PHYSIOLOGICAL ASPECTS IN PROPAGATION OF SMOKE TREE (Cotinus coggygria Scop. ‘Royal purple’) BY STEM CUTTINGS
Andrzej Pacholczak
Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGWPaweł Petelewicz
Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGWKatarzyna Jagiełło-Kubiec
Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGWAgnieszka Ilczuk
Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGWAbstract
Biostimulators are preparations intended to improve plant growth and development, especially under stressful conditions. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of two biostimulators: AlgaminoPlant (0.2%) and Route (0.1%) on rooting of Cotinus coggygria Scop. ‘Royal Purple’ and their influence on biochemical changes, respiration efficiency and photosynthetic rate during this process. Cuttings were sprayed with water solution of biostimulators once, twice or three times during the rooting period at week intervals. The effectiveness of biostimulators was compared with the formulations traditionally used in the nursery production, i.e. with a rooting powder Rhizopon AA containing a synthetic auxin IBA (2%) or a water solution of IBA (200 mg·dm-3) applied on leaves. Triple treatments of microcuttings with AlgaminoPlant and a single one with Route significantly increased a rooting degree relative to the untreated control. The highest photo-synthesis rate was observed in cuttings sprayed once with AlgaminoPlant and twice with Route. Respiration efficiency was the highest in cuttings treated once and thrice with AlgaminoPlant. The significant increases in chlorophyll (a + b), total soluble and reducing sugars contents were observed in cuttings treated with both biostimulators in comparison to the control. The results suggest that biostimulators applied on cuttings may cause bio-chemical and physiological changes which increase the stem ability to regenerate roots therefore their application should be considered in nursery practice.
Keywords:
rhizogenesis, auxin, photosynthesis, respiration, carbohydrates, proteinsReferences
Basak, A. (2008). Biostimulators – definitions, classification and legislation. In: Biostimulators in modern agriculture: General Aspects, Gawrońska, H. (ed). Warsaw, Poland, 7–17.
Bedour, H., Aly, M.S., Abdel-Hady, F. (1994). Effect of foliar apllication of GA and Zn on Oci-mum basilicum L. growth in different soil type. Egypt. Physiol. Sci., 18, 365–380.
Bojarczuk, K. (1997). Regulatory roślinne w szkółkarstwie. In: Regulatory wzrostu i rozwoju roślin. Tom II – Zastosowanie w ogrodnictwie, rolnictwie, leśnictwie i w kulturach tkanek, Jankiewicz, L.S. (ed). PWN, Warszawa.
Borowski, E., Blamowski, Z.K. (2009). The effects of triacontanol ‘TRIA’ and Asahi SL on the development and metabolic activity of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) plants treated with chilling. Folia Horticult., 21/1, 39–48.
Cattanach, A. (1992). Effect of ACA Agricultural Crop Additive on the yield of sugarbeets at fargo and prosper. Sugarb. Res. Extens. Rep., 23, 218–220.
Costa, J.M., Heuvelink, E., Pol, P.A., Put, H.M.C. (2007). Anatomy and morphology of rooting in leafy rose stem cuttings and starch dynamics following severance. Acta Horticult., 751, 495–502.
Couvillon, G.A. (1988). Rooting responses to different treatments. Acta Horticult., 227, 187–196.
Dubois, M., Gilles, K.A., Hamilton, J.K., Rebers, P.A., Smith, F. (1956). Colorimetric method for determination of sugars and related substances. Anal. Chem., 28, 350–356.
Farahat, M.M., Ibrahim, S., Lobna, S., Taha, E.M., El-Quesni, F. (2007). Response of vegetative growth and some chemical constituents of Cupressus semperviens L. to foliar application of ascorbic acid and zinc at Nubaria. World J. Agric. Sci., 3 (4), 496–502.
Gawrońska, H., Przybysz, A., Szalacha, E., Słowiński, A. (2008). Physiological and molecular mode of action of Asahi SL biostimulator under optimal and stress conditions. In: Biostimulators in modern agriculture: General Aspects, Gawrońska, H. (ed). Warsaw, Poland, 54–76.
