis on bioactivity of seaweeds against plant pathogens. Asian J. Plant Sci., 9(5), 227–240.
Bosland, P.W., Votava, E.J. (2000). Peppers: Vegetable and Spice Capsicums. CABI Publishing. London, UK.
Brich, G.G., Pepper, T. (1983). Protection of vitamin C by sugars and their hydrogenated derivatives. J. Agr. Food Chem., 31, 980–985.
Buczkowska, H., Najda, A. (2002). A comparison of some chemical compounds in the fruit of sweet and hot pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). Folia Hort., 14(2), 59–67.
Buczkowska, H., Michałojć, Z. (2012). Comparison of qualitative traits, biological value, chemical compounds of sweet pepper fruit. J. Elementol., 17(3), 367–377.
Cwalina-Ambroziak, B., Amarowicz, R. (2012). Effects of biological and fungicidal environment protection on chemical composition of tomato and red pepper fruits. Pol. J. Environ. Stud., 21(4), 831–836.
Dasgan, H.Y., Abak, K. (2003). Effects of plant density and number of shoots on yield and fruit characteristics of pepper grown in glasshouses. Turk. J. Agric. For., 27, 29–35.
Dobromilska, R. (2000). The effect of the planting method and planting spacing on the growth, yielding and biological value of sweet pepper cv. Mayata F1. Annakes UMCS, , Horticultura, 8, 333–339.
Dobromilska, R., Gubarewicz, K. (2008). Influence of Bio-Algeen S-90 on the yield and quality of small-size tomato. In: Biostumulators in modern agriculture, Solanaceous crops, Dąbrowski, Z.T (ed.). Plantpress, Warszawa, 7–12.
Dobromilska, R., Mikiciuk, M., Gubarewicz, K. (2008). Evaluation of cherry tomato yielding and fruit mineral composition after using of Bio-algeen S-90 preparation. J. Elementol., 13(4), 491–499.
Flores, P., Navarro, J.M., Garrido, C., Rubio, J.S., Martinez, V. (2004). Influence of Ca2+, K+ and NO3 - fertilisation on nutritional quality of pepper. J. Sci. Food Agric., 84, 569–574.
Gajc-Wolska, J., Skąpski, H. (2002). Yield of field grown sweet pepper depending on cultivars and growing conditions. Folia Hort., 14(1), 95–103.
Gajc-Wolska, J., Zielony, T., Łyszkowska, M. (2007). The effect of Göteo, BM 86 on yield, fruit quality of sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) in the field production. Progress in Research on Capsicum & Eggplant. Niemirowicz-Szczytt K. (ed.). Warsaw Univ. Life Sci. Press., 267–274.
Gayoso, C., Pomar, F., Merino, F., Bernal, M.A. (2004). Oxidative metabolism and phenolic compounds in Capsicum annuum L. var. annuum infected by Phytophthora capsici Leon. Sci. Hortic., 102, 1–13.
Gospodarek, J., Gleń, K., Boligłowa, E. (2012). Effect of non-chemical preparations application in broad bean protection against harmfulness of broad bean seed beetle (Brunchus fufimanus Boh.) and seed yield. J. Res. Appl. Agric. Eng., 57(3), 124–128.
Hadian, S. (2012). Antifungal activity of some plant extracts against some plant pathogenic fungi in Iran. Asian J. Exp. Biol. Sci., 3(4), 714–718.
Hassan, S., Mathesius, U. (2012). The role of flavonoids in root-rhizosphere signaling: opportunities and challenges for improving plant-microbe interaction. J. Exp. Bot., 10, 1–16.
Horoszkiewicz-Janka, J., Jajor, E., Korbas, M. (2012). Usage of biopreparations as seed dressing in legume cultivation. J. Res. Appl. Agric. Eng., 57(3), 162–166.
Howard, L.R., Talcott, S.T., Brenes, C.H., Villalon, B. (2000). Changes in phytochemical and antioxidant activity of selected pepper cultivars (Capsicum species) as influenced by maturity. J. Agric. Food Chem., 48(5), 1713–1720.
