CHEMICAL APPLICATIONS AFFECTED DORMANCY BREAKING IN ‘MODI’ APPLE CULTIVAR UNDER SUBTROPICAL CONDITIONS
Burhanettin Đmrak
University of Çukurova, Balcali, Adana, TurkeyAyzin B. Küden
University of Çukurova, Balcali, Adana, TurkeyAli Küden
University of Çukurova, Balcali, Adana, TurkeyA. Kadir Sarier
University of Çukurova, Balcali, Adana, TurkeyBerken Çimen
University of Çukurova, Balcali, Adana, TurkeyAbstract
The winter chill is essential for most fruit crops. Fruit trees require a certain number of chill hours, also called chill units, each winter to produce fruits in the next
summer. Insufficient chilling accumulation during winter period usually results in blooming disorders and decreases the fruit yield of deciduous fruit trees. Dormancy can be broken by using chemicals, such as Dormex. In recent years Dormex has been forbidden in some countries, including Turkey since it was found to be carcinogenic to human beings. This situation raised a necessity to find alternative chemicals to Dormex to be used in subtropical climate regions. For this purpose, six years old trees of ‘Modi’ apple scions (Malus sylvestris, Mill) grafted on Malling-Merton M9 rootstocks were sprayed with 6% Erger (total nitrogen, 15.0%; ureic nitrogen, 6.1%; nitric nitrogen, 5.8%; ammoniacal, 3.1%; water soluble calcium oxide, 4.7%), hydrogen cyanamide 4% (Dormex) and potassium
nitrate 8% (KNO3 ) for breaking dormancy of the buds during 2011–2013. Calculating the chilling hours below 7°C and chill unit (CU) values during the experimental winter periods, 497 to 828 h and 357 to 467 CU of chilling durations were obtained under subtropical conditions of Adana (36°56 12'04''N. 35° 33'53.46''E ). Modi broke endodormancy of the buds on 20 February 2012 with the accumulation of 375 CU and 550 h. The effects of dormancy breaking agents on bud break, fruit set and fruit quality were investigated. Erger markedly advanced bud-break and increased the final fruit set, quality and yield in comparison with the other treatments and control.
Keywords:
Malus sylvestris, Mill., Erger, bud break, chilling accumulation, fruit quality and yieldReferences
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Anderson, J.L., Richardson, E.A., Kesner, C.D. (1982). Validation of chill unit and flower bud phenology models for ‘Montmorency’ sour cherry. Acta Hortic., 184, 71–78.
Balandier, P., Bonhomme, M., Rageau, R., Capitan, F., Parisot, E. (1999). Leaf bud endodormancy release in peach-tree evaluation of temperature models in temperate and tropical climates. Agric. Forest Met., 67(1–2), 95–113.
Ben Mohamed, H., Vadel, A.M., Geuns, J.M.C., Khemira, H. (2012 a). Carbohydrate changes during dormancy release in Superior Seedless grapevine cuttings following hydrogen cyanamide treatment. Sci. Hortic., 140, 19–25
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Bound, S.A., Jones, K.M. (2004). Hydrogen cyanamide impacts on flowering, crop load, and fruit quality of red ‘Fuji’ apple (Malus domestica). New Zealand J. Crop Hortic. Sci., 32, 227–234
Byrne, D.H., Bacon, T. (1996). Chilling Accumulation, its importance and estimation. http://aggiehorticulture.Tamu. Edu /Stone Fruit
Campoy, J.A., Ruiz, D., Egea, J. (2011). Dormancy in temperate fruit trees in a global warming context: a review. Sci. Hort., 130, 357–372.
Couturier, J., De Fay, E., Fitz, M., Wipf, D., Blaudez, D., Chalot, M. (2010). PtAAP11, a high affinity amino acid transporter specifically expressed in differentiating xylem cells of poplar. J. Exp. Bot., 26, 1–12
De-Oliveira, O.R., Peressuti, R.A., Skalitz, R., Biasi, L.A., Zanette, F., Costacurtaantunes, M. (2008). Dormancy broken of ‘Hosui’ pear trees with mineral oil in two training systems. Rev. Bras. Frutic., 30, 409–413.
