EFFECTS OF CANE-GIRDLING AND CLUSTER AND BERRY THINNING ON BERRY ORGANIC ACIDS OF FOUR Vitis vinifera L. TABLE GRAPE CULTIVARS
Nurhan Keskin
Yüzüncü Yıl University, Van, TurkeyBurçak İşçi
Ege University, İzmir, TurkeyZeliha Gökbayrak
Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, TurkeyAbstract
The response of berry organic acids of four organically grown table grape cultivars to cane-girdling and cluster-berry thinning treatments were evaluated over two
growing seasons. In addition pH, titratable acidity, soluble solids content and maturity index were also determined. Statistical analyses showed that individual organic acid content of the four grape cultivars were significantly affected by the treatments. Tartaric and malic acids of ‘Red Globe’ were mostly influenced by the cluster-berry thinning treatment. ‘Alphonse Lavalleé’ accumulated the highest tartaric acid and malic acid in both the girdled/thinned and the cluster-berry thinned vines, respectively. The control and girdled ‘Trakya Ilkeren’ vines had the most tartaric acid. Control vines also contained high malic acid amount. ‘Buca Razakısı’, on the other hand, had the most prominent tartaric and malic acid levels in the girdled/thinned and thinned vines, respectively. Quality parameters also showed significant differences among the cultivars in response to the treatments.
Keywords:
grapevine, high-performance liquid chromatography, cultural practice, quality chacteristics, phytochemical chacteristicsReferences
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Sabır A., Kafkas E., Tangolar S., 2010. Distribution of major sugars, acids and total phenols in juice of five grapevine [Vitis spp.] cultivars at different stages of berry development. Span. J. Agricult. Res. 8, 425–433.
Shui G., Leong L.P., 2002. Separation and determination of organic acids and phenolic compounds in fruit juices and drinks by high-performance liquid chromatography. J. Chromatogr. A 977, 89–96
Sweetman C., Deluc L.G., Cramer G.R., Ford C.M., Soole K.L., 2009. Regulation of malate metabolism in grape berry and other developing fruits. Phytochemistry 70, 1329–1344.
Tafazoli E., 1977. Increasing fruit set in Vitis vinifera. Sci. Horticult. 6, 121–124.
Winkler A.J., Cook J.A., Kliewer W.M., Lider L.A., 1974. General viticulture. University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles, London.
Wolpert J.A., Howell G.S., Mansfield T.K., 1983. Sampling Vidal blanc grapes. I. Effect of training system, pruning severity, shoot exposure, shoot origin, and cluster thinning on cluster weight and fruit quality. Am. J. Enol. Viticult. 34, 72–76.
Worthington V., 2001. Nutritional quality of organic versus conventional fruits, vegetables, and grains. J. Altern. Complement. Med. 7, 161–173.
Yamane T., Shibayama K., 2006. Effects of trunk girdling and crop load levels on fruit quality and root elongation in Aki Queen grapevines. J. Japan. Soc. Horticult. Sci. 75, 439–444.
Zabadal T.J., 1992. Response of ‘Himrod’ grapevines to cane girdling. HortSci. 27, 975–976.
Ahmad M., Kumari Kaul R., Kaul B.L., 2005. Effect of girdling, thinning and GA3 on fruit growth, yield, quality and shelf life of grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) cv. Perlette. Acta Horticult. (ISHS) 696, 309–313.
Bevilacqua A.E., Califano A.N., 1989. Determination of organic acids in dairy products by high performance liquid chromatography. J. Food Sci. 54, 1076–1079.
Bravdo B.Y., Hepner Y., Loinger C., Cohen S., Tabacman H., 1985. Effect of crop load on growth, yield, must and wine composition, and quality of Cabernet Sauvignon. Am. J. Enol. Viticult. 36, 125–131.
Cirami R.M., Cameron I.J., Hedberg P.R., 1992. Special cultural methods for table grapes. In: Viticulture. Vol. 2 Practices, Coombe B.G., Dry P.R. (eds.). Adelaide Winetitles, 279–301.
Conde C., Silva P., Fontes N., Dias A.C.P., Tavares R.M., Sousa M.J., Agasse A., Delrot S., Gerós H., 2007. Biochemical changes throughout grape berry development and fruit and wine quality. Food 1, 1–22.
Corrales M., Fernandez A., Pinto M.G.V., Butz P., Franz C.M.A.P., Schuele E., Tauscher B., 2010. Characterization of phenolic content, in vitro biological activity, and pesticide loads of extracts from white grape skins from organic and conventional cultivars. Food Chem. Toxic. 48, 3471–3476.
Da Mota R.V., De Souza R.C., Silva C.P.C., De Faria Freitas G., Shiga T.M., Purgatto E., Lajolo F.M., De Albuquerque Regina M., 2010. Biochemical and agronomical responses of grapevines to alteration of source-sink ratio by cluster thinning and shoot trimming. Bragantia, Campinas 69, 17–25.
Dokoozlian N.K., Hirschfelt D.J., 1995. The influence of cluster thinning at various stages of fruit development on Flame Seedless table grapes. Am. J. Enol. Viticult. 4, 429–436.
Dokoozlian N.K., Luvisi D., Moriyama M., Schrader P., 1995. Cultural practices improves color, size of Crimson Seedless. Calif. Agricult. 49, 36–40.
Esteban M.A., Villannueva M.J., Lissarrgue J.R., 1999. Effect of irrigation on changes in berry composition of Tempreanillo during maturation, sugars, organic acids and mineral elements. Am. J. Enol. Viticult. 50, 418–434.
Ezzahouani A., Williams L.E., 2003. Trellising, fruit thinning and defoliation have only small effects on the performance of ‘Ruby Seedless’ grape in Morocco. J. Horticult. Sci. Biotech. 78, 79–83.
