CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF LAVENDER (Lavandula angustifolia Mill.) ABOVEGROUND PARTS
Renata Nurzyńska-Wierdak
University of Life Sciences in LublinGrażyna Zawiślak
University of Life Sciences in LublinAbstract
Biochemical assessment was performed of leaves, flower buds and flowers of lavender. High positive correlation was demonstrated between the essential oil contents and antioxidant activity (AA) (R = 0.9688), total phenolic acids and AA (R = 0.9303), as well as high negative correlation between flavonoid contents and AA (R = -0.9760). Results of the foregoing studies also suggest that AA of lavender (77.5–86.3%) is more correlated with the essential oil and phenolic compound contents than with the contents of flavonoids, anthocyanins and tannins. The predominant compounds in the oil obtained from leaves were epi-α-cadinol (17.8%), cryptone (10.4%), 1,8-cineole (7.3%) and caryophyllene oxide (7.2%), and of the oil distilled from flowers: linalyl acetate (22.3–32.1%) and linalool (23.9–29.9%).
Keywords:
total phenolic acids, DPPH radical scavenging activity, essential oil constituentsReferences
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Ahmed, S., Shakeel, F. (2012). Antioxidant activity coefficient, mechanism, and kinetics of different derivatives of flavones and flavanones towards superoxide radical. Czech J. Food Sci., 30, 153–163.
Anasini, C., Ferraro, G.E., Filip, R. (2008). Total polyphenol content and antioxidant capacity of commercially available tea (Camelia sinensis) in Argentina. J. Agric. Food Chem., 56, 9225–9229.
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Bunea, A., Rugina, D.O., Pintea, A.M., Sconta, Z., Bunea, C.I., Socacin, C. (2011). Comparative polyphenolic content and antioxidant activities of some wild and cultivated blueberries from Romania. Not. Bot. Horti Agrobot. Cluj-Napoca, 39, 70–76.
Cavanagh, H.M.A., Wilkinson, J.M. (2005). Lavender essential oil: a review. Austral. Infect. Control, 10, 35–37.
Danh, L.T., Han, L.N., Triet, N.D.A., Zhao, J., Mammucari, R., Foster, N. (2013). Comparison of chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of lavender (Lavandula angustifolia L.) essential oils extracted by supercritical CO2 hexane and hydrodistillation. Food Bioproc. Tech., 6, 3481–3489.
Eghdami, A., Sadeghi, F. (2010). Determination of total phenolic and flavonoids content in methanolic and aqueous extract of Achillea millefolium. Org. Chem. J., 2, 81–84.
Fidrianny, I., Rahmiyani, I., Wirasutisna, K.R. (2013). Antioxidant capacities from various leaves extracts of four varieties mangoes using DPPH, ABTS assays and correlation with total phenolic, flavonoid, carotenoid. Internat. J. Pharm. Sci., 5, 189–194.
Hamad, K.J., Al-Shaheen, S.J.A., Kaskoos, R.A., Ahamad, J., Jameel, M., Mir, S.R. (2013). Essential oil composition and antioxidant activity of Lavandula angustifolia from Iraq. Internat. Res. J. Pharm., 4, 117–120.
Hassanpouraghdam, M.B., Hassani, A., Vojodi, L., Asl, B.H., Rostami, A. (2011). Essential oil constituents of Lavandula officinalis Chaix. from Northwest Iran. Chemija, 22, 167–171.
Hendry, E.R., Worthington, T., Conway, B.R., Lambert, P.A. (2009). Antimicrobial efficacy of eucalyptus oil and 1,8-cineole alone and in combination with chlorhexidine digluconate against microorganisms grown in planktonic and biofilm cultures. J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 64, 1219–1225.
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Hussain, A.I., Anwar, F., Nigam, P.S., Sarker, S.D., Moore, J.E., Rao, J.R., Mazumdar, A. (2011a). Antibacterial activity of some Lamiaceae essential oils using resazurin as an indicator of cell growth. LWT-Food Sci. Technol., 44, 1199–1206.
Hussain, A.I., Anwar, F., Iqbal, T., Bhatti, I.A. (2011b). Antioxidant attributes of four Lamiaceae essential oils. Pak. J. Bot., 43, 1315–1321.
Jakobek, L., Šeruga, M., Medridović-Kosanović, M., Novak, I. (2007). Anthocyanin content and antioxidant activity of various red fruit juices. Deut. Lebensm.-Rundsch., 103, 58– 64.