Doorenbos, J. (1953). Review of literature on dormancy in buds of woody plants. Mededel. Landbouwh. Wagen., 53, 1–23.
El-Sabagh, A.S., Othman, S.A., Abdal, A.N. (2012). Performance of anna apple cultivar grown on two different rootstocks in response to hydrogen cyanamide winter spraying. World J. Agric. Sci., 8(1), 01–12.
Erez, A. (2000). Bud dormancy; phenomenon, problems and solutions in the tropics and subtropics. In: Temperate fruit crops in warm climates, Erez, A. (ed.). Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 17–48.
Eshghi, S., Safizadeh, M.R., Jamali, B., Sarseifi, M. (2012). Influence of foliar application of volk oil, Dormex, gibberellic acid and potassium nitrate on vegetative growth and reproductive characteristics of strawberry cv. ‘Merak’. J. Biol. Environ. Sci., 6, 35–38
FAO (2013). Fao Stat. http://faostat.fao.org/site/291/default.aspx. Web Page.
Germchi, S., Khorshidi, B.M.B., Hassan, P.D., Yarnia, M., Faramarzi, A. (2010). Effect of thiourea on dormancy breaking and performance of Agria minitubers in greenhouse and laboratory. J. New Agric. Sci., 18, 65–72
Germchi, S., Behroozi, F.G., Badri, S. (2011). Effect of thiourea on dormancy breaking and yield of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) minitubers Marfona cv. in greenhouse. Int. Conf. Environ. Agric. Eng., 15, 19–24
Guevara, E., Jimenéz, V.M., Herrera, J., Bangerth, F. (2008). Effect of hydrogen cyanamide on the endogenous hormonal content of pea seedlings (Pisum sativum L.). Braz. J. Plant Phys., 20, 159–163.
Hawerroth, F.J., Petri, J.L., Leite, G.B., Herter, F.G. (2010). Budbreak in ‘Imperial Gala’ and ‘Fuji Suprema’ apples by use of Erger and calcium nitrate. Rev. Brasil. Fruticult., 32(2), 343–350.
Đmrak, B., Küden, A., Sarıer, A.K., Küden, A.B. (2009). Apple growing in greenhouse under subtropic conditions. Tabad Res. J. Agric. Sci., 2(1), 187–193.
Đmrak, B. (2016). Effects of different colored net cover on ‘Galaxy Gala’ apple fruit quality and photosentetik Parameters. Altarım, 15(1), 29–38
Judd, M.J., Meyer, D.H., Meekings, J.S., Richardson, A.C., Walton, E.F. (2010). An FTIR study of the induction and release of kiwifruit buds from dormancy. J. Sci. Food Agric., 90, 1071–1080
Jangra, M.S., Sharma, J.P. (2013). Climate resilient apple production in Kullu valley of Himachal Pradesh. Int. J. Farm Sci., 3, 91–98.
Javanshah, A., Alipour, H., Hadavi, F. (2006). A model for assessing the chill units received in Kerman and Rafsanjan areas. Acta Hortic., 726, 221–225
Khayat, M., Rajaee, S., Shayesteh, M., Sajadinia, A., Moradinezhad, F. (2010). Effect of potassium nitrate on breaking and dormancy in strawberry plants. J. Plant Nutr., 33, 1605–1611
Kühn, N., Ormeño-Nuñez, J., Jaque-Zamora, G., Pérez, F.J. (2009). Photoperiod modifies the diurnal expression profile of VvPHYA and VvPHYB transcripts in field-grown grapevine leaves. J. Plant Physiol., 166, 1172–1180
Küden, A., Đmrak, B. (2014). Apple growing in Turkey. New approaches in apple and cherry growing and breeding techniques. Workshop book, May, 22–24, Adana, Turkey, 37–41.