Guidoni S., Allara P., Schubert A., 2002. Effect of cluster thinning on berry skin anthocyanin composition of Vitis vinifera cv. Nebbiolo. Am. J. Enol. Viticult. 53, 224–226.
Halbrooks M.C., Mortensen J.A., 1987. Influence of gibberellic acid and various management practices on berry seed and cluster development in ‘Orland Seedless’ grape. Proc. Flor. State Horticult. Soc. 100, 312–315.
Kliewer W.M., 1966. Sugars and organic acids of Vitis vinifera. Plant Physiol. 41, 923–931.
Kordis-Krapez M., Abram V., Kac M., Ferjancic S., 2001. Determination of organic acids in white wines by RP-HPLC. Food Tech. Biotech. 39, 93–99.
Kramer A., Twigg B.A., 1966. Fundamentals of quality control for the food industry, 2nd edn. Avi Publishing, Westport, CT.
Lamikanra O., Inyang I.D., Leong S., 1995. Distribution and effect of grape maturity on organic acid content of red muscadine grapes. J. Agricult. Food Chem. 43, 3026–3028.
Liu H.F., Wu B.H., Fan P.G., Xy H.Y., Li S.H., 2007. Inheritance of sugars and acids in berries of grape (Vitis vinifera L.). Euphytica 153, 99–107.
López-Tamames E., Puig-Deu M.A., Teixeira E., Buxaderas S., 1996. Organic acids, sugars, and glycerol content in white winemaking products determined by HPLC: Relationship to climate and varietal factors. Am. J. Enol. Viticult. 47, 193–198.
Mato I., Suarez-Luque S., Huidobro J.F., 2005. A review of the analytical methods to determine organic acids in grape juices and wines. Food Res. Internat. 38, 1175–1188.
Melino V.J., Soole K.L., Ford C.M., 2009. A method for determination of fruit-derived ascorbic, tartaric, oxalic and malic acids, and its treatment to the study of ascorbic acid catabolism in grapevines. Austral. J. Grape Wine Res. 15, 293–302.
Mitchell A.E., Hong Y.J., Koh E., Barrett D.M., Bryant D.E., Denison R.F., Kaffka S., 2007. Tenyear comparison of the influence of organic and conventional crop management practices on the content of flavonoids in tomatoes. J. Agricult. Food Chem. 55, 6154–6159.
Mullins M.G., Bouquet A., Williams L.E., 1992. Biology of the grapevine. Cambridge Univ. Press, 131–133.
Ough C.S., Nagaoka R., 1984. Effect of cluster thinning on vineyard yields on grape and wine composition and wine quality of Cabernet Sauvignon. Am. J. Enol. Viticult. 35, 30–34.
Park S.J., Cheong S.M., Kim S.H., Ryou M.S., Lee H.C., Jeong S.T., 2009. Establishment of minimum harvesting time for the girdled Campbell Early grape. J. Bio-Environ. Contr. 18, 502–507 (in Korean with English abstract).
Pérez-Ruiz T., Martinez-Lozano C., Tomas V., Martin J., 2004. High-performance liquid chromatographic separation and quantification of citric, lactic, malic, oxalic and tartaric acids using a post-column photochemical reaction and chemiluminescence detection. J. Chromatogr. A, 1026, 57–64.
Reynolds A.G., 1989. ‘Riesling’ grapes respond to cluster thinning and shoot density manipulation. J. Am. Soc. Horticult. Sci. 114, 364–368.
Reynolds A.G., Schlosser J., Power R., Roberts R., Willwerth J., de Savigny C., 2007. Magnitude and interaction of viticultural and enological effects. I. Impact of canopy management and yeast strain on sensory and chemical composition of Chardonnay Musqué. Am. J. Enol. Viticult. 58, 12–24.
Sabır A., Kafkas E., Tangolar S., 2010. Distribution of major sugars, acids and total phenols in juice of five grapevine [Vitis spp.] cultivars at different stages of berry development. Span. J. Agricult. Res. 8, 425–433.
Shui G., Leong L.P., 2002. Separation and determination of organic acids and phenolic compounds in fruit juices and drinks by high-performance liquid chromatography. J. Chromatogr. A 977, 89–96
Sweetman C., Deluc L.G., Cramer G.R., Ford C.M., Soole K.L., 2009. Regulation of malate metabolism in grape berry and other developing fruits. Phytochemistry 70, 1329–1344.
Tafazoli E., 1977. Increasing fruit set in Vitis vinifera. Sci. Horticult. 6, 121–124.
Winkler A.J., Cook J.A., Kliewer W.M., Lider L.A., 1974. General viticulture. University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles, London.
Wolpert J.A., Howell G.S., Mansfield T.K., 1983. Sampling Vidal blanc grapes. I. Effect of training system, pruning severity, shoot exposure, shoot origin, and cluster thinning on cluster weight and fruit quality. Am. J. Enol. Viticult. 34, 72–76.
Worthington V., 2001. Nutritional quality of organic versus conventional fruits, vegetables, and grains. J. Altern. Complement. Med. 7, 161–173.
Yamane T., Shibayama K., 2006. Effects of trunk girdling and crop load levels on fruit quality and root elongation in Aki Queen grapevines. J. Japan. Soc. Horticult. Sci. 75, 439–444.
Zabadal T.J., 1992. Response of ‘Himrod’ grapevines to cane girdling. HortSci. 27, 975–976.
Nurhan Keskin
Yüzüncü Yıl University, Van, Turkey
Yüzüncü Yıl University, Van, Turkey
Burçak İşçi
Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
Zeliha Gökbayrak
Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Turkey
Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Turkey
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