Jadczak, D., Grzeszczuk, M., Kosecka, M. (2010). Quality characteristics and content of mineral compounds in fruit of some cultivars of sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). J. Elementol., 15(3), 509–515.
Jamiołkowska, A. (2009). The influence of bio-preparation Biosept 33 SL on fungi colonizing of sweet pepper plants (Capsicum annuum L.) cultivated in the field. EJPAU, 12, 3. (http.//www.ejpau.media.pl/volume12/issue3/art-13.html).
Jamiołkowska, A. (2011a). Laboratory effect of azoxystrobin (Amistar 250 SC) and grapefruit extract (Biosept 33 SL) on growth of fungi colonizing zucchini plants. Acta Sci. Pol. Hortorum Cultus, 10(2), 245–257.
Jamiołkowska, A. (2011b). Zdrowotność i plonowanie papryki ostrej (Capsicum annuum L.) uprawianej w polu w warunkach klimatycznych Lublina. Prog. Plant Prot., 51(3), 1041–1046.
Jamiołkowska, A. (2012). Fungi occurring the pericarp and yield of sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) cultivated in the field. Phytopathologia, 62, 5–14.
Jamiołkowska, A. (2013). Preparaty biotechniczne i biologiczne w ochronie papryki słodkiej (Capsicum annuum L.) przed grzybami chorobotwórczymi i indukowaniu reakcji obronnych roślin. Ser. Rozpr. Nauk., 376, Wyd. UP w Lublinie, pp.117.
Jamiołkowska, A., Wagner, A. (2011). Effect of garlic pulp (Bioczos Plynny) on some fungi pathogenic to vegetables. In: AFPP – Fourth International Conference on Non Chemical Crop Protection Methods, Lille – 8, 9 and 11 march, 213–220.
Jamiołkowska, A., Wagner, A. (2015). Effect of some natural preparations on contents of protein and dry matter in sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). EJPAU, 18, 2.
http://www.ejpau.media.pl/volume18/issue2/abs-05.html
Jimenez, E., Dorta, F., Medina, C., Ramirez, A., Ramirez, I., Pena-Cortes, H. (2011). Antipathogenic activities of macro-algae extracts. Mar. Drugs, 9, 739–756.
Kmiecik, W., Lisiewska, Z. (1994). Evaluation of eight sweet pepper cultivars for field growing in the Kraków region from the aspect of requirements of the canning industry. Folia Hort., 6(2), 35–43.
Koziara, W., Sulewska, H., Panasiewicz, K. (2006). Effect of resistance stimulator application to some agricultural crops. J. Res. Appl. Agric. Eng., 51(2), 82–87.
Kozłowska, M., Konieczny, G. (2003). Biologia odporności roślin na patogeny i szkodniki. Wyd. AR w Poznaniu.
Lee, S.K., Kader, A.A. (2000). Preharvest and postharvest factors influencing vitamin C content of horticultural crops. Postharv. Biol. Tech., 20, 207–220.
Lipa, J.J, Pruszyński, S. (2010). Stan wykorzystania metod biologicznych w ochronie roślin w Polsce i na świecie. Prog. Plant Prot., 50(3), 1033–1043.
Marjańska-Cichoń B., Sapiecha-Waszkiewicz, A. (2010). Skuteczność preparatów biotechnicznych opartych na ekstrakcie z czosnku w zwalczaniu szarej pleśni na truskawce. Prog. Plant Prot., 50(1), 378–382.
Marin, A., Ferreres, F., Tomas-Barberan, F.A., Gil, M.I. (2004). Characterization and quantitation of antioxidant constituents of sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). J. Agric. Foot Chem., 52(12), 3861–3869.
Markus, F., Daood, H.G., Kapitany, J., Biacs, P.A. (1999). Change in the carotenoid and antioxidant content of spice red pepper (Paprika) as a function of ripening and some technological factors. J. Agric. Food Chem., 47, 100−107.