Horne, M.R.L., Leitch, M.H. (2006). A pot evaluation of the effects of zinc ammonium acetate on grain yield in spring barley. Tests of Agrochemicals and Cultivars: Published by The Associa-tion of Applied Biologists, London, Cambridge University Press: 27.
Jacygrad, E., Pacholczak, A. (2010). Effect of biopreparations Amino Total and Biochikol 020 PC on rhizogenesis in stem cuttings of Physocarpus opulifolius ‘Dart’s Gold’ and ‘Diabolo’. An-nals of Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, 31, 19–27.
Jankowski, K., Dubis, B. (2008). Biostymulatory w polowej produkcji roślinnej. Konferencja naukowa: Biostymulatory w nowoczesnej uprawie roślin. Warszawa, 24–25.
Jothinayagi, N., Anbazhagan, C. (2009). Effect of seaweed liquid fertilizer of Sargassum wightii on the growth and biochemical characteristics of Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Medicus. Re-cent Res. Sci. Tech., 4, 155–158.
Khan, W., Rayirath, U.P., Subramanian, S., Jithesh, M.N., Rayorath, P., Hodges, D.M., Critchley, A.T., Craigie, J.S., Norrie, J., Prithiviraj, B. (2009). Seaweed extracts as biostimulants of plant growth and development. J. Plant Growth Reg., 28, 386–399.
Krajewska, J., Latkowska, M. (2008). Effects of biostimulants (Asahi SL and Siapton) on growth of Bergenia cordifolia ((Haw.) Sternb.) ‘Rotblum’ and Hosta sp. (Tratt.) ‘Sum and Substance’ and ‘Minuteman’. Konferencja naukowa: Biostimulators in modern agriculture. Warszawa, 80–81.
Kumar, G., Sahoo, D. (2011). Effect of seaweed liquid extract on growth an yield of Triticum aestivum var. Pusa Gold. J. App. Phycol., 23, 251–255.
Lessufleur, F., Paynel, F., Bataillem, P. (2007). Root amino acid exudation: measurement of high efflux rates of glycine and serine from six different plant species. Plant Soil, 294, 235–246.
Lichtenthaler, H.K., Wellburn, A.R. (1983). Determinations of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b leaf extracts in different solvents. Biochem. Soc. Transact., 603, 591–592.
Lowry, J.O.H., Rosebrough, N.J., Farr, A.L., Randall, R.J. (1951). Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent. J. Biol. Chem., 193, 265–267.
Ludwig-Muller, J. (2000). Indole-3-butyric acid in plant growth and development. Plant Growth Reg., 32, 219–230.
Massoud, A.M., Abou Zeid, M.Y., Bakry, M.A. (2005). Response of pea plants grown in silty clay soil to micronutritients and rhizobium incubation. Egypt. J. Appl. Sci., 20, 329–346.
Matyjaszczyk, E., Śliwa, B., Sobczak, J. (2008). Qualification of biostimulators for use in ecological farming in Poland. In: Biostimulators in modern agriculture: General Aspects, Gawrońska, H. (ed). Warsaw, Poland, 24–29.
Matysiak, K., Kaczmarek, S., Kierzek, R., Kardasz, P. (2010). Effect of seaweeds extracts and humic and fulvic acids on the germination and early growth of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.). J. Res. Appl. Agricult. Engin., 55, 28–32.
Matysiak, K., Kaczmarek, S., Krawczyk, R. (2011). Influence of seaweed extracts and mixture of humic and fulvic acids on germination and growth of Zea mays L. Acta Sci. Pol., Agricultura, 10, 33–45.
Mugnai, S., Azzarello, E., Pandolfi, C., Salamagne, S., Briand, X., Mancuso, S. (2008). Enhancement of ammonium and potassium root influxes by the application of marine bioactive substances positively affects Vitis vinifera plant growth. J. Appl. Phycol., 20(2), 177–182.