Küden, A., Küden, A.B., Đmrak, B., Sırıs, Ö., Tümer A. (2007). Modern elma ve kiraz yatistiriciliği entegre projesi (TOGTAG-3064) Sonuç Raporu., 13.
Küden, A.B., Küden, A., Kaska, N. (1997). Cherry growing in the subtropics proceedings of the fifth ınternational symposium on temperate zone fruits in the tropics and subtropics. Acta Hort. Sci., 441, 71–74.
Kumar, A., Yasir-Mir, M.D. (2012). Assessment of chilling requirement of different varietiess of apple in South Kashmir. Progr. Hortic., 44(1), 84–88.
Linkosalo, T., Lappalainen, H.K., Hari, P. (2008). A comparison of phenological models of leaf bud burst and flowering of boreal trees using independent observations. Tree Physiol., 28, 1873–1882.
Luedeling, E., Brown, P.H. (2011). A global analysis of the comparability of winter chill models for fruit and nut trees. Int. J. Bio. Met., 55, 411–421.
Morsi, M.E., El-Yazal, M.A. (2008). Effect of potassium nitrate, garlic and onion extracts on bud break, growth, yield and some chemical constituents of apple (Malus sylvestris, Mill) trees. Fayoum J. Agric. Res. Dev., 22, 82–93.
Özkaya, O., Dündar, Ö., Küden, A. (2006). Effect of preharvest gibberellic acid treatments on postharvest quality of sweet cherry. J. Food Agric. Environ., 4, 189–191.
Rai, R., Joshi, S., Roy, S., Singh, O., Samir, M. (2015). Implications of changing climate on productivity of temperate fruit crops with special reference to apple. J. Hortic., 2, 135. doi:10.4172/2376-0354.1000135
Rufato, L., Kretzschmar, A.A., Brighenti, A.F., Macedo, T.A., Mendes, M.S. (2009). Bud break in different cultivars of apple ilva LC trees in two regions of Santa Catarina State, Brazil. In: XI International Symposium on Plant Bioregulators in Fruit Production. ISHS Acta Hortic. 884. doi: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2010.884.85
Ruiz, D., Campoy, J.A., Egea, J. (2007). Chilling and heat requirements of apricot cultivars for flowering. Environ. Exp. Bot., 61, 254–263.
Sabry, G.H., El-Helw, A.H., Abd El-Rahman, A.S. (2011). A study on using jasmine oil as a breaking bud dormancy for flame seedless grapevines. Rep. Opin., 3, 48–56.
Sagredo, K.X., Theron, K.I., Cook, N.C. (2005). Effect of mineral oil and hydrogen cyanamide concentration on dormancy breaking in ‘Golden Delicious’ apple trees. South Afr. J. Plant Soil, 22(4), 251–256.
Seif, El-Yazal, M.A., Rady, M.M. (2012). Changes in nitrogen and polyamines during breaking bud dormancy in ‘Anna’ apple trees with foliar application of some compounds. Sci. Hortic., 136, 75–80.
Seif El-Yazal, M.A, Rady, M.M. (2013). Foliar-applied DormexTM or thiourea-enhanced proline and biogenic amine contents and hastened breaking bud dormancy in ‘Ain Shemer’ apple trees. Trees, 27, 161–169.
Seif, El-Yazal, M.A, Seif, El-Yazal, S.A., Rady, M.M. (2013). Foliar-applied dormancy-breaking chemicals change the content of nitrogenous compounds in the buds of apple (Malus sylvestris Mill. cv. Anna) trees. J. Hortic. Sci. Biotech., 87, 299–304.
Seif El-Yazal, M.A., Seif El-Yazal, S.A, Rady, M.M. (2014). Exogenous dormancy-breaking substances positively change endogenous phytohormones and amino acids during dormancy release in ‘Anna’ apple trees. Plant Growth Reg., 72, 211–220
Shaltout, A.D., Unrath, C.R. (1983). Rest completion prediction model for Starkrimson delicious apples. J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci., 108(6), 957–961.