Jianu, C., Pop G., Gruia, A.T., Horhat, F.G. (2013). Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oils of lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) and lavandin (Lavandula × intermedia) grown in Western Romania. Internat. J. Agric. Biol., 15, 772–776.
Kara, N., Baydar, H. (2013). Determination of lavender and lavandin cultivars (Lavandula sp.) containing high quality essential oil in Isparta, Turkey. Turk. J. Field Crop., 18, 58–65.
Lahlou, S., Figueiredo, A.F., Magalhaes, P.J.C., Leal-Cardoso, J.H. (2002). Cardovascular effects of 1,8-cineole, a terpenoid oxide present in many plant essential oils, in normotensive rats. Can. J. Physiol. Pharm. 80, 1125–1131.
Leja, M., Mareczek, A., Wyżgolik, G., Klepacz-Baniak, J., Czekańska, K. (2007). Antioxidative properties of bee pollen in selected plant species. Food Chem., 100, 237–240.
MS Spectral Library (2008). NIST/EPA/NIH:USA.
Li, X., Wu, X., Huang, L. (2009). Correlation between antioxidant activities and phenolic contents of radix Angelicae sinensis (Dangyni). Molecules, 14, 5349–5361.
Najafian, S., Rowshan, V., Tarakemeh, A. (2012). Comparing essential oil composition and essential oil yield of Rosmarinus officinalis and Lavandula angustifolia before and full flowering stage. Internat. J. Appl. Biol. Pharm. Technol., 3, 212–218.
Nuñez, M.B., Torres, C.A., Aguado, M.I., Bela, A.J., Dudik, H.N., Bregni, C. (2012). Polyphenols and antimicrobial activity in extracts of Lippia alba (Mill.). Internat. J. Med. Aromat. Plant., 2, 361–368.
Oktaba, W. (1986). Elementy statystyki matematycznej i metodyka doświadczalnictwa, PWN, Warszawa.
Orhan, I.E., Özçelik, B., Kartal, M., Kan, Y. (2012). Antimicrobial and antiviral effects of essential oils from selected Umbelliferae and Labiatae plants and individual essential oil components. Turk. J. Biol., 36, 239–246.
Proteggente, A.R., Pannala, A.S., Paganga, G., Van Buren, L., Wagner, E., Wiseman, S., Van De Put, F., Dacombe, C., Rice-Evans, C.A. (2002). The antioxidant activity of regularly consumed fruit and vegetables reflects their phenolic and vitamin C composition. Free Rad. Res., 36, 217–233.
Rossi, M., Giussani, E., Morelli, R., Scalzo, R., Nani, R.C., Torreggiani, D. (2003). Effect of fruit blanching on phenolics and radical scavenging activity of highbush blueberry juice. Food Res. Int., 36, 999–1005.
Rostami, H., Kaziem, M., Shafiei, S. (2012). Antibacterial activity of Lavandula officinalis and Melissa officinalis against some human pathogenic bacteria. Asian J. Biochem., DOI: 10.3923/ajb.2012.
Roy, M., Chakraborty, S., Siddiqi, M., Bhattacharya, R.K. (2002). Induction of apoptosis in tumor cells by natural phenolic compounds. Asia-Pac. J. Canc. Prev., 3, 61–67.
Saadatian, M., Aghaei, M., Farahpour, M., Balouchi, Z. (2013). Chemical composition of lavender (Lavandula officinalis L.) extraction extracted by two solvent concentrations. Glob. J. Med. Plant Res., 1, 214–217.
Saeed, N., Khan, M.R., Shabbir, M. (2012). Antioxidant activity, total phenolic and total flavonoid contents of whole plant extracts Torilis leptophylla L. BMC Compl. Alternat. Med., 12, 221.
Schwob, I., Bessiere, J.M., Masotti, V., Viano, J. (2004). Changes in essential oil composition in Saint John’s Wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) aerial parts during its phonological cycle. Biochem. Syst. Ecol., 32, 735–745.
Shafaghat, A., Salimi, F., Amani-Hooshyar, V. (2012). Phytochemical and antimicrobial activities of Lavandula officinalis leaves and steams against some pathogenic microorganisms. J. Med. Plants Res., 6, 455–460.
Soobrattee, M.A., Bahorun, T., Aruoma, O.I. (2006). Chemopreventive action of polyphenolics compounds in cancer. Biofactors, 27, 19–35.
Stancheva, I., Geneva, M., Markovska, Y., Tzvetkova, N., Mitova, I., Todorva, M., Petrov, P. (2014). A comparative study on plant morphology, gas exchange parameters, and antioxidant response of Ocimum basilicum L. and Origanum vulgare L. grown on industrially polluted soil. Turk. J. Biol., 38, 89–102.
