Inoculating mycorrhiza fungi and growth-promoting bacteria and mulch of plant residues improve yield and essential oil production of anise (Pimpinella anisum L.)
Zahra Ebrahimi
Agronomy and Plant Breeding Department, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Iranhttps://orcid.org/0009-0007-7811-6133
Esfandiar Fateh
Production Engineering and Plant Genetics and Horticulture Department, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Iranhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-5126-786X
Mohammad Mahmoodi Soorestani
Production Engineering and Plant Genetics and Horticulture Department, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Iranhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-4918
Mansour Ghorbanpour
Department of Medicinal Plants, Arak Universityhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-4790-2701
Abstract
This experiment aimed to investigate the effects of Pseudomonas growth-promoting bacteria, mycorrhizal fungi, and living mulch on morphological and physiological traits of a medicinal herb, Pimpinella anisum. The study was carried out using a factorial design in a randomized complete block design arrangement with three replications during the crop year of 2019–2020. The first factor includes the use of biological fertilizers (fungi and bacteria) at four levels: 1) control (without the use of biological fertilizers), 2) mycorrhizal fungi, 3) growth-promoting bacteria, 4) combined use of growth-promoting bacteria and fungi. The second factor includes mulch (plant residues) at four levels: 1) control, 2) wheat straw (3 t/ha), 3) berseem clover mulch (2 t/ha), 4) living berseem clover mulch, cultivated among the rows of anise. Cultivation of clover and anise was done simultaneously. Results showed that the combined use of biological fertilizers (Glomus intraradices and Pseudomonas putida) along with living clover mulch led to a significant increase in seed yield, harvest index, and the essential oil yield of anise. Moreover, under such conditions, the highest seed yield (930.8 kg/ha) and the highest essential oil yield (18.15 kg/ha) increased by 48% and 51% compared to the control, respectively. We found that the use of living clover mulch led to a significant increase in biological yield, seed yield, and the number of umbels and umbellets of anise. Accordingly, the highest biological yield of 5332 kg/ha was obtained, which was 55% higher than the control. The extraction of essential oil components showed that α-pinene and para-cymene showed the highest amount and significant components of essential oil. Moreover, the maximum amount of α-pinene (2.277%) observed upon fungi and living clover application along with inter-row clover cultivation (increased by 60% compared to the control), and the maximum value of para-cymene (0.2300%) was obtained upon bacteria and living clover inoculation along with inter-row clover cultivation (increased by 59% compared to the control). Finally, according to the perspectives of sustainable and organic agriculture in medicinal plant cultivation, the use of ecologically compatible inputs such as bacteria and fungi that stabilize food elements, as well as the use of living and non-living plant mulches, can be used as a tool to increase the quantitative and qualitative performance of the anise plant.
Keywords:
Pseudomonas bacteria, plant residues, berseem clover, medicinal herb, essential oil, living mulch, α-pinene, para-cymeneReferences
Abbas-Zadeh, P., Saleh-Rastin, N., Asadi-Rahmani, H., Khavazi, K., Soltani, A., Shoary-Nejati, A.R., Miransari M. (2010). Plant growth-promoting activities of fluorescent pseudomonads, isolated from the Iranian soils. Acta Physiol Plant., 32, 281–288. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-009-0405-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-009-0405-1
Adams, R. (2001). Identification of essential oil components by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Allured Publishing Corporation Carol Stream, IL.
Aliabadi Farahani, H., Arbab, A., Abbaszadeh, B. (2008). The effects of super phosphate triple, water deficit stress and Glomus biological fertilizer on some quantity and quality characteristics of Coriandrum sativum L. Iran. J. Med. Aroma. Plants, 24(1), 18–30.
Ansari, M., Ardakani, M. Asadi-Rahmani, H. Habibi, D., Paknejad, F. (2015). Effect of Pseudomonas fluorescent on soluble sugar, proline and hormonal status of maize (Zea mays L.) under drought stress. J. Plant Ecophys., 39(10), 42–54.