Michalik, Ł. (2010). The effect of non-woven PP fabric covers on the yielding and the fruit quality of field-grown sweet peppers. Acta Sci. Pol. Hortorum Cultus, 9(4), 25–32.
Michałojć, Z., Dzida, K. (2012). Yielding and biological value of sweet pepper fruits depending on foliar feeding using calcium. Acta Sci. Pol. Hortorum Cultus, 11(3), 255–264.
Navarro, J.M., Flores, P., Garrido, C., Martinez, V. (2006). Changes in the content of antioxidant compounds in pepper fruits at different ripening stages, as affected by salinity. Food Chem., 96, 66–73.
Orłowski, M., Grzeszczuk, M., Jadczak, D. (2004). The estimation of the yield and content of some chemical compounds in the fruits of chosen hot pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) cultivars. Folia Hort., 16(2), 11–16.
Palevitch, D., Craker, L.E. (1995). Nutritional and medicinal importance of red pepper (Capsicum spp.). J. Herbs Spices Med. Plants, 3, 55–83.
Panina, Y., Fravel, D.R., Baker, C.J., Shcherbakova, A. (2007). Biocontrol and plant pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum – induced changes in phenolic compounds in tomato leaves and roots. J. Phytopathol., 155, 475–481.
Perucka, I. (1995). Efekt działania etefonu na wzrost roślin oraz akumulację karotenoidów i kapsaicynoidów w owocach papryki ostrej Capsicum annuum L. Rozpr. Nauk., 181, Wyd. AR w Lublinie, pp. 48.
Perucka, I., Materska, M. (2007). Antioxidant vitamin content of Capsicum annuum fruits extracts as effected by processing and varietal factors. Acta. Sci. Pol. Technol. Aliment., 6(4), 64–74.
Perucka, I., Oleszek, W. (2000). Extraction and determination of capsaicinoids in fruit of hot pepper Capsicum annuum L. by spectrophotometry and high-performance liquid chromatography. Food Chem., 71, 287–291.
Pokluda, R. (2004). Content of selected nutritional element in fruits of several pepper cultivars. Annales UMCS, Horticultura, 14, 37–43.
Recommendations of Plant Protection for years 2010–2012. Institute of Plant Protection – Polish Research Institute, Poznań.
Regulation (EC) No 1107/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 October 2009 concerning the placing of plant protection products on the market. Official Journal of the Europe 09/1 from 24.11. 2009.
PN-EN 12630:2002. Soki owocowe i warzywne. Oznaczanie zawartości glukozy, fruktozy, sorbitolu i sacharozy. Metoda wysokosprawnej chromatografii cieczowej.
Russo, V.M. (2012). Pepper, Botany, Production and Uses. CABI, London, UK.
Sadowski, Cz., Lenc, L., Korpal, W. (2007). Investigations on the possibility of protection of organically grown red beet against fungal diseases. J. Res. Appl. Agric. Eng., 52(4), 38–44.
Stępowska, A. (2008). Effects of GA 142 (Goëmar Goteo) and GA 14 (Goëmar BM86) extracts on sweet pepper yield in non-heated tunnels. In: Biostimulators in modern agriculture, Solanaceous crops. Dąbrowski, Z.T. (ed.). Plantpress, Warszawa, 45–51.
Sultana, V., Ara, J., Esteshamul-Haque, S. (2008). Suppression of root rotting fungi and root knot nemathode of chili by seaweed and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J. Phytopath., 156, 390–395.
Szafirowska, A., Elkner, K. (2009). The comparison of yielding and nutritive value of organic and conventional pepper fruits. Veget. Crops Reser. Bull., 71, 111–121.
Agnieszka Jamiołkowska
University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Poland
University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Poland
Halina Buczkowska
University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Poland
University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Poland
Ali Hamood Thanoon
University of Mosul, Iraq
University of Mosul, Iraq
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