Stankevičius, M., Akuņeca, I., Jãkobsone, I., Maruška, A. (2010). Analysis of phenolic compounds and radical scavenging activities of spice plants extracts. Maisto Chem. IR Technol., 44, 85–91.
Stanojević, L., Stanković, M., Cakić, M., Nikoli, V., Ilić, D. Radulović, N. (2011). The effect of hydrodistillation techniques on yield, kinetics, composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oils from flowers of Lavandula officinalis L. Hem. Indust., 65, 455–463.
Szwajgier, D., Wydrych, M., Więcław, E., Targoński, Z. (2013). Anticholinesterase and antioxidant activities of commercial preparations from Ginkgo biloba leaves. Acta Sci. Pol. Hortorum Cultus, 12, 111–125.
Świeca, M., Gawlik-Dziki, U., Jakubczyk, A. (2013). Impact of density of breeding on the growth and some nutraceutical properties of ready-to-eat lentil (Lens culinaris) sprouts. Acta Sci. Pol. Hortorum Cultus, 12, 19–29.
Torabbeigi, M., Aberoomand Azar, P. (2013). Analysis of essential oil compositions of Lavandula angustifolia by HS-SPME and MA-HS-SPME followed by GC and GC-MS. Acta Chromatogr., 25, 571–579.
Van Den Dool, H., Kratz, D.J. (1963). A generalization of the retention index system including liner temperature programmed gas-liquid partition chromatography. J. Chromatogr., 11, 463–467.
Wang, W., Li, N., Luo, M., Zu, Y., Efferth, T. (2012). Antibacterial activity and anticancer activity of Rosmarinus officinalis L. essential oil compared to that of its main compounds. Molecules, 17, 2704–2713.
Zheljazkov, V., Astatkie, T., Hristov, A.N. (2012). Lavender and hyssop productivity, oil content, and bioactivity as a function of harvest time and drying. Ind. Crop. Prod., 36, 222–228. Yen, G.-C., Chen, H.-Y. (1995). Antioxidant activity of various tea extracts in relation to their antimutagenicity. J. Agric. Food Chem., 43, 27–37.
Afsharypuor, S., Azarbayejany, N. (2006). Chemical constituents of the flower essential oil of Lavandula officinalis Chaix. from Isfahan (Iran). Iran. J. Pharm. Sci., 2, 169–172.
Ahmed, S., Shakeel, F. (2012). Antioxidant activity coefficient, mechanism, and kinetics of different derivatives of flavones and flavanones towards superoxide radical. Czech J. Food Sci., 30, 153–163.
Anasini, C., Ferraro, G.E., Filip, R. (2008). Total polyphenol content and antioxidant capacity of commercially available tea (Camelia sinensis) in Argentina. J. Agric. Food Chem., 56, 9225–9229.
Brunetti, C., Di Fernando, M., Fini, A., Pollastri, S., Tattini, M. (2013). Flavonoids as antioxidants and developmental regulators: relative significance in plants and humans. Internat. J. Mol. Sci., 14, 3540–3555.
Bunea, A., Rugina, D.O., Pintea, A.M., Sconta, Z., Bunea, C.I., Socacin, C. (2011). Comparative polyphenolic content and antioxidant activities of some wild and cultivated blueberries from Romania. Not. Bot. Horti Agrobot. Cluj-Napoca, 39, 70–76.
Cavanagh, H.M.A., Wilkinson, J.M. (2005). Lavender essential oil: a review. Austral. Infect. Control, 10, 35–37.
Danh, L.T., Han, L.N., Triet, N.D.A., Zhao, J., Mammucari, R., Foster, N. (2013). Comparison of chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of lavender (Lavandula angustifolia L.) essential oils extracted by supercritical CO2 hexane and hydrodistillation. Food Bioproc. Tech., 6, 3481–3489.
Eghdami, A., Sadeghi, F. (2010). Determination of total phenolic and flavonoids content in methanolic and aqueous extract of Achillea millefolium. Org. Chem. J., 2, 81–84.
Fidrianny, I., Rahmiyani, I., Wirasutisna, K.R. (2013). Antioxidant capacities from various leaves extracts of four varieties mangoes using DPPH, ABTS assays and correlation with total phenolic, flavonoid, carotenoid. Internat. J. Pharm. Sci., 5, 189–194.