Tüik (2014). Turkey Statistical Agency. http://www.tuik.gov.tr/
Weinberger, J.H. (1950). Chilling requirements of peach varieties. Proc. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci., 56, 122–128.
Westwood, M.N. (1978) Dormancy and plant hardiness. In: Temperate zone pomology. Freeman, San Francisco, pp. 299–319.
Williams, J.G., Maust, B.E., Miller, E.P. (2002). Hydrogen cyanamide accelerates vegetative bud break and shortens fruit development period of Blueberry. Hort. Sci., 37, 539–542.
Anderson, J.L., Richardson, E.A. (1987). The Utah chill unit/flower bud phenology models for deciduous fruit: Their implication for production in subtropical areas. Acta Hortic., 199, 45–50.
Anderson, J.L., Richardson, E.A., Kesner, C.D. (1982). Validation of chill unit and flower bud phenology models for ‘Montmorency’ sour cherry. Acta Hortic., 184, 71–78.
Balandier, P., Bonhomme, M., Rageau, R., Capitan, F., Parisot, E. (1999). Leaf bud endodormancy release in peach-tree evaluation of temperature models in temperate and tropical climates. Agric. Forest Met., 67(1–2), 95–113.
Ben Mohamed, H., Vadel, A.M., Geuns, J.M.C., Khemira, H. (2012 a). Carbohydrate changes during dormancy release in Superior Seedless grapevine cuttings following hydrogen cyanamide treatment. Sci. Hortic., 140, 19–25
Ben Mohamed, H., Vadel, A.M., Geuns, J.M.C., Khemira, H. (2012 b). Effects of hydrogen cyanamide on antioxidant enzymes’ activity, proline and polyamine contents during bud dormancy release in Superior Seedless grapevine buds. Acta Physiol. Plant, 34, 429–437
Bound, S.A., Jones, K.M. (2004). Hydrogen cyanamide impacts on flowering, crop load, and fruit quality of red ‘Fuji’ apple (Malus domestica). New Zealand J. Crop Hortic. Sci., 32, 227–234
Byrne, D.H., Bacon, T. (1996). Chilling Accumulation, its importance and estimation. http://aggiehorticulture.Tamu. Edu /Stone Fruit
Campoy, J.A., Ruiz, D., Egea, J. (2011). Dormancy in temperate fruit trees in a global warming context: a review. Sci. Hort., 130, 357–372.
Couturier, J., De Fay, E., Fitz, M., Wipf, D., Blaudez, D., Chalot, M. (2010). PtAAP11, a high affinity amino acid transporter specifically expressed in differentiating xylem cells of poplar. J. Exp. Bot., 26, 1–12
De-Oliveira, O.R., Peressuti, R.A., Skalitz, R., Biasi, L.A., Zanette, F., Costacurtaantunes, M. (2008). Dormancy broken of ‘Hosui’ pear trees with mineral oil in two training systems. Rev. Bras. Frutic., 30, 409–413.
Doorenbos, J. (1953). Review of literature on dormancy in buds of woody plants. Mededel. Landbouwh. Wagen., 53, 1–23.
El-Sabagh, A.S., Othman, S.A., Abdal, A.N. (2012). Performance of anna apple cultivar grown on two different rootstocks in response to hydrogen cyanamide winter spraying. World J. Agric. Sci., 8(1), 01–12.
Erez, A. (2000). Bud dormancy; phenomenon, problems and solutions in the tropics and subtropics. In: Temperate fruit crops in warm climates, Erez, A. (ed.). Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 17–48.
Eshghi, S., Safizadeh, M.R., Jamali, B., Sarseifi, M. (2012). Influence of foliar application of volk oil, Dormex, gibberellic acid and potassium nitrate on vegetative growth and reproductive characteristics of strawberry cv. ‘Merak’. J. Biol. Environ. Sci., 6, 35–38
FAO (2013). Fao Stat. http://faostat.fao.org/site/291/default.aspx. Web Page.
