CONIDIOGENESIS OF Phoma strasseri THE FUNGUS RESPONSIBLE FOR BLACK STEM AND RHIZOMES ROT IN PEPPERMINT (Mentha piperita)
Beata Zimowska
University of Life Sciences in LublinAbstract
Phoma strasseri is one of the major pathogen of peppermint (Mentha piperita). An important criterion in the classification of Phoma spp. is conidiogenesis, which has
never been studied in P. strasseri before. The analysis using a FEI Tecnai Spirit G2 electron microscope revealed enteroblastic phialidic ontogeny as a type of conidiogenesis present in this species. Conidia are formed on small conidiogenous cells, called phialides. The tip of the conidiogenous cell is surrounded by a characteristic collarette. The surface of the conidium wall is covered with a mucilaginous sheath, which may enable conidia to attach to the plant surface.
Keywords:
phomosis of mint, conidiogenesis, enteroblastic phialidic ontogenyReferences
Armstrong K.F., Ball S.L., 2005. Barcodes for biosecurity: invasive species identification. Philosophical Transaction of the Royal Society of London B 360, 1813–1823.
Aveskamp M.M., De Gruyter J., Crous, P.W., 2008. Biology and recent developments in the systematics of Phoma, a complex genus of major quarantine significance. Fungal Diversity. 31, 1–18.
Bishop C.D., Cooper R.M., 1983. An ultrastructural study of root invasion in three vascular wilt diseases. Physiol. Plant Pathol. 22, 15–27.
Boerema G.H., 1976. The species studied in culture by Dr Dennis. Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 67, 289–319.
Boerema G.H., Bollen G.J., 1975. Conidiogenesis and conidial septation as differentiating criteria between Phoma and Ascochyta. Persoonia. 8, 111–144.
Brewer J.G., Boerema G. H., 1965. Electron microscope observations on the development of pycnidiospores in Phoma and Ascochyta spp. Proc. K. Ned. Akad. Wet., Sect. C. 68, 86–97.
De Gruyter J., Noordeloos M.E., 1992. Contributions towards a monograph of Phoma (Coelomycetes) – I. 1. Section Phoma: Taxa with very small conidia in vitro. Persoonia. 15, 71–92.
Dennis R.W.G., 1946. Notes on some British fungi ascribed to Phoma and related genera. Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 29, 11–42.
Gold R.N., Mendgen K., 1984. Cytology of basidiospore germination, penetration and early colonization of Phaseolus vulgaris by Uromyces appendiculatus var. appendiculatus. Can. J. Bot. 62, 1989–2002.
Grimes M., O' Connor M., Cummins H.A., 1932. A study of some Phoma species. Trans. British Mycol. Soc. 17, 97–111.
Hebert P.D.N., Cywinska A., Ball S.L., De Waard, J.R., 2002. Biological identification through DNA barcodes. Proc. Royal Soc. London B. 270, 313–321.
Höhl B., Pfautsch M., Barz W., 1990. Histology of disease development in resistant and susceptible cultivars (Cicer arietinum L.) inoculated with spores of Ascochyta rabiei. J. Phytopathol. 129, 31–45.
Kerchung K., Hoch H.C., 1995. Visualization of the extracellular matrix surrounding pycnidiospores, germlings and appressoria of Phylosticta amplicida. Mycologia, 87, 759–771.
Kulik M.M., 1988. Observation by scanning electron and bright-field microscopy on the mode of penetration of soybean seedlings by Phomopsis phaseoli. Plant Dis. 72, 115–118.
Marcinkowska J., 1995. Nowoczesne spojrzenie na systematykę rodzaju Phoma. Wiad. Botaniczne, 39, 47–52.
Maurin N., Gouuret J.P., Tivoli B., 1993. Histopathology of the interaction between Ascochyta fabae and Vicia fabae: Comparison of susceptible and resistant reactions. Agronomie, 13, 921–927.
Melouk H.A., Horner Ch.E., 1972. Production of pectolytic and macerating enzyme by Phoma strasseri. Can. J. Microbiol. 18, 1065–1072.
Monte E., Bridge P.D., Sutton B.C., 1990. Physiological and biochemical studies in Coelomycetes. Phoma. Stud. Mycol., 32, 21–28.
Monte E., Bridge P.D., Sutton B.C., 1991. An integrated approach to Phoma systematic. Mycopathologia. 115, 89–103.
Pascholati S.F., Yoshioka H., Kunoh H., 1992. Preparation of the infection court by Erysiphe graminis f. sp. hordei: Cutinase is a component of the conidial exudates. Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol. 41, 53–59.
Rai M.K., Rajak R.C., 1993. Distinguishing characteristics of selected Phoma species. Mycotaxon. 48, 389–414.
Roustaee A., Dechamp-Guillaume G., Gelie B., Savy C., Dargent R., Barrault G., 2000. Ultrastructural studies of the mode of penetration by Phoma macdonaldii in sunflower seedlings. Phytopathology. 90, 915–920.
Saccardo P.A., 1884. Sylloge Sphaeropsidearum et Melanconiearum omnium hucusque Cognitorum. Sylloge Fungorum. 3, 1–860.
Sutton B.C., 1964. Phoma and related genera. Tran. British Mycol. Soc., 47, 497–509.
Veses V., Richards A., Gow N.A.R., 2008. Vacuoles and fungal biology. Current Opinion in Microbiology. 11, 503–510.
Wollenweber H.W., Hochapfel H., 1936. Beiträge zur Kenntnis parasitärer und saprophytotischer Pilze. I. Phomopsis, Dendrophoma, Phoma und Ascochyta und ihre Beziehung zur Fruchtfäule. Zeitschrift für Parasitenkunde. 8, 561–605.
Zimowska B., 2007. Fungi colonizing and damaging different parts of peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) cultivated in South-Eastern Poland. Herba Pol. 53, 97–105.
Zimowska B., Machowicz-Stefaniak Z., 2005. Charakterystyka izolatów Phoma strasseri nie notowanego w Polsce patogena mięty pieprzowej (Mentha piperita L.). Acta Agrobot. 58, 151–162.
Aveskamp M.M., De Gruyter J., Crous, P.W., 2008. Biology and recent developments in the systematics of Phoma, a complex genus of major quarantine significance. Fungal Diversity. 31, 1–18.
Bishop C.D., Cooper R.M., 1983. An ultrastructural study of root invasion in three vascular wilt diseases. Physiol. Plant Pathol. 22, 15–27.
Boerema G.H., 1976. The species studied in culture by Dr Dennis. Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 67, 289–319.
Boerema G.H., Bollen G.J., 1975. Conidiogenesis and conidial septation as differentiating criteria between Phoma and Ascochyta. Persoonia. 8, 111–144.
Brewer J.G., Boerema G. H., 1965. Electron microscope observations on the development of pycnidiospores in Phoma and Ascochyta spp. Proc. K. Ned. Akad. Wet., Sect. C. 68, 86–97.
De Gruyter J., Noordeloos M.E., 1992. Contributions towards a monograph of Phoma (Coelomycetes) – I. 1. Section Phoma: Taxa with very small conidia in vitro. Persoonia. 15, 71–92.
Dennis R.W.G., 1946. Notes on some British fungi ascribed to Phoma and related genera. Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 29, 11–42.
Gold R.N., Mendgen K., 1984. Cytology of basidiospore germination, penetration and early colonization of Phaseolus vulgaris by Uromyces appendiculatus var. appendiculatus. Can. J. Bot. 62, 1989–2002.
Grimes M., O' Connor M., Cummins H.A., 1932. A study of some Phoma species. Trans. British Mycol. Soc. 17, 97–111.
Hebert P.D.N., Cywinska A., Ball S.L., De Waard, J.R., 2002. Biological identification through DNA barcodes. Proc. Royal Soc. London B. 270, 313–321.
Höhl B., Pfautsch M., Barz W., 1990. Histology of disease development in resistant and susceptible cultivars (Cicer arietinum L.) inoculated with spores of Ascochyta rabiei. J. Phytopathol. 129, 31–45.
Kerchung K., Hoch H.C., 1995. Visualization of the extracellular matrix surrounding pycnidiospores, germlings and appressoria of Phylosticta amplicida. Mycologia, 87, 759–771.
Kulik M.M., 1988. Observation by scanning electron and bright-field microscopy on the mode of penetration of soybean seedlings by Phomopsis phaseoli. Plant Dis. 72, 115–118.
Marcinkowska J., 1995. Nowoczesne spojrzenie na systematykę rodzaju Phoma. Wiad. Botaniczne, 39, 47–52.
Maurin N., Gouuret J.P., Tivoli B., 1993. Histopathology of the interaction between Ascochyta fabae and Vicia fabae: Comparison of susceptible and resistant reactions. Agronomie, 13, 921–927.
Melouk H.A., Horner Ch.E., 1972. Production of pectolytic and macerating enzyme by Phoma strasseri. Can. J. Microbiol. 18, 1065–1072.
Monte E., Bridge P.D., Sutton B.C., 1990. Physiological and biochemical studies in Coelomycetes. Phoma. Stud. Mycol., 32, 21–28.
Monte E., Bridge P.D., Sutton B.C., 1991. An integrated approach to Phoma systematic. Mycopathologia. 115, 89–103.
Pascholati S.F., Yoshioka H., Kunoh H., 1992. Preparation of the infection court by Erysiphe graminis f. sp. hordei: Cutinase is a component of the conidial exudates. Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol. 41, 53–59.
Rai M.K., Rajak R.C., 1993. Distinguishing characteristics of selected Phoma species. Mycotaxon. 48, 389–414.
Roustaee A., Dechamp-Guillaume G., Gelie B., Savy C., Dargent R., Barrault G., 2000. Ultrastructural studies of the mode of penetration by Phoma macdonaldii in sunflower seedlings. Phytopathology. 90, 915–920.
Saccardo P.A., 1884. Sylloge Sphaeropsidearum et Melanconiearum omnium hucusque Cognitorum. Sylloge Fungorum. 3, 1–860.
Sutton B.C., 1964. Phoma and related genera. Tran. British Mycol. Soc., 47, 497–509.
Veses V., Richards A., Gow N.A.R., 2008. Vacuoles and fungal biology. Current Opinion in Microbiology. 11, 503–510.
Wollenweber H.W., Hochapfel H., 1936. Beiträge zur Kenntnis parasitärer und saprophytotischer Pilze. I. Phomopsis, Dendrophoma, Phoma und Ascochyta und ihre Beziehung zur Fruchtfäule. Zeitschrift für Parasitenkunde. 8, 561–605.
Zimowska B., 2007. Fungi colonizing and damaging different parts of peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) cultivated in South-Eastern Poland. Herba Pol. 53, 97–105.
Zimowska B., Machowicz-Stefaniak Z., 2005. Charakterystyka izolatów Phoma strasseri nie notowanego w Polsce patogena mięty pieprzowej (Mentha piperita L.). Acta Agrobot. 58, 151–162.
Beata Zimowska
University of Life Sciences in Lublin
University of Life Sciences in Lublin
License
Articles are made available under the conditions CC BY 4.0 (until 2020 under the conditions CC BY-NC-ND 4.0).
Submission of the paper implies that it has not been published previously, that it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere.
The author signs a statement of the originality of the work, the contribution of individuals, and source of funding.