Hamad, K.J., Al-Shaheen, S.J.A., Kaskoos, R.A., Ahamad, J., Jameel, M., Mir, S.R. (2013). Essential oil composition and antioxidant activity of Lavandula angustifolia from Iraq. Internat. Res. J. Pharm., 4, 117–120.
Hassanpouraghdam, M.B., Hassani, A., Vojodi, L., Asl, B.H., Rostami, A. (2011). Essential oil constituents of Lavandula officinalis Chaix. from Northwest Iran. Chemija, 22, 167–171.
Hendry, E.R., Worthington, T., Conway, B.R., Lambert, P.A. (2009). Antimicrobial efficacy of eucalyptus oil and 1,8-cineole alone and in combination with chlorhexidine digluconate against microorganisms grown in planktonic and biofilm cultures. J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 64, 1219–1225.
Huang, L., Abuhamdah, S., Howes, M.-J.R., Dixon, C.L., Elliot, M.S., Ballard, C., Holmes, C., Burns, A. Perry, E.K., Francis, P.T., Lees, G., Chazot, P.L. (2008). Pharmacological profile of essential oils derived from Lavandula angustifolia and Melissa officinalis with anti-agitation properties: focus on ligandgated channels. J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 60, 1515–1522.
Hussain, A.I., Anwar, F., Nigam, P.S., Sarker, S.D., Moore, J.E., Rao, J.R., Mazumdar, A. (2011a). Antibacterial activity of some Lamiaceae essential oils using resazurin as an indicator of cell growth. LWT-Food Sci. Technol., 44, 1199–1206.
Hussain, A.I., Anwar, F., Iqbal, T., Bhatti, I.A. (2011b). Antioxidant attributes of four Lamiaceae essential oils. Pak. J. Bot., 43, 1315–1321.
Jakobek, L., Šeruga, M., Medridović-Kosanović, M., Novak, I. (2007). Anthocyanin content and antioxidant activity of various red fruit juices. Deut. Lebensm.-Rundsch., 103, 58– 64.
Jianu, C., Pop G., Gruia, A.T., Horhat, F.G. (2013). Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oils of lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) and lavandin (Lavandula × intermedia) grown in Western Romania. Internat. J. Agric. Biol., 15, 772–776.
Kara, N., Baydar, H. (2013). Determination of lavender and lavandin cultivars (Lavandula sp.) containing high quality essential oil in Isparta, Turkey. Turk. J. Field Crop., 18, 58–65.
Lahlou, S., Figueiredo, A.F., Magalhaes, P.J.C., Leal-Cardoso, J.H. (2002). Cardovascular effects of 1,8-cineole, a terpenoid oxide present in many plant essential oils, in normotensive rats. Can. J. Physiol. Pharm. 80, 1125–1131.
Leja, M., Mareczek, A., Wyżgolik, G., Klepacz-Baniak, J., Czekańska, K. (2007). Antioxidative properties of bee pollen in selected plant species. Food Chem., 100, 237–240.
MS Spectral Library (2008). NIST/EPA/NIH:USA.
Li, X., Wu, X., Huang, L. (2009). Correlation between antioxidant activities and phenolic contents of radix Angelicae sinensis (Dangyni). Molecules, 14, 5349–5361.
Najafian, S., Rowshan, V., Tarakemeh, A. (2012). Comparing essential oil composition and essential oil yield of Rosmarinus officinalis and Lavandula angustifolia before and full flowering stage. Internat. J. Appl. Biol. Pharm. Technol., 3, 212–218.
Nuñez, M.B., Torres, C.A., Aguado, M.I., Bela, A.J., Dudik, H.N., Bregni, C. (2012). Polyphenols and antimicrobial activity in extracts of Lippia alba (Mill.). Internat. J. Med. Aromat. Plant., 2, 361–368.
Oktaba, W. (1986). Elementy statystyki matematycznej i metodyka doświadczalnictwa, PWN, Warszawa.
Orhan, I.E., Özçelik, B., Kartal, M., Kan, Y. (2012). Antimicrobial and antiviral effects of essential oils from selected Umbelliferae and Labiatae plants and individual essential oil components. Turk. J. Biol., 36, 239–246.
Proteggente, A.R., Pannala, A.S., Paganga, G., Van Buren, L., Wagner, E., Wiseman, S., Van De Put, F., Dacombe, C., Rice-Evans, C.A. (2002). The antioxidant activity of regularly consumed fruit and vegetables reflects their phenolic and vitamin C composition. Free Rad. Res., 36, 217–233.