Germchi, S., Khorshidi, B.M.B., Hassan, P.D., Yarnia, M., Faramarzi, A. (2010). Effect of thiourea on dormancy breaking and performance of Agria minitubers in greenhouse and laboratory. J. New Agric. Sci., 18, 65–72
Germchi, S., Behroozi, F.G., Badri, S. (2011). Effect of thiourea on dormancy breaking and yield of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) minitubers Marfona cv. in greenhouse. Int. Conf. Environ. Agric. Eng., 15, 19–24
Guevara, E., Jimenéz, V.M., Herrera, J., Bangerth, F. (2008). Effect of hydrogen cyanamide on the endogenous hormonal content of pea seedlings (Pisum sativum L.). Braz. J. Plant Phys., 20, 159–163.
Hawerroth, F.J., Petri, J.L., Leite, G.B., Herter, F.G. (2010). Budbreak in ‘Imperial Gala’ and ‘Fuji Suprema’ apples by use of Erger and calcium nitrate. Rev. Brasil. Fruticult., 32(2), 343–350.
Đmrak, B., Küden, A., Sarıer, A.K., Küden, A.B. (2009). Apple growing in greenhouse under subtropic conditions. Tabad Res. J. Agric. Sci., 2(1), 187–193.
Đmrak, B. (2016). Effects of different colored net cover on ‘Galaxy Gala’ apple fruit quality and photosentetik Parameters. Altarım, 15(1), 29–38
Judd, M.J., Meyer, D.H., Meekings, J.S., Richardson, A.C., Walton, E.F. (2010). An FTIR study of the induction and release of kiwifruit buds from dormancy. J. Sci. Food Agric., 90, 1071–1080
Jangra, M.S., Sharma, J.P. (2013). Climate resilient apple production in Kullu valley of Himachal Pradesh. Int. J. Farm Sci., 3, 91–98.
Javanshah, A., Alipour, H., Hadavi, F. (2006). A model for assessing the chill units received in Kerman and Rafsanjan areas. Acta Hortic., 726, 221–225
Khayat, M., Rajaee, S., Shayesteh, M., Sajadinia, A., Moradinezhad, F. (2010). Effect of potassium nitrate on breaking and dormancy in strawberry plants. J. Plant Nutr., 33, 1605–1611
Kühn, N., Ormeño-Nuñez, J., Jaque-Zamora, G., Pérez, F.J. (2009). Photoperiod modifies the diurnal expression profile of VvPHYA and VvPHYB transcripts in field-grown grapevine leaves. J. Plant Physiol., 166, 1172–1180
Küden, A., Đmrak, B. (2014). Apple growing in Turkey. New approaches in apple and cherry growing and breeding techniques. Workshop book, May, 22–24, Adana, Turkey, 37–41.
Küden, A., Küden, A.B., Đmrak, B., Sırıs, Ö., Tümer A. (2007). Modern elma ve kiraz yatistiriciliği entegre projesi (TOGTAG-3064) Sonuç Raporu., 13.
Küden, A.B., Küden, A., Kaska, N. (1997). Cherry growing in the subtropics proceedings of the fifth ınternational symposium on temperate zone fruits in the tropics and subtropics. Acta Hort. Sci., 441, 71–74.
Kumar, A., Yasir-Mir, M.D. (2012). Assessment of chilling requirement of different varietiess of apple in South Kashmir. Progr. Hortic., 44(1), 84–88.
Linkosalo, T., Lappalainen, H.K., Hari, P. (2008). A comparison of phenological models of leaf bud burst and flowering of boreal trees using independent observations. Tree Physiol., 28, 1873–1882.
Luedeling, E., Brown, P.H. (2011). A global analysis of the comparability of winter chill models for fruit and nut trees. Int. J. Bio. Met., 55, 411–421.
Morsi, M.E., El-Yazal, M.A. (2008). Effect of potassium nitrate, garlic and onion extracts on bud break, growth, yield and some chemical constituents of apple (Malus sylvestris, Mill) trees. Fayoum J. Agric. Res. Dev., 22, 82–93.
