GROWTH AND BRANCHING OF PEAR TREES (Pyrus domestica, Rosaceae) IN NURSERY
Tomo Milošević
Faculty of Agronomy in Čačak, SerbiaNebojša Milošević
Fruit Research Institute in Čačak, SerbiaAbstract
The study was conducted in two successive years to examine the capacity of formation of sylleptic shoots in nursery trees of ‘Abbé Fétel’, ‘Conference’ and ‘Starking
Delicious’ pear cultivars grafted on quince MA and quince BA 29 rootstocks during the first year after bud grafting. Tree height, trunk diameter – 10 cm above the bud union and number of sylleptic shoots were measured at the end of each season. Tree height was measured from the ground level. The greatest number of sylleptic shoots was registered in ‘Abbé Fétel’ in both seasons, and the smallest in ‘Starking Delicious’. Tree height and tree diameter were highly significantly affected by cultivar in both years and by rootstock in 2008. The interactions between them did not significantly affect the examined parameters. The study showed that the early growth and syllepsis of pear nursery trees during the first year after bud-grafting were incomparably more affected by cultivar than by rootstock.
Keywords:
nursery trees, pear cultivar, correlation, sylleptic shoot, rootstockReferences
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Baryła P., Kapłan M., 2006. The effect of stocks on the quality of young trees and the nursery efficiency of cherry trees cv. ‘Łutówka’. Acta Sci. Pol., Hortorum Cultus 5(1), 45–52.
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Costes E., Belouin A., Brouard L., Lelezec M., 2004. Development of young pear trees and occurrence of first flowering: A varietal comparison. J. Hortic. Sci. Biotech. 79, 67–74.
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Kamboy S.J., Quinlan J.D., 1997. The apple rootstock and its influence on endogenous hormones. Acta Hort. 463, 143–152.
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Ouellette D.R., Young E., 1994, Branch inducement in apple stool bed shoots by summer leaf removal and tipping. HortSci. 29, 1478–1480.
Popenoe J., Barritt B.H., 1988. Branch induction by growth regulators and leaf removal in ‘Delicious’ apple nursery stock. HortSci. 23, 859–862.
Quinlan J.D., Tobutt K.R., 1990. Manipulating fruit tree chemically and genetically for improved performance. HortSci. 25, 60–64.
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Sansavini S., Ancarani V., Neri D., 2008. Overview of intensive pear culture: Planting, density, rootstock, orchard management, soil-water relations and fruit quality. Acta Hort.800, 35–50.
Seleznyova A.N., Tustin S., Thorp T., 2008. Apple dwarfing rootstock and interstocks affect the type of growth units produced during the annual growth cycle: Precocious transition to flowering affects the composition and vigour of annual shoots. Ann. Bot. 101, 697–687.
Sultan S., (2000) Phenotypic plasticity for plant development, function and life history. Trends Plant Sci., 5, 537–542.
Tromp J., 1996. Sylleptic shoot formation in young apple trees exposed to various soil temperature and air humidity regimes in three successive periods of the growing season. Ann. Bot. 77, 63–70.
Tubbs F.R., 1974. Rootstock/scion relations in horticultural crop physiology. Sci. Hortic. 2, 221–230.
Volz R.K., Gibbs H.M., Popenoe J., 1994. Branch induction on apple nursery trees: effects of growth regulators and defoliation. New Zeal. J. Crop Hort. Sci. 22, 277–283.
Wang S.Y., Faust M., Line M.J., 1994. Apical dominance in apple (Malus domestica Borkh.): The possible role of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 119, 1215–1221.
Webster A.D., Oehl V.H., Jackson E.J., Jones O.P., 1985. The orchard establishment, growth and precocity of four micropropagated apple scion cultivars. J. Hortic. Sci. Biotech. 60, 169–180.
Wertheim S.J., 1978. Manual and chemical induction of side-shoot formation in apple trees in the nursery. Sci. Hortic. 9, 337–345.
Wertheim S.J., Estabrooks E.N., 1994. Effect of repeated sprays of 6-benzyladenine on the formation of sylleptic shoots in apple in the fruit-tree nursery. Sci. Hortic. 60, 31–39.
Wertheim S.J., 2002. Rootstocks for European pear: A review. Acta Hort. 596, 299–309.
Baryła P., Kapłan M., 2005. The estimation of the growth and the branching of the six stocks under the cherry and the sweet cherry trees. Acta Sci. Pol., Hortorum Cultus 4(1), 119–129.
Baryła P., Kapłan M., 2006. The effect of stocks on the quality of young trees and the nursery efficiency of cherry trees cv. ‘Łutówka’. Acta Sci. Pol., Hortorum Cultus 5(1), 45–52.
Buban T., 2000. The use of benzyladenine in orchard fruit growing: a mini review. Plant Growth Regul. 32:381–390.
Cline M.G., 1991. Apical dominance. Bot. Rev. 57, 318–358.
Cody C.A., Larsen F.E., Fritts R.Jr., 1985. Induction of lateral branches in tree fruit nursery stock with propyl-3-t-butylphenoxy acetate (M and B 25, 105) and Promalin (GA4+7+6-benzyl–adenine. Sci. Hort. 26, 111–118.
Cook N.C., Rabe E., Keulemans J., Jacobs G., 1998. The expression of acrotony in deciduous fruit trees: a study of the apple rootstock M9. J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. 123, 30–34.
Costes E., Salles C.J., Garcia G., 2001. Growth and branching pattern along the main axis of two apple cultivars grafted on two different rootstocks. Acta Hort. 557, 131–138.
Costes E., Belouin A., Brouard L., Lelezec M., 2004. Development of young pear trees and occurrence of first flowering: A varietal comparison. J. Hortic. Sci. Biotech. 79, 67–74.
de Jong G., 2005. Evolution of phenotypic plasticity: patterns of plasticity and the emergence of ecotypes. New Phytol. 166, 101–118.
Fallahi E., Colt M.W., Fallahi B., Chun J.I., 2002. The importance of apple rootstocks on tree growth, yield, fruit quality, leaf nutrition, and photosynthesis with an emphasis on ‘Fuji’. HortTechn. 12, 38–44.
Ferree D.C., Erb A.W., Morrison D.F., 2001a. Influence of four apple cultivars on five dwarfing rootstocks on morphology of two-year-old limb sections. Fruit Variet. J. 53, 159–165.
Ferree D.C., Erb A.W., Morrison D.F., 2001b. Influence of four apple cultivars on five dwarfing rootstocks on spur quality. Fruit Variet. J. 53, 166–172.
Jacyna T., 1996. Induction of lateral branching in nursery pear and apple trees with plant growth regulators. Fruit Variet. J. 50, 151–156.
Jacyna T., 2004. The role of cultivar and rootstock in sylleptic shoot formation in maiden pear trees. J. Fruit Ornament. Plant Res. 12, 41–47.
Kamboy S.J., Quinlan J.D., 1997. The apple rootstock and its influence on endogenous hormones. Acta Hort. 463, 143–152.
Kobelus V., 2002. Rootstocks from genus Cydonia spp. and their incompatibility with chosen new Czech pear varieties. Acta Agric. Serb. 7, 49–53.
Kowalik M., 2001. Korelacje wzrostowe u jednorocznych okulantów czereśni, gruszy i jabłoni. Ms. thesis, University of Agriculture, Lublin, Poland.
Łanczont M., 2004. Korelacje wzrostowe u jednorocznych okulantów jabłoni, gruszy i śliwy. Ms. thesis, University of Agriculture, Lublin, Poland.
Lauri P.E., Costes E., 1995. Processus de croissance et ramification anticipeâe chez le peâcher [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch]. In: Architecture Des Arbres Fruitiers Et Forestiers (ed) Montpellier. Les Colloques de l'INRA 74, 61–67.
Lauri P.É., Térouanne É., Lespinasse J., Regnard L.J., Kelner J.J., 1995, Genotypic differences in the axillary bud growth and fruiting pattern of apple fruiting branches over several years: an approach to regulation of fruit bearing. Sci. Hortic. 64, 264–281.
Lauri P.É., Maguylo K., Trottier C., 2006. Architecture and size relations: an essay on the apple (Malus domestica, Rosaceae) tree. Am. J. Bot. 93, 357–368.
Lauri P.É., 2007. Differentiation and growth traits associated with acrotony in the apple tree (Malus domestica, Rosaceae). Am. J. Bot. 94, 1273–1281.
Legave J.M., Segura V., Fournier D., Costes E., 2006. The effect of genotype, location and their interaction on early growth and branching in apricot trees. J. Hortic. Sci. Biotech. 81, 189–198.
Lespinasse J.M., Delort F.J., 1986. Apple tree management in Primary axis: appraisal after ten years of experiments. Acta Hort. 160, 120–155.
Lewko J., Ścibisz K., Sadowski A., 2007. Performance of two pear cultivars on six different rootstocks in the nursery. Acta Hort. 732, 227–231.
M-STAT., 1990. A microcomputer program for the design, management and analysis of agronomic research experiments. Michigan State University, EL, USA.
Novoplansky A., 2003. Ecological implications of the determination of branch hierarchies. New Phytol. 160, 111–118.
Ostrowska K., Chełpiński P., 1997. The relationship between growth indices of young pear trees. Folia Hortic. 9, 71–82.
Ouellette D.R., Young E., 1994, Branch inducement in apple stool bed shoots by summer leaf removal and tipping. HortSci. 29, 1478–1480.
Popenoe J., Barritt B.H., 1988. Branch induction by growth regulators and leaf removal in ‘Delicious’ apple nursery stock. HortSci. 23, 859–862.
Quinlan J.D., Tobutt K.R., 1990. Manipulating fruit tree chemically and genetically for improved performance. HortSci. 25, 60–64.
Řezníček V., Salaš P., 2001, Untraditional production of nursery material of pear-trees. In: 9th International Conference of Horticulture, September 3–6th, Lednice, Czech Republic. Proceed. 1, 192–200.
Sansavini S., Ancarani V., Neri D., 2008. Overview of intensive pear culture: Planting, density, rootstock, orchard management, soil-water relations and fruit quality. Acta Hort.800, 35–50.
Seleznyova A.N., Tustin S., Thorp T., 2008. Apple dwarfing rootstock and interstocks affect the type of growth units produced during the annual growth cycle: Precocious transition to flowering affects the composition and vigour of annual shoots. Ann. Bot. 101, 697–687.
Sultan S., (2000) Phenotypic plasticity for plant development, function and life history. Trends Plant Sci., 5, 537–542.
Tromp J., 1996. Sylleptic shoot formation in young apple trees exposed to various soil temperature and air humidity regimes in three successive periods of the growing season. Ann. Bot. 77, 63–70.
Tubbs F.R., 1974. Rootstock/scion relations in horticultural crop physiology. Sci. Hortic. 2, 221–230.
Volz R.K., Gibbs H.M., Popenoe J., 1994. Branch induction on apple nursery trees: effects of growth regulators and defoliation. New Zeal. J. Crop Hort. Sci. 22, 277–283.
Wang S.Y., Faust M., Line M.J., 1994. Apical dominance in apple (Malus domestica Borkh.): The possible role of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 119, 1215–1221.
Webster A.D., Oehl V.H., Jackson E.J., Jones O.P., 1985. The orchard establishment, growth and precocity of four micropropagated apple scion cultivars. J. Hortic. Sci. Biotech. 60, 169–180.
Wertheim S.J., 1978. Manual and chemical induction of side-shoot formation in apple trees in the nursery. Sci. Hortic. 9, 337–345.
Wertheim S.J., Estabrooks E.N., 1994. Effect of repeated sprays of 6-benzyladenine on the formation of sylleptic shoots in apple in the fruit-tree nursery. Sci. Hortic. 60, 31–39.
Wertheim S.J., 2002. Rootstocks for European pear: A review. Acta Hort. 596, 299–309.
Tomo Milošević
Faculty of Agronomy in Čačak, Serbia
Faculty of Agronomy in Čačak, Serbia
Nebojša Milošević
Fruit Research Institute in Čačak, Serbia
Fruit Research Institute in Čačak, Serbia
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