Rossi, M., Giussani, E., Morelli, R., Scalzo, R., Nani, R.C., Torreggiani, D. (2003). Effect of fruit blanching on phenolics and radical scavenging activity of highbush blueberry juice. Food Res. Int., 36, 999–1005.
Rostami, H., Kaziem, M., Shafiei, S. (2012). Antibacterial activity of Lavandula officinalis and Melissa officinalis against some human pathogenic bacteria. Asian J. Biochem., DOI: 10.3923/ajb.2012.
Roy, M., Chakraborty, S., Siddiqi, M., Bhattacharya, R.K. (2002). Induction of apoptosis in tumor cells by natural phenolic compounds. Asia-Pac. J. Canc. Prev., 3, 61–67.
Saadatian, M., Aghaei, M., Farahpour, M., Balouchi, Z. (2013). Chemical composition of lavender (Lavandula officinalis L.) extraction extracted by two solvent concentrations. Glob. J. Med. Plant Res., 1, 214–217.
Saeed, N., Khan, M.R., Shabbir, M. (2012). Antioxidant activity, total phenolic and total flavonoid contents of whole plant extracts Torilis leptophylla L. BMC Compl. Alternat. Med., 12, 221.
Schwob, I., Bessiere, J.M., Masotti, V., Viano, J. (2004). Changes in essential oil composition in Saint John’s Wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) aerial parts during its phonological cycle. Biochem. Syst. Ecol., 32, 735–745.
Shafaghat, A., Salimi, F., Amani-Hooshyar, V. (2012). Phytochemical and antimicrobial activities of Lavandula officinalis leaves and steams against some pathogenic microorganisms. J. Med. Plants Res., 6, 455–460.
Soobrattee, M.A., Bahorun, T., Aruoma, O.I. (2006). Chemopreventive action of polyphenolics compounds in cancer. Biofactors, 27, 19–35.
Stancheva, I., Geneva, M., Markovska, Y., Tzvetkova, N., Mitova, I., Todorva, M., Petrov, P. (2014). A comparative study on plant morphology, gas exchange parameters, and antioxidant response of Ocimum basilicum L. and Origanum vulgare L. grown on industrially polluted soil. Turk. J. Biol., 38, 89–102.
Stankevičius, M., Akuņeca, I., Jãkobsone, I., Maruška, A. (2010). Analysis of phenolic compounds and radical scavenging activities of spice plants extracts. Maisto Chem. IR Technol., 44, 85–91.
Stanojević, L., Stanković, M., Cakić, M., Nikoli, V., Ilić, D. Radulović, N. (2011). The effect of hydrodistillation techniques on yield, kinetics, composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oils from flowers of Lavandula officinalis L. Hem. Indust., 65, 455–463.
Szwajgier, D., Wydrych, M., Więcław, E., Targoński, Z. (2013). Anticholinesterase and antioxidant activities of commercial preparations from Ginkgo biloba leaves. Acta Sci. Pol. Hortorum Cultus, 12, 111–125.
Świeca, M., Gawlik-Dziki, U., Jakubczyk, A. (2013). Impact of density of breeding on the growth and some nutraceutical properties of ready-to-eat lentil (Lens culinaris) sprouts. Acta Sci. Pol. Hortorum Cultus, 12, 19–29.
Torabbeigi, M., Aberoomand Azar, P. (2013). Analysis of essential oil compositions of Lavandula angustifolia by HS-SPME and MA-HS-SPME followed by GC and GC-MS. Acta Chromatogr., 25, 571–579.
Van Den Dool, H., Kratz, D.J. (1963). A generalization of the retention index system including liner temperature programmed gas-liquid partition chromatography. J. Chromatogr., 11, 463–467.
Wang, W., Li, N., Luo, M., Zu, Y., Efferth, T. (2012). Antibacterial activity and anticancer activity of Rosmarinus officinalis L. essential oil compared to that of its main compounds. Molecules, 17, 2704–2713.
Zheljazkov, V., Astatkie, T., Hristov, A.N. (2012). Lavender and hyssop productivity, oil content, and bioactivity as a function of harvest time and drying. Ind. Crop. Prod., 36, 222–228. Yen, G.-C., Chen, H.-Y. (1995). Antioxidant activity of various tea extracts in relation to their antimutagenicity. J. Agric. Food Chem., 43, 27–37.
Renata Nurzyńska-Wierdak
University of Life Sciences in Lublin
University of Life Sciences in Lublin
Grażyna Zawiślak
University of Life Sciences in Lublin
University of Life Sciences in Lublin
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