Nabila, Y., Mona, N., Khalil, Y., Abou Zeid, E.N. (2003). Response of some radish cultivars to fertilization with zinc and various nitrogen sources. Bull, NRC. Egypt, 28, 315–336.
Nahed, G., El-Aziz, A., Laila, K. (2007). Influence of tyrosine and zinc on growth, flowering and chemical constituents of Salvia farinacea plants. J. Appl. Sci. Res., 11, 1479–1489.
Nelson, N. (1944). A photometric adaption of the Somogyi method for the determination of glucose. J. Biol. Chem., 153, 375–380.
Pacholczak, A., Pietkiewicz, S. (2014a). Gas exchange during rhizogenesis in common ninebark stem cuttings treated with biostimulators. Prop. Ornament. Plants, 14(2), 90–96.
Pacholczak, A., Pietkiewicz, S. (2014b). Rhizogenesis and gas exchange in dogwood stem cuttings as affected by two biostimulators. Dendrobiology, 72, 47–56.
Pacholczak, A., Szydło, W. (2008). Effect of ammonium zinc acetate on rooting of stem cuttings in Physocarpus opulifolius. Annals of Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, Horti-cult. Land. Architect., 29: 59–64.
Pacholczak, A., Szydło, W., Jacygrad, E., Federowicz, M. (2012). Effect of auxins and the biostimulator AlgaminoPlant on rhizogenesis in stem cuttings of two dogwood cultivars (Cornus alba ‘Aurea’ and ‘Elegantissima’). Acta Sci. Pol., Hortorum Cultus, 11, 93–103.
Pacholczak, A., Ilczuk, A., Jacygrad, E., Jagiełło-Kubiec, K. (2013a). Effect of IBA and biopreparations on rooting performance of Cotinus coggygria Scop. Acta Horticult., 990, 383–389.
Pacholczak, A., Szydło, W., Petelewicz, P., Szulczyk, K. (2013b). The effect of AlgaminoPlant on rhizogenesis in stem cuttings of Physocarpus opulifolius ‘Dart’s Gold’ and ‘Red Baron’. Acta Sci. Pol., Hortorum Cultus, 12, 105–116.
Pruszyński, S. (2008). Biostimulators in plant protection. In: Biostimulators in modern agricul-ture: General aspects, Gawrońska, H. (ed). Warsaw, Poland, 18–23.
Przybysz, A., Małecka-Przybysz, M., Słowiński, A., Gawrońska, H. (2008). The effect of Asahi SL on growth, efficiency of photosynthetic apparatus and yield of field grown oilseed rape. In: Biostimulators in modern agriculture: Field crops, Dąbrowski, Z.T. (ed). Warsaw, Poland, 7–17.
Przybysz, A., Wrochna, M., Słowiński, A., Gawrońska, H. (2010). Stimulatory effect of Asahi SL on selected plant species. Acta Sci. Pol., Hortorum Cultus, 9(2), 53–63.
Rathore, S.S., Chaudhary, D.R., Boricha, G.N., Gosh, A., Bhatt, B.P., Zadope, S.T., Patolia, J.S. (2009). Effect of seaweed extract on growth, yield and nutrient uptake of soybean (Glycine max) under rainfed conditions. South African J. Bot., 75, 351–355.
Rosen, H. (1957). A modified ninhydrin colorimetric analysis for amino acids. Archiv. Biochem. Biophys., 67, 10–15.
Schmidt, R.E., Ervin, E.H., Zhang, X. (2003). Questions and answers about biostimulants. Golf Course Manag., 71, 91–94.
Sivasankari, S., Venkatesalu, V., Anantharaj, M., Chandrasekaran, M. (2006). Effect of seaweed extracts on the growth and biochemical constants of Vigna sinensis. Biores. Technol., 97, 1745–1751.
Spethmann, W. (2001). Innovate cutting propagation methods. VII Naukowa Konferencja Szkółkarska: Szkółkarstwo ozdobne na progu nowego millenium ISiK, Skierniewice, 5–11.
Strzelecka, H., Kamińska, J., Walewska, E. (1982). Chemiczne metody badania roślinnych surowców leczniczych. PZWL, Warszawa, 131–132.
Tarraf, S.A., El-Din, K.G, Balbaa, L.K. (1999). The response of vegetative growth, essential oil of lemon grass (Cymbopogon citrtus Hort.) to foliar application of ascorbic acid, nicotemamid, and some micronutritients. Arab. Univ. J. Agric. Sci., 7, 247–259.
Venkatamaran Kumar, V., Mohan, V.R. (1997). Effect of seaweed liquid fertilizer on black gram. Phykos, 36, 43–47.
Wójcik, A.R., Laudański, Z. (1989). Planowanie i wnioskowanie statystyczne w doświadczalnictwie. PWN, Warszawa,130.
Bedour, H., Aly, M.S., Abdel-Hady, F. (1994). Effect of foliar apllication of GA and Zn on Oci-mum basilicum L. growth in different soil type. Egypt. Physiol. Sci., 18, 365–380.
Bojarczuk, K. (1997). Regulatory roślinne w szkółkarstwie. In: Regulatory wzrostu i rozwoju roślin. Tom II – Zastosowanie w ogrodnictwie, rolnictwie, leśnictwie i w kulturach tkanek, Jankiewicz, L.S. (ed). PWN, Warszawa.
Borowski, E., Blamowski, Z.K. (2009). The effects of triacontanol ‘TRIA’ and Asahi SL on the development and metabolic activity of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) plants treated with chilling. Folia Horticult., 21/1, 39–48.
Cattanach, A. (1992). Effect of ACA Agricultural Crop Additive on the yield of sugarbeets at fargo and prosper. Sugarb. Res. Extens. Rep., 23, 218–220.
Costa, J.M., Heuvelink, E., Pol, P.A., Put, H.M.C. (2007). Anatomy and morphology of rooting in leafy rose stem cuttings and starch dynamics following severance. Acta Horticult., 751, 495–502.
Couvillon, G.A. (1988). Rooting responses to different treatments. Acta Horticult., 227, 187–196.
Dubois, M., Gilles, K.A., Hamilton, J.K., Rebers, P.A., Smith, F. (1956). Colorimetric method for determination of sugars and related substances. Anal. Chem., 28, 350–356.
Farahat, M.M., Ibrahim, S., Lobna, S., Taha, E.M., El-Quesni, F. (2007). Response of vegetative growth and some chemical constituents of Cupressus semperviens L. to foliar application of ascorbic acid and zinc at Nubaria. World J. Agric. Sci., 3 (4), 496–502.
Gawrońska, H., Przybysz, A., Szalacha, E., Słowiński, A. (2008). Physiological and molecular mode of action of Asahi SL biostimulator under optimal and stress conditions. In: Biostimulators in modern agriculture: General Aspects, Gawrońska, H. (ed). Warsaw, Poland, 54–76.
Horne, M.R.L., Leitch, M.H. (2006). A pot evaluation of the effects of zinc ammonium acetate on grain yield in spring barley. Tests of Agrochemicals and Cultivars: Published by The Associa-tion of Applied Biologists, London, Cambridge University Press: 27.
Jacygrad, E., Pacholczak, A. (2010). Effect of biopreparations Amino Total and Biochikol 020 PC on rhizogenesis in stem cuttings of Physocarpus opulifolius ‘Dart’s Gold’ and ‘Diabolo’. An-nals of Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, 31, 19–27.
Jankowski, K., Dubis, B. (2008). Biostymulatory w polowej produkcji roślinnej. Konferencja naukowa: Biostymulatory w nowoczesnej uprawie roślin. Warszawa, 24–25.
Jothinayagi, N., Anbazhagan, C. (2009). Effect of seaweed liquid fertilizer of Sargassum wightii on the growth and biochemical characteristics of Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Medicus. Re-cent Res. Sci. Tech., 4, 155–158.
Khan, W., Rayirath, U.P., Subramanian, S., Jithesh, M.N., Rayorath, P., Hodges, D.M., Critchley, A.T., Craigie, J.S., Norrie, J., Prithiviraj, B. (2009). Seaweed extracts as biostimulants of plant growth and development. J. Plant Growth Reg., 28, 386–399.
Krajewska, J., Latkowska, M. (2008). Effects of biostimulants (Asahi SL and Siapton) on growth of Bergenia cordifolia ((Haw.) Sternb.) ‘Rotblum’ and Hosta sp. (Tratt.) ‘Sum and Substance’ and ‘Minuteman’. Konferencja naukowa: Biostimulators in modern agriculture. Warszawa, 80–81.
Kumar, G., Sahoo, D. (2011). Effect of seaweed liquid extract on growth an yield of Triticum aestivum var. Pusa Gold. J. App. Phycol., 23, 251–255.
Lessufleur, F., Paynel, F., Bataillem, P. (2007). Root amino acid exudation: measurement of high efflux rates of glycine and serine from six different plant species. Plant Soil, 294, 235–246.
Lichtenthaler, H.K., Wellburn, A.R. (1983). Determinations of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b leaf extracts in different solvents. Biochem. Soc. Transact., 603, 591–592.
Lowry, J.O.H., Rosebrough, N.J., Farr, A.L., Randall, R.J. (1951). Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent. J. Biol. Chem., 193, 265–267.
Ludwig-Muller, J. (2000). Indole-3-butyric acid in plant growth and development. Plant Growth Reg., 32, 219–230.
Massoud, A.M., Abou Zeid, M.Y., Bakry, M.A. (2005). Response of pea plants grown in silty clay soil to micronutritients and rhizobium incubation. Egypt. J. Appl. Sci., 20, 329–346.
Matyjaszczyk, E., Śliwa, B., Sobczak, J. (2008). Qualification of biostimulators for use in ecological farming in Poland. In: Biostimulators in modern agriculture: General Aspects, Gawrońska, H. (ed). Warsaw, Poland, 24–29.
Matysiak, K., Kaczmarek, S., Kierzek, R., Kardasz, P. (2010). Effect of seaweeds extracts and humic and fulvic acids on the germination and early growth of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.). J. Res. Appl. Agricult. Engin., 55, 28–32.
Matysiak, K., Kaczmarek, S., Krawczyk, R. (2011). Influence of seaweed extracts and mixture of humic and fulvic acids on germination and growth of Zea mays L. Acta Sci. Pol., Agricultura, 10, 33–45.
Mugnai, S., Azzarello, E., Pandolfi, C., Salamagne, S., Briand, X., Mancuso, S. (2008). Enhancement of ammonium and potassium root influxes by the application of marine bioactive substances positively affects Vitis vinifera plant growth. J. Appl. Phycol., 20(2), 177–182.
Nabila, Y., Mona, N., Khalil, Y., Abou Zeid, E.N. (2003). Response of some radish cultivars to fertilization with zinc and various nitrogen sources. Bull, NRC. Egypt, 28, 315–336.
Nahed, G., El-Aziz, A., Laila, K. (2007). Influence of tyrosine and zinc on growth, flowering and chemical constituents of Salvia farinacea plants. J. Appl. Sci. Res., 11, 1479–1489.
Nelson, N. (1944). A photometric adaption of the Somogyi method for the determination of glucose. J. Biol. Chem., 153, 375–380.
Pacholczak, A., Pietkiewicz, S. (2014a). Gas exchange during rhizogenesis in common ninebark stem cuttings treated with biostimulators. Prop. Ornament. Plants, 14(2), 90–96.
Pacholczak, A., Pietkiewicz, S. (2014b). Rhizogenesis and gas exchange in dogwood stem cuttings as affected by two biostimulators. Dendrobiology, 72, 47–56.
Pacholczak, A., Szydło, W. (2008). Effect of ammonium zinc acetate on rooting of stem cuttings in Physocarpus opulifolius. Annals of Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, Horti-cult. Land. Architect., 29: 59–64.
Pacholczak, A., Szydło, W., Jacygrad, E., Federowicz, M. (2012). Effect of auxins and the biostimulator AlgaminoPlant on rhizogenesis in stem cuttings of two dogwood cultivars (Cornus alba ‘Aurea’ and ‘Elegantissima’). Acta Sci. Pol., Hortorum Cultus, 11, 93–103.
Pacholczak, A., Ilczuk, A., Jacygrad, E., Jagiełło-Kubiec, K. (2013a). Effect of IBA and biopreparations on rooting performance of Cotinus coggygria Scop. Acta Horticult., 990, 383–389.
Pacholczak, A., Szydło, W., Petelewicz, P., Szulczyk, K. (2013b). The effect of AlgaminoPlant on rhizogenesis in stem cuttings of Physocarpus opulifolius ‘Dart’s Gold’ and ‘Red Baron’. Acta Sci. Pol., Hortorum Cultus, 12, 105–116.
Pruszyński, S. (2008). Biostimulators in plant protection. In: Biostimulators in modern agricul-ture: General aspects, Gawrońska, H. (ed). Warsaw, Poland, 18–23.
Przybysz, A., Małecka-Przybysz, M., Słowiński, A., Gawrońska, H. (2008). The effect of Asahi SL on growth, efficiency of photosynthetic apparatus and yield of field grown oilseed rape. In: Biostimulators in modern agriculture: Field crops, Dąbrowski, Z.T. (ed). Warsaw, Poland, 7–17.
Przybysz, A., Wrochna, M., Słowiński, A., Gawrońska, H. (2010). Stimulatory effect of Asahi SL on selected plant species. Acta Sci. Pol., Hortorum Cultus, 9(2), 53–63.
Rathore, S.S., Chaudhary, D.R., Boricha, G.N., Gosh, A., Bhatt, B.P., Zadope, S.T., Patolia, J.S. (2009). Effect of seaweed extract on growth, yield and nutrient uptake of soybean (Glycine max) under rainfed conditions. South African J. Bot., 75, 351–355.
Rosen, H. (1957). A modified ninhydrin colorimetric analysis for amino acids. Archiv. Biochem. Biophys., 67, 10–15.
Schmidt, R.E., Ervin, E.H., Zhang, X. (2003). Questions and answers about biostimulants. Golf Course Manag., 71, 91–94.
Sivasankari, S., Venkatesalu, V., Anantharaj, M., Chandrasekaran, M. (2006). Effect of seaweed extracts on the growth and biochemical constants of Vigna sinensis. Biores. Technol., 97, 1745–1751.
Spethmann, W. (2001). Innovate cutting propagation methods. VII Naukowa Konferencja Szkółkarska: Szkółkarstwo ozdobne na progu nowego millenium ISiK, Skierniewice, 5–11.
Strzelecka, H., Kamińska, J., Walewska, E. (1982). Chemiczne metody badania roślinnych surowców leczniczych. PZWL, Warszawa, 131–132.
Tarraf, S.A., El-Din, K.G, Balbaa, L.K. (1999). The response of vegetative growth, essential oil of lemon grass (Cymbopogon citrtus Hort.) to foliar application of ascorbic acid, nicotemamid, and some micronutritients. Arab. Univ. J. Agric. Sci., 7, 247–259.
Venkatamaran Kumar, V., Mohan, V.R. (1997). Effect of seaweed liquid fertilizer on black gram. Phykos, 36, 43–47.
Wójcik, A.R., Laudański, Z. (1989). Planowanie i wnioskowanie statystyczne w doświadczalnictwie. PWN, Warszawa,130.
Andrzej Pacholczak
Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW
Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW
Paweł Petelewicz
Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW
Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW
Katarzyna Jagiełło-Kubiec
Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW
Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW
Agnieszka Ilczuk
Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW
Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW
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