Özkaya, O., Dündar, Ö., Küden, A. (2006). Effect of preharvest gibberellic acid treatments on postharvest quality of sweet cherry. J. Food Agric. Environ., 4, 189–191.
Rai, R., Joshi, S., Roy, S., Singh, O., Samir, M. (2015). Implications of changing climate on productivity of temperate fruit crops with special reference to apple. J. Hortic., 2, 135. doi:10.4172/2376-0354.1000135
Rufato, L., Kretzschmar, A.A., Brighenti, A.F., Macedo, T.A., Mendes, M.S. (2009). Bud break in different cultivars of apple ilva LC trees in two regions of Santa Catarina State, Brazil. In: XI International Symposium on Plant Bioregulators in Fruit Production. ISHS Acta Hortic. 884. doi: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2010.884.85
Ruiz, D., Campoy, J.A., Egea, J. (2007). Chilling and heat requirements of apricot cultivars for flowering. Environ. Exp. Bot., 61, 254–263.
Sabry, G.H., El-Helw, A.H., Abd El-Rahman, A.S. (2011). A study on using jasmine oil as a breaking bud dormancy for flame seedless grapevines. Rep. Opin., 3, 48–56.
Sagredo, K.X., Theron, K.I., Cook, N.C. (2005). Effect of mineral oil and hydrogen cyanamide concentration on dormancy breaking in ‘Golden Delicious’ apple trees. South Afr. J. Plant Soil, 22(4), 251–256.
Seif, El-Yazal, M.A., Rady, M.M. (2012). Changes in nitrogen and polyamines during breaking bud dormancy in ‘Anna’ apple trees with foliar application of some compounds. Sci. Hortic., 136, 75–80.
Seif El-Yazal, M.A, Rady, M.M. (2013). Foliar-applied DormexTM or thiourea-enhanced proline and biogenic amine contents and hastened breaking bud dormancy in ‘Ain Shemer’ apple trees. Trees, 27, 161–169.
Seif, El-Yazal, M.A, Seif, El-Yazal, S.A., Rady, M.M. (2013). Foliar-applied dormancy-breaking chemicals change the content of nitrogenous compounds in the buds of apple (Malus sylvestris Mill. cv. Anna) trees. J. Hortic. Sci. Biotech., 87, 299–304.
Seif El-Yazal, M.A., Seif El-Yazal, S.A, Rady, M.M. (2014). Exogenous dormancy-breaking substances positively change endogenous phytohormones and amino acids during dormancy release in ‘Anna’ apple trees. Plant Growth Reg., 72, 211–220
Shaltout, A.D., Unrath, C.R. (1983). Rest completion prediction model for Starkrimson delicious apples. J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci., 108(6), 957–961.
Tüik (2014). Turkey Statistical Agency. http://www.tuik.gov.tr/
Weinberger, J.H. (1950). Chilling requirements of peach varieties. Proc. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci., 56, 122–128.
Westwood, M.N. (1978) Dormancy and plant hardiness. In: Temperate zone pomology. Freeman, San Francisco, pp. 299–319.
Williams, J.G., Maust, B.E., Miller, E.P. (2002). Hydrogen cyanamide accelerates vegetative bud break and shortens fruit development period of Blueberry. Hort. Sci., 37, 539–542.
Burhanettin Đmrak
University of Çukurova, Balcali, Adana, Turkey
University of Çukurova, Balcali, Adana, Turkey
Ayzin B. Küden
University of Çukurova, Balcali, Adana, Turkey
University of Çukurova, Balcali, Adana, Turkey
Ali Küden
University of Çukurova, Balcali, Adana, Turkey
University of Çukurova, Balcali, Adana, Turkey
A. Kadir Sarier
University of Çukurova, Balcali, Adana, Turkey
University of Çukurova, Balcali, Adana, Turkey
Berken Çimen
University of Çukurova, Balcali, Adana, Turkey
University of Çukurova, Balcali, Adana, Turkey
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