Boyeri Deh Sheikh, P., Mahmoudi Sourestani, M., Zolfaghari, M., Enayati Zamir, N. (2017). The study on the effect of biological and chemical fertilizers and humic acid on the growth, physiological characteristics and essential oil content of catnip (Nepeta cataria L.). J. Plant Prod. Res., 24(2), 61–76. https://doi.org/10.22069/jopp.2017.10923.2029
Dastborhan, S., Zehtab Salmasi, S. Nasrolahzadeh, S., Tavasoli, A. (2011). Effect of stimulator growth rhizobacteria and different chemical nitrogen on flower and essential oil yield and nitrogen use efficiency in chamomile. Med. Aroma. Plants Res. J., 27(2), 290–305.
Deepika, S., Kothamasi, D. (2015). Soil moisture – a regulator of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal community assembly and symbiotic phosphorus uptake. Mycorrhiza, 25, 67–75. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00572-014-0596-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00572-014-0596-1
Eblagh, N., Fateh, E. Farzane, M., Osfuri, M. (2013). Effect of cattle manure application, phosphate solubilizing bacteria and different phosphrous levels on yield and essence components of Trachyspermum ammi L. J. Agric. Sci. Sust. Prod. (special issue), 1–15.
Fateh, A. (2015). The effect of planting date and density on the quantitative and qualitative yield of anise medicinal plant. Final report of research project 1253. Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz.
Floresa, A., Lunab, A., Portugalb, V. (2010). Yield and quality enhancement of marigold flowers by inoculation with Bacillus subtilis and Glomus fasciculatum. J. Sust. Agric., 31(1), 21–31. https://doi.org/10.1300/J064v31n01_04 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1300/J064v31n01_04
Ghorbanpour, M., Hatami, H., Kariman, K., Abbaszadeh Dahaji, P. (2016). Phytochemical variations and enhanced efficiency of antioxidant and antimicrobial ingredients in Salvia officinalis as inoculated with different rhizobacteria. Chem. Biodiversity, 13, 319–330. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.201500082 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.201500082
Ghorbanpour, M., Majnoun Hoseini, N., Rezazadeh, Sh., Omidi, M., Khavazi, K., Hatami, M. (2011). Variations of root and shoot tropane alkaloids production of Hyoscyamus niger under two rhizobacteria strains inoculation and water deficit stress. J. Med. Plants, 10(40), 160–170. Available at: http://jmp.ir/article-1-193-en.html
Ghorbanpour, M., Hatami, M., Khavazi, K. (2013a). Role of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria on antioxidant enzyme activities and tropane alkaloids production of Hyoscyamus niger under water deficit stress. Turk. J. Biol., 37, 350–360. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3906/biy-1209-12
Ghorbanpour, M., Khavazi, K., Ghafarzadegan, R., Hatami, M. (2013b). Two main tropane alkaloids variations of black henbane (Hyoscyamus niger) under PGPRs inoculation and water deficit stress induction at flowering stage. J. Med. Plants, 12(45), 29‒42.
Ghorbanpour, M., Hosseini, N., Khodae Motlagh, M., Solgi, M. (2014). The effects of inoculation with pseudomonads rhizobacteria on growth, quantity and quality of essential oils in sage (Salvia officinalis L.) plant. J. Med. Plants, 52, 89‒100. Available at: http://jmp.ir/article-1-875-en.html
Ghorbanpour, M., Hatami, H. (2013). PGPR strains affect seedling vigor index and seed secondary metabolites accumulation of black henbane under drought stress. Trak. J. Sci., 2, 135‒143.
Ghorbanpour, M., Hatami, H. (2014). Biopriming of Salvia officinalis L. seed with plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPRs) changes the invigoration and primary growth indices. J. Biol. Environ. Sci., 8(22), 29–36.
Ghorbanpour, M., Omidvari, M., Abbaszadeh-Dahaji, P., Omidvar, R., Kariman, K. (2018). Mechanisms underlying the protective effects of beneficial fungi against plant diseases. Biol. Control, 117, 147–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2017.11.006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2017.11.006
Habibzadeh, Y., Pirzad, A. Zardashtai, M., Jalilian, J. And Eini, O. (2012). Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on seed and protein yield under water–deficit stress in Mung bean. Agron. J., 105(1), 79–84. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2012.0069 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2012.0069
Hashemzadeh, F., Mirshekari, B., Yarnia, M., Rahimzadeh Khoei, F., Tarinejhad, A. (2014). Effect of bio and chemical fertilizers on yield, yield components and mycorrhizal colonization percent on common dill (Anethum graveolens L.). J. Crop Ecophysiol., 8, 257–270.
Khalesvar, Sh., Ghalavand, A., Sefidkon, F., Asgharzadeh, A. (2011). The effect of biological and organic inputs on the quantity and quality of essential oil and the absorption rate of some elements in anise medicinal plant. Iran. J. Med. Aroma. Plants, 27(4), 551–560. https://doi.org/10.22092/ijmapr.2012.4504
Khaosaad, T., Vierheilig, H., Nell, M., Zitterl-Eglseer, K., Novak, J. (2006). Arbuscular mycorrhiza alter the concentration of essential oils in oregano (Origanum sp., Lamiaceae). Mycorrhiza, 16, 443–446. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00572-006-0062-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00572-006-0062-9
Koocheki, A., Shabahang, J. Khorramdel, S., Nadjafi, F. (2015). Effects of mycorrhiza inoculation and different irrigation levels on yield, yield components and essential oil contents of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) and ajwain (Trachyspermum ammi L.). J. Agroecol., 7(1), 129–213. https://doi.org/10.22067/jag.v7i1.48191
Kouchaki, A., Sarmadnia, G. (1998). Physiology of crop plants, 7th ed. Tehran University Publications.
Lou, Y., Liang, W., Xu, M., He, X, Wang, Y. (2011). Straw coverage alleviates seasonal variability of the topsoil microbial biomass and activity. Catena, 86, 117–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2011.03.006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2011.03.006
Omid Beygi, R. (2013). Production and processing of medicinal plants, 3rd vol., 7th ed. Astan Quds Razavi Publishing House, 397.
Naseri, R., Siadat, S., Nazarbeygi, A., Mirzaei, A., Soleymani Fard, A. (2010). The effect of Azotobacter and Azespirillium bacteria in reducing nitrogen fertilizer usage in safflower. National Conference of New Achievements in the Production of Plants with Oil Origin. Islamic Azad University, Bojnord branch, 1–7.
Noorzad, S., Ahmadian, A., Moghadam, M., Daneshfar, A. (2014). The effect of drought stress on the yield, yield components and basis of coriander medicinal plant under the influence of various organic and chemical fertilizers. J. Crops Improvement, 2(16), 289–302. https://doi.org/10.22059/jci.2014.53044
Rahimzadeh, S., Pirzad, A. (2017). Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and Pseudomonas in reduce drought stress damage in flax (Linum usitatissimum L.): a field study. Mycorrhiza, 27(6), 537–552. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00572-017-0775-y DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00572-017-0775-y
Rahma, H., Kristina, N. (2021). Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR): as a potential biocontrol for Curvularia lunata in vitro. J. Phys. Conf. Ser., 1940, 012097. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1940/1/012091 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1940/1/012091
Rezaee Chianeh, I., Pirzad, A., Fargami, A. (2015). The effect of bacteria suppliers’ nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur on seed yield and essential oil of cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.). J. Sust. Agric. Prod. Sci., 24(4), 71–83.
Rezvani Moghadam, P., Moradi, R. (2012). Assessment of planting date, biological fertilizer and intercropping on yield and essential oil of cumin and fenugreek. Iran. J. Field Crop Sci., 43(2), 217–230. https://doi.org/10.22059/ijfcs.2012.28484
Saghafi, D., Alikhani, H., Motesharezadeh, B. (2013). Effect of plant growth promoting rhizobia on improving the nutritional status of canola (Brassica napus L.) under salinity stress. J. Water Soil Sci., 23(4), 159–176.
Saghafi, D., Ghorbanpour, M., Asgari Lajayer, B. (2018). Efficiency of Rhizobium strains as plant growth promoting rhizobacteria on morpho-physiological properties of Brassica napus L. under salinity stress. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 18(1), 253–268. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-95162018005000903 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-95162018005000903
Saghafi, D., Delangiz, N., Lajayer, B.A., Ghorbanpour, M. (2019). An overview on improvement of crop productivity in saline soils by halotolerant and halophilic PGPRs. 3 Biotech, 9(7), 261. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-019-1799-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-019-1799-0
Shabahang, J., Khorramdel, S., Gheshm, R. (2013). Evaluation of symbiosis with mycorhizzal on yield, yield components and essential oil of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) and ajowan (Carum copticum L.) under different nitrogen levels. J. Agroecol., 5, 289–298. https://doi.org/10.22067/jag.v5i3.29001
Stajkovic, O., Delic, D. Josic, D. Kuzmanovic, D. Rasulic, N., Knezevic Vukcevic, J. (2011). Improvement of common bean growth-promoting bacteria. Rom. Biotech. Lett., 16, 5919–5926.
Talaei, G., Amini Dehaghi, M., Shakati, B. (2014). Effects of biological fertilizers on quantitative and qualitative yield of cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.). Journal of Chemical Health Risks (2014) 4(2), 55–64.
Tarraf, W., Ruta, C., Tagarelli, A., De Cillis, F., De Mastro, G. (2017). Influence of arbuscular mycorrhizae on plant growth, essential oil production and phosphorus uptake of Salvia officinalis L. Ind. Crops Prod., 102, 144–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2017.03.010 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2017.03.010
Vosnjak, M. Likar, M., Osterc, G. (2017). The effect of mycorrhizal inoculum and phosphorus treatment on growth and flowering of ajania (Ajania pacifica (Nakai) Bremer et Humphries) plant. Horticulturae, (7), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae7070178 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae7070178
Wang, J., Huang, J., Zhao, X., Wu, P., Horwath, W., Li, H., Jing, Z., Chen, X. (2016). Simulated study on effects of ground managements on soil water and available nutrients in Jujube orchards. Land Degrad. Develop., 27, 35–42. https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.2334 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.2334
Xu, Y., Li, C., Zhu, W., Wang, Z., Wu, L., Apeng, D. (2022). Effects of enrichment planting with native tree species on bacterial community structure and potential impact on Eucalyptus plantations in southern China. J. For. Res., 33, 1349–1363. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11676-021-01433-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11676-021-01433-6
Zamani, F., Amirnia, R., Rezaei-Chiane, A., Rahimi, A. (2019). The effect of bacterial bio-fertilizers and mycorrhizal fungi on seed yield and chemical composition of essential oil of three fennel landrace. J. Crops Improv., 20(4), 831–848. https://doi.org/10.22059/jci.2018.259818.2045
Agronomy and Plant Breeding Department, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Iran https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7811-6133
Production Engineering and Plant Genetics and Horticulture Department, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Iran https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5126-786X
Production Engineering and Plant Genetics and Horticulture Department, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Iran https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-4918
Department of Medicinal Plants, Arak University https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4790-2701
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Articles are made available under the conditions CC BY 4.0 (until 2020 under the conditions CC BY-NC-ND 4.0).
Submission of the paper implies that it has not been published previously, that it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere.
The author signs a statement of the originality of the work, the contribution of individuals, and source of funding.
