HARMFULNESS OF SOIL-BORNE FUNGI TOWARDS ROOT CHICORY (Cichorium intybus L. var. sativum Bisch.) CULTIVATED WITH THE USE OF COVER CROPS
Elżbieta Patkowska
University of Life Sciences in LublinMirosław Konopiński
University of Life Sciences in LublinAbstract
Chicory is a herbaceans plant, belonging to the family of Asteracae. This plant is a rich source of polysaccharides, vitamins, acids and mineral salts. The studies concerned the harmfulness of soil-borne fungi towards root chicory – a high-inulin plant, with considerable pro-health values – cultivated with the use of such cover crops as oats, tansy phacelia and spring vetch. Among the mulching plants, oats had the most positive effect on the number and healthiness of the seedlings and roots of chicory. The most harmful towards the seedlings proved to be the following: Altenaria alternata, A. cichorii, Fusarium oxysporum, Pythium irregulare, Rhizoctonia solani and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. The roots of older chicory plants were also infected by A. tenuissima, Botrytis cinerea, F. culmorum, F. solani, Phoma cichoracearum, Phytophthora sp., Ramularia cichorii, Sclerotium rolfsii, Thielaviopsis basicola and Verticilium dahliae.
Keywords:
oat, tansy phacelia, spring vetch, mulch, chicory phytopathogensReferences
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Pastucha A., Kołodziej B., 2007. Fungi colonizing of american ginseng plants after the application of mineral mulch and different methods of plant protection. Acta Sci. Pol., Hortorum Cultus 6(3), 27–38.
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Rożek E., 2004. Influence of the growing time on yielding and yield quality of several salad chicory cultivars (Cichorium intybus L. var. foliosum Bisch.). Folia Univ. Agric. Stetin., Agricultura 239(95), 353–356.
Sałata B., Rudnicka-Jezierska W., 1979. Grzyby (Mycota), 12, Warszawa–Kraków, PWN.
Sanvicente P., Marle M., Benigni M., Cassan L., 2003. Witloof chicory or Belgian endive: evaluating new varieties. Infos Ctifl. 196, 44–48.
Schober B.M., Vermeulen T., 1999. Enzymatic maceration of witloof chicory by the soft rot bacteria Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora: the effect of nitrogen and calcium treatments of the plant on pectic enzyme production and disease development. Europ. J. Plant Pathol. 105(4), 341–349.
Schober B.M., Zadoks J.C., 1999. Survival of softrot bacteria during the storage of witloof chicory roots. J. Pathol. 147(7/8), 461–466.
Tran-Nguyen L.T.T., Persley D.M., Gibb K.S., 2003. First report of phytoplasma disease in capsicum, celery and chicory in Queensland, Australia. Austr. Plant Pathol. 32(4), 559–560.
Trdan S., Žnidarčič D., Valič N., 2005. Research on the efficacy of three different substances to reduce the occurence of fungus Erysiphe cichoracearum DC. (Erysiphales, Erysiphaceae) on chicory. Bulletin OILB/SROP 28(4), 153–60.
Baert J.R.A., Bockstaele E.J. van, Van Bockstaele E.J., 1992. Cultivation and breeding of root chicory for inulin production. Industr. Crops Prod. 1(2–4), 229–234.
Barcaccia G., Lucchin M., Lazzarin R., Parrini P., 2003. Relationships among radicchio (Cichorium intybus L.) types grown in Veneto and diversity between local varietes and selected lines as assessed by molecular markers. Eucarpia Leaf Vegetables 2003, 105–110.
Barnett H.L., 1960. Illustrated genera of imperfect fungi. Minneapolis.
Benigni M., Bompeix G., 2006. Post harvest control of Phytophthora cryptogea of witloof chicory with different fungicides and possible occurrence of resistant strains. Crop Protec. 25(4), 350–355.
Błażewicz-Woźniak M., 2005. Effect of no-tillage and mulching with cover crops on yield parsley. Folia Hort. 17/2, 3–10.
Błażewicz-Woźniak M., Konopiński M., 2011. Effect of soil cultivation and intercrop plant growing upon weed infestation of spanish salsify (Scorzonera hispanica L.). Acta Sci. Pol., Hortorum Cultus 10(2), 153–166.
Booth G., 1971. The genus Fusarium. Mycological Papers, CMY, England.
De Vries A.G., 1952. Contribution to the knowledge of the genus Cladosporium Link ex Fr. Baarn Hitgeverij & Drukkerij. Holand.
Domsch K.H, Gams W., 1970. In: Pilze aus Agroboden, Fischer G. (ed.), Verlag, Stuttgard.
Ellis M., 1976. More Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes. Comm. Mycol. Inst. Kew, England.
Geldenhuis M.M, Roux J., Cilliers A.J., Wingfield B.D., Wingfield M.J., 2006. Clonality in South African isolates and evidence for a European origin of the root pathogen Thielaviopsis basicola. Mycolog. Res. 110(3), 306–11.
Gilman J.C., 1957. A manual of soil fungi. The Iowa State Coll. Press, USA.
Golden A.M., 1984. Personal communication regarding nematodes. Beltsville, MD.
Hermann O., 2006. Foliar diseases in industrial chicory: recommendations for rational fungicidal protection. Betteravier Bruxelles 41(429), 5–6.
Jamiołkowska A., 2007. Effect of field pea (Pisum arvense L.) as a cover plant on health of under-ground part of field tomato. Veg. Crops Res. Bull. 67, 71–9.
Jonghe K., Dobbelaere I., Sarrazyn R., Hofte M., 2005. Control of Phytophthora cryptogea in the hydroponic forcing of witloof chicory with the rhamnolipid-based biosurfactant formulation PRO1. Plant Pathol. 54(2), 219–226.
Kleessen B., Sykura B., Zunft H.J., Blaut M., 1997. Effects of inulin and lactose on fecal microflora, microbial activity, and bowel habit in elderly constipated persons. Amer. J. Clin. Nutr. 65(5), 1397–1402.
Koike S.T., Bull C.T., 2006. First report of bacterial leaf spot of Italian dandelion (Cichorium intybus) caused by Pseudomonas syringae pathovar in California. Plant Dis. 90(2), 245.
Koo H.N., Hong S.H., Seo H.G., Yoo T.S., Lee K.N., Kim N.S., Kim C.H., Kim H.M., 2003. Inulin stimulates NO synthesis via activation of PKC-alpha and protein tyrosine kinase, resulting in the activation of NF-kappa B by IFN-gamma-primed RAW 264.7 cells. J. Nutr. Biochem. 14(10), 598–605.
Leary J., DeFrank J., 2000. Living Mulches For Organic Farming Systems. Hort. Technol. 10, 4, 692–698.
Lima M.L.P., Reis A., Lopes C.A., 2003. Pathogenicity of Alternaria cichorii in species of the family Asteraceae. Fitopatol. Brasil. 28(6), 682–685.
Lüning H.U., Waiyaki B.G., Schlösser E., 1978. Role of saponins in antifungal resistance. Phytopathol. Z. 92, 338–345.
Mirek Z., Pięknoś-Mirkowa H., Zając AM., 1997. Vascular plants of Poland – a chekclist. IB PAN. Kraków.
Nelson P.E., Toussoun T.A., Marasas W.F.O., 1983. Fusarium species. An Illustrated Manual for Identification. The Pensylvania State University Press, University Park and London.
Oktaba W., 1987. Metody statystyki matematycznej w doświadczalnictwie. PWN, Warszawa.
Pastucha A., Kołodziej B., 2007. Fungi colonizing of american ginseng plants after the application of mineral mulch and different methods of plant protection. Acta Sci. Pol., Hortorum Cultus 6(3), 27–38.
Patkowska E., Konopiński M., 2008a. Pathogenicity of selected soil-borne microorganisms for the seedlings of scorzonera (Scorzonera hispanica L.). Folia Hort. 20/1, 31–42.
Patkowska E., Konopiński M., 2008b. Pathogenicity of selected soil-borne fungi for seedlings of root chicory (Cichorium intybus L. var. sativum Bisch.). Veg. Crops Res. Bull. 69, 81–92.
Patkowska E., Konopiński M., 2008c. Pathogenicity of fungi colonising the soil after the cultivation of cover crops towards the seedlings of salsify (Tragopogon porrifolius var. sativus (Gaterau) Br.). Folia Hort. 20/2, 75–84.
Patkowska E., Konopiński M., 2011. Cover crops and soil-borne fungi dangerous towards the cultivation of salsify (Tragopogon porrifolius var. sativus (Gaterau) Br.). Acta Sci. Pol., Hort. Cult. 10 (2), 167–181.
Pięta D, Kęsik T., 2007. The effect of conservation tillage on microorganism communities in the soil under onion cultivation. EJPAU, Hortic, 10(1) http://www.ejpau.media.pl
Plentinger M.C., Lamers J.G., Kruistum G., 2000. Seed coating against Pythium in witloof chicory is not effective. PAV Bull. Vollegronds. 3, 11–13.
Poli F., Sacchetti G., Tosi B., Fogagnolo M., ChillemiG., Lazzarin R., Bruni A., 2002. Variation in the content of the main guaianolides and sugars in Cichorium intybus var. ’Rosso di Chioggia‘ selections during cultivation. Food Chem. 76, 139–147.
Ramirez C., 1982. Manual and atlas of the Penicillia. Amsterdam, New York, Oxford, Elsevier Biomed Press.
Raper K.B., Thom C., Fennel D.J., 1968. A manual of the Penicillium. New York, Hafner Publish. Co.
Rifai M.A., 1969. A revision of the genus Trichoderma. Comm. Mycol. Inst., W. Surr., England.
Rożek E., 2004. Influence of the growing time on yielding and yield quality of several salad chicory cultivars (Cichorium intybus L. var. foliosum Bisch.). Folia Univ. Agric. Stetin., Agricultura 239(95), 353–356.
Sałata B., Rudnicka-Jezierska W., 1979. Grzyby (Mycota), 12, Warszawa–Kraków, PWN.
Sanvicente P., Marle M., Benigni M., Cassan L., 2003. Witloof chicory or Belgian endive: evaluating new varieties. Infos Ctifl. 196, 44–48.
Schober B.M., Vermeulen T., 1999. Enzymatic maceration of witloof chicory by the soft rot bacteria Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora: the effect of nitrogen and calcium treatments of the plant on pectic enzyme production and disease development. Europ. J. Plant Pathol. 105(4), 341–349.
Schober B.M., Zadoks J.C., 1999. Survival of softrot bacteria during the storage of witloof chicory roots. J. Pathol. 147(7/8), 461–466.
Tran-Nguyen L.T.T., Persley D.M., Gibb K.S., 2003. First report of phytoplasma disease in capsicum, celery and chicory in Queensland, Australia. Austr. Plant Pathol. 32(4), 559–560.
Trdan S., Žnidarčič D., Valič N., 2005. Research on the efficacy of three different substances to reduce the occurence of fungus Erysiphe cichoracearum DC. (Erysiphales, Erysiphaceae) on chicory. Bulletin OILB/SROP 28(4), 153–60.
Elżbieta Patkowska
University of Life Sciences in Lublin
University of Life Sciences in Lublin
Mirosław Konopiński
University of Life Sciences in Lublin
University of Life Sciences in